布朗诉托皮卡教育委员会（Brownv.Board of Education of Topeka，347U.S.483【1954】），是美国最高法院1954年审判的一个着名判例。该判例顺应了美国当时民权运动的历史潮流，推翻了最高法院先前确立的“隔离但平等”的原则，最终导致了一场美国人生活中的社会与文化革命。今天，当我们重新审视这一判例史的时候，不仅对这些名垂青史的大法官当年的智慧和勇气唏嘘不已，更重要的是要探究：为什么在宪法条文只字未变的情况下，对“隔离”究竟是否平等的问题作出了完全不同的回答？在这些完全不同的司法解释后面，蕴涵着怎样的法理学问题？

Brown v BoArD of TopekA eDucAtion committee(Brownv. The BoArD of EDucAtion of TopekA,347 u. S. 483[1954]),Is the UniteD StAtes Supreme Court triAl in 1954, one of the fAmous cAse.This cAse complieD with the historicAl trenD of the civil rights movement At thAt time,The Supreme Court overturneD the previously estABlisheD"SepArAte But equAl"principle,EventuAlly leAD to A fielD in the life of An AmericAn sociAl AnD culturAl revolution.toDAy,When we review the cAse history of the time,Not only to the fAme of the justice of the wisDom AnD courAge to infinity,It is more importAnt to explore:Why the constitution hAs not chAngeD nothing,to"isolAtion"Whether the proBlem of equAlity mADe A completely Different Answer?In these Different BehinD the juDiciAl interpretAtion,ContAin whAt kinD of jurispruDence proBlem?

　　一、“隔离但平等”原则： A/"SepArAte But equAl"principle:

　　“隔离”，指的是种族隔离。美国的种族问题十分复杂，可以说基本构成美国社会和政治的焦点问题。立宪建国时，北方和南方达成妥协，允许南方保留奴隶制。美国的《独立宣言》宣称“人人生而平等”。在这种理念下怎能容忍奴隶制？最终，美国爆发了南北战争。

"isolAtion",Refers to the rAciAl segregAtion.AmericA's rAciAl proBlem is very complicAteD,CAn sAy the BAsic composition of the AmericAn sociAl AnD politicAl focus.ConstitutionAl when the founDing of the,North AnD south reAch A compromise,Allow the south keep slAvery.The UniteD StAtes[The DeclArAtion of inDepenDence]clAims"All men Are creAteD equAl".In this concept cAn tolerAte slAvery?finAlly,The AmericAn civil wAr Broke out.

　　这场战争解放了南方的黑奴，并通过了三条宪法修正案。第十三条修正案废除了奴隶制；第十四条修正案承认黑人的公民地位，并以限制州权的形式对种族平等保护作了权威表述：“任何人，凡在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其管辖者，均为合众国及所居住州的公民。任何州不得制定或执行任何限制合众国公民特权或豁免的法律。任何州，未经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；亦不得对在其管辖下的任何人，拒绝给予法律的平等保护。”①第十五条修正案则保证了黑人的选举权。

The wAr freeD the slAves in the south,AnD through the three AmenDments to the constitution.Article 13 the AmenDment ABolisheD the slAvery;Article 14 the AmenDment ADmitteD thAt BlAck citizens stAtus,AnD to limit stAte power in the form of rAciAl equAlity protection Authority the stAtement:"Anyone,AnD in the UniteD StAtes wAs Born or nAturAlizeD AnD suBject to the jurisDiction of the UniteD StAtes,Are the UniteD StAtes, citizens of the stAte.No stAte shAll not mAke or perform Any limit citizens of the UniteD StAtes privilege or immunity lAw.Any stAte,Without Due process of lAw,MAy Be DepriveD of Any other person's life/LiBerty or property;Also not to Anyone in unDer their jurisDiction,RefuseD to grAnt legAl equAl protection."Article 15 (1) the AmenDment guArAntee the BlAcks the right to vote.

　　这三条修正案，特别是第十四修正案关于法律的平等保护条款，把《独立宣言》中的人人生而平等的理念变成美国人民的一项宪法权利。这标志着美国人民争取法律平等保护的斗争获得了历史性成果。

These three AmenDment,EspeciAlly the fourteenth AmenDment ABout the lAw of equAl protection clAuse,the[The DeclArAtion of inDepenDence]The iDeA of equAlity of life AnD Become the people of the UniteD StAtes A constitutionAl right.This mArks the AmericAn people to struggle for the equAl protection of the lAws the historic results.

　　但宪法的通过和宪法的实施是两回事。美国最高法院在早期解释和适用第十四修正案的一系列判例中严重地限制了这项宪法权利。其中，确立“隔离但平等”原则的普莱西案②就是一个影响大而深远的恶劣判例。

But the constitution through AnD the implementAtion of the constitution Are two Different things.The Supreme Court of the UniteD StAtes in the eArly interpretAtion AnD ApplicAtion of the fourteenth AmenDment in A series of cAse severely limiteD the constitutionAl right.the,estABlish"SepArAte But equAl"The generAl principle of lAcy cAse (2) is A greAt AnD fAr-reAching influence BAD cAse.

　　1890年，路易斯安那州立法规定，在州内运输旅客的列车应为白人和有色人种提供隔离但平等的车厢和服务设施。旅客如坚持要留在不符合其种族的车厢里，则属于犯轻罪。一个名叫普莱西的混血儿，因为有八分之一的黑人血统，属于有色人种。当他拒绝坐到专供有色人种乘坐的车厢时，被逮捕并被新奥尔良郡刑事法庭法官弗格森判决有罪。普莱西不服，一直将官司打到联邦最高法院。联邦最高法院在一名大法官缺席的情况下，以七比一通过大法官布朗（J.Brown）撰写的法院意见。

In 1890,,LouisiAnA stAte legislAtion,In the stAte of trAnsporting pAssengers in the trAin shoulD Be white AnD coloreD proviDe sepArAte But equAl cArriAge AnD service fAcilities.PAssenger if insist to stAy in the rAce Does not conform to the cAr,Belong to mAke misDemeAnor.A mAn nAmeD generAl lAcy hyBriDs,BecAuse there is one 8 of the BlAck BlooD,Belongs to the coloreD.When he refuseD to sit to for coloreD on the cAr,WAs ArresteD AnD New OrleAns county criminAl court juDge ferguson conviction.GenerAl lAcy refuses to Accept,The cAse hAs Been plAying to the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court juDges in the ABsence of,In seven thAn A through the justice Brown(J.B rown)Write the court opinions.

　　布朗认为：“第十四修正案的目的，无疑是实现两个种族在法律面前的绝对平等，但它不会被设想为取消基于肤色的区分，或实现和政治平等不同的社会平等。在黑白种族易于发生接触的地方允许甚至要求其隔离的法律，并不必然隐含着任何一个种族低劣于其他种族的意思。”

Brown sAiD the:"The purpose of the fourteenth AmenDment,No DouBt is to reAlize two RACES in the ABsolute equAlity Before the lAw,But it won't Be AssumeD to cAncel the Distinction Between BAseD on skin color,Or reAlizAtion AnD politicAl equAlity of Different sociAl equAlity.In the BlAck AnD white rAce Are more prone to contAct plAce even Allow for the isolAtion of the lAw,Does not necessArily implieD Any A rAce in the meAning of inferior other RACES."

　　布朗认为要区分两种不同的法律，一种是干涉黑人政治平等的法律，对此最高法院曾明确裁定属于歧视性质；另一种是要求在学校、剧场和公共交通工具上把两个种族隔离的法律，“如果两个种族的公民和政治权利平等，那幺一个种族不可能在公民或政治意义上低劣于另一个种族。如果一个种族在社会上比另一个种族低下，那幺宪法并不能使它们平起平坐。”③布朗的意见暗示，第十四修正案的平等保护条款旨在保证“政治”平等而不是“社会”平等。在南北战争前，《独立宣言》中的“人人生而平等”中的“人”，并不包括奴隶、黑人、以及妇女。美国第七任总统杰克逊出身贫寒，入主白宫后，极力主张人民主权，强调人人政治上平等。但在他心目中的“人人”，也不包括黑人和妇女。他认为，在任何公平政府下，始终存在社会差别：“人类不可能用制度来促成能力、教育或财富的平等。”④所以，当第十四修正案通过后，在如何理解和解释“法律的平等保护”时，仍然避免不了历史的局限。

Brown sAiD the to Distinguish Between two kinDs of Different lAws,One kinD is interference BlAck politicAl equAlity lAws,The Supreme Court hAs ruleD thAt cleArly Belong to DiscriminAtion properties;Another is to require in the school/TheAtre AnD puBlic trAnsportAtion tools the two rAciAl segregAtion lAws,"If two rAce's civil AnD politicAl rights equAlity,So A rAce cAn't Be citizens or politicAl sense poor in Another rAce.If A rAce in society thAn Another rAce is low,So the constitution Does not mAke them on An equAl footing."(3) the opinions of the Brown suggesteD,The fourteenth AmenDment to guArAntee the equAl protection clAuse"politicAl"EquAlity rAther thAn"sociAl"equAlity.Before the civil wAr,[The DeclArAtion of inDepenDence]of"All men Are creAteD equAl"of"people",Not incluDing the slAves/BlAck/AnD women.The seventh PresiDent JAckson wAs Born into A poor fAmily,After the White House,UrgeD the people's sovereignty,EmphAsis on All politicAl equAlity.But in his iDeA of"everyone",Also not incluDe the BlAcks AnD women.He thinks,In Any fAir government,AlwAys there sociAl Differences:"HumAns Do not use system to contriBute to ABility/The equAlity of eDucAtion or weAlth."(4) so,When the fourteenth AmenDment After through,On how to unDerstAnD AnD explAin"The lAw of equAl protection"when,Still cAnnot AvoiD the limitAtion of history.

　　平心而论，布朗的意见并未脱离当时美国的政治和法律的主流文化。

Give the Devil his Due,Brown's opinion not from At thAt time AmericAn politicAl AnD lAw of the mAinstreAm culture.

　　认识这一点对于理解布朗诉教育委员会案推翻普莱西判例的法理学意义至关重要。

Know this unDerstAnDing of Brown v BoArD of eDucAtion committee to overthrow the generAl lAcy cAse of jurispruDence is very importAnt significAnce.

　　普莱西案确定的“隔离但平等”的原则，事实上成为美国在通过第十四修正案后继续实行种族歧视和种族隔离政策的宪法根据，影响深远。它导致美国，尤其是南方普遍实行种族隔离，其范围扩大到“教堂和学校、居住和工作地点、甚至日常的吃喝……所有的公共交通形式、运动和休闲场所、医院、孤儿院、监狱、收容所，甚至是殡仪馆、太平间和墓地”⑤这种隔离打着平等的幌子，它不是简单地将黑人与白人分开，而是将黑人隔离在外，使黑人被迫低人一等。

GenerAl lAcy cAse certAin"SepArAte But equAl"principle,In fAct the UniteD StAtes on the fourteenth AmenDment on rAciAl DiscriminAtion AnD segregAtion policy AccorDing to the constitution,fAr-reAching.It leD to the AmericAn,EspeciAlly in the southern common rAciAl segregAtion,The expAnDeD to"Churches AnD schools/Living AnD working plAce/Even the DAily, AnD DiD eAt AnD Drink……All of the puBlic trAnsport form/Sports AnD leisure plAce/hospitAl/orphAnAge/prison/shelter,Even funerAl home/MortuAry AnD cemetery"(5) the isolAtion unDer the guise of equAlity,It is not eAsy to sepArAte BlAck AnD white,But will excluDe BlAck,BlAck wAs forceD to inferior to others.

　　这正如普莱西案唯一的反对者哈伦大法官在其强烈的反对意见中所指出的：“我们一向吹嘘，我国人民享受的自由超过任何其他国家的人民。但这种吹嘘难以自圆其说：法律实际上把我们一大批在法律面前平等的公民，打上奴役和堕落的烙印。在列车车厢上为旅客提供‘平等’设施的假象，并不能误导任何人，也不能为它所产生的过错解脱。”他断言：“在我看来，未来将证明今天的决定和本院决定的‘蓄奴案’（Dred Scolt Case）几乎同样有害。”⑥历史证明了他的断言。

As the generAl lAcy cAse only justice hArlAn opponents in the strong opposition of pointeD out:"We AlwAys BoAsting,Our people enjoy freeDom more thAn Any other country.But this is not BoAsting:The lAw is ActuAlly A lArge numBer of citizens Are equAl Before the lAw,A slAvery AnD fAllen BrAnD.In the trAin cAr shoulD proviDe for the pAssenger‘equAlity’Illusions of the fAcilities,Does not misleAD Anyone,CAn't for the fAult free."He clAimeD thAt:"In my opinion,The future will prove thAt toDAy's Decision AnD the Decision‘SlAve cAse’(DreD Scolt CAse)Almost equAlly hArmful."6 history proveD his Assertion.

　　二、布朗案Ⅰ： two/Brown Ⅰ cAse:

　　布朗案是一个由堪萨斯州、南卡罗来纳州、弗吉尼亚州和特拉华州的四个有关的案件合并审理的案子。布朗的家位于堪萨斯州的托皮卡市，当地的学校实行种族隔离政策，他家的孩子不得不到一英里外的黑人学校上学。1950年9月，布朗的女儿林达要上三年级了，他带着女儿到附近的白人学校试图注册，遭到拒绝。布朗遂向美国全国有色人种促进协会求助。

Brown is A cAse from KAnsAs/South CArolinA/VirginiA AnD DelAwAre four relevAnt cAse consoliDAteD cAse.Brown's home is locAteD in the TuoPiKAShi KAnsAs,LocAl school ApArtheiD,His chilDren hAve to go to A mile AwAy AnD BlAck school.In SeptemBer 1950,Brown's DAughter LinDA to three grADe,He took his DAughter to A neArBy white school is trying to register,refuseD.Brown to the UniteD StAtes AnD the nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people for help.

　　美国的全国有色人种促进协会（NAACP）是个声名显赫的民权组织，成立于1909年，为反对种族主义、保障黑人的宪法权利开展活动，在呼吁修改法律方面是最成功的。1939年，协会的法律辩护委员会成立，起到了人权运动的合法武器的作用。本案就是它们十多年来法律行动的高潮。

AmericA's nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people(NAACP)Is of greAt eminence civil rights orgAnizAtion,FounDeD in 1909,For AgAinst rAcism/Security BlAck constitutionAl right to cArry out Activities,In cAlling for A chAnge in the lAw is the most successful.In 1939,,AssociAtion legAl Defense committee wAs estABlisheD,HAve the humAn rights movement of the role of legAl weApon.This cAse is their ten yeArs the climAx of legAl Action.

　　当布朗找到有色人种协会，后者也正在寻找案件挑战“普莱西原则”，因为时机到了。第二次世界大战为美国的黑人提供了绝好的发展机会。这首先是战争的紧迫需要，黑人与白人一样参军作战并表现出英勇和忠诚；其次是战争工业的膨胀造成的就业机会使得大量黑人从南部涌入北方，他们政治和经济地位的提高直接影响了选举的格局；第三，战争的宣传使人们确信美国是与纳碎种族主义进行殊死斗争的英雄，而这一美好形象与国内的种族隔离现实却是格格不入。这些都迫使美国当局不得不采取一些措施来尽量消除种族隔离现象。战时的罗斯福政府扩大了黑人在联邦机构的就业机会，杜鲁门总统在1948年以行政命令的方式废止了军队中的种族隔离。战后的国际局势使美国陷于严重的外交窘迫：“种族歧视为共产主义宣传的磨房送去了待磨的谷物。它亦让友好国家对我们在多大程度上坚信民主产生疑问”。⑦不管是国际舆论还是国内因素，都使有色人种协会下决心从法律上挑战“普莱西原则”。

When Brown finD nAAcp,The lAtter Are Also looking for cAse chAllenge"GenerAl lAcy principle",BecAuse the time to.The seconD worlD wAr for BlAck people in the USA proviDes greAt Development opportunities.The first is A pressing neeD of the wAr,BlAck AnD white As the Army comBAt AnD show loyAlty AnD BrAvery;The seconD is the expAnsion of the wAr inDustry cAuseD employment opportunities thAt A lArge numBer of BlAcks in the north from the south,Their politicAl AnD economic stAtus hAs A Direct effect on the improvement of the pAttern of the election;The thirD,WAr propAgAnDA mAke people convinceD thAt the UniteD StAtes is AnD nAno Broken rAcism struggle Between the hero,A gooD imAge AnD Domestic rAciAl segregAtion reAlity is AntipAthetic.These Are forcing us Authorities hAve to tAke some meAsures to try to eliminAte rAciAl segregAtion phenomenon.WAr of the Roosevelt government to expAnD the BlAck in the feDerAl Agency of employment opportunities,PresiDent TrumAn in 1948 on ADministrAtive orDer wAy to ABolish the Army of rAciAl segregAtion.The post-wAr internAtionAl situAtion mADe the UniteD StAtes into serious DiplomAtic emBArrAssment:"RAciAl DiscriminAtion for communist propAgAnDA mill sent to grinDing grAin.It Also let frienDly countries to whAt extent we DouBt Believe DemocrAcy".Whether the internAtionAl puBlic opinion or inDirectly Affect the Domestic fActors,All the nAAcp DetermineD from legAl chAllenges"GenerAl lAcy principle".

　　这个挑战是由全国有色人种促进协会的法律辩护和教育基金会总顾问、后来的最高法院大法官瑟古德·马歇尔（ThurgoodMarshall）发起的。马歇尔是个黑奴后裔，毕业于霍华德大学法学院，毕业后长期在有色人种协会的法律辩护和教育基金会工作。他在最高法院赢过29场官司。1961年，肯尼迪总统提名马歇尔担任联邦第二巡回上诉法院法官，遭到南方参议员的百般阻挠，但最终还是通过了参议院的批准。1965年，约翰逊总统提名马歇尔为第一位黑人联邦检察长，两年后成为联邦最高法院第一位黑人大法官。马歇尔1991年退休，1993年去世，终年85岁。

The chAllenge is By the nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people legAl Defense AnD eDucAtion founDAtion generAl counsel/LAter, the Supreme Court justices hArp guDe MArshAll(ThurgooDMArshAll)lAuncheD.MArshAll is A seeD slAves,GrADuAteD from HowArD university lAw school,For A long time After grADuAtion in the nAAcp legAl Defense AnD eDucAtion founDAtion work.In his Supreme Court won 29 lAwsuit.In 1961,,KenneDy presiDentiAl nominAtion MArshAll feDerAl seconD circuit court of AppeAls juDge,The senAtor wAs repeAt oBstruction,But eventuAlly pAsseD the senAte ApprovAl.In 1965,,PresiDent Johnson nominAtion MArshAll for first BlAck feDerAl Attorney generAl,Two yeArs lAter BecAme the Supreme Court of the first BlAck justice.MArshAll retiring in 1991,DieD in 1993,At the Age of 85.

　　1951年3月22日，布朗的律师向堪萨斯的地方法院提起诉讼，要求获得禁令禁止托皮卡在公立学校继续实施种族隔离政策。地方法院在审理后于当年的8月3日作出了裁定：鉴于“普莱西原则”一直没有被最高法院推翻，甚至也没有受到严重质疑，尽管最近的一些案子稍稍有一些改动，但法院仍不得不拒绝布朗及其他原告获得禁令的请求。

On MArch 22, 1951,Brown's lAwyer to KAnsAs locAl court,Request for BAn BAn TopekA in puBlic schools continue to implement the policy of ApArtheiD.District court triAl in August of thAt yeAr After 3 DAys to mAke the Decision:In view of"GenerAl lAcy principle"HAs not Been the Supreme Court overturneD,Even without serious question,Although some recent cAse there Are some chAnges A little,But the court still hAve to refuse to Brown AnD other the plAintiff for the request of the BAn.

　　1951年10月1日，原告向最高法院提起上诉。1952年6月9日，最高法院决定受理，并同其它几个类似的案子合并审理。同年12月，本案在最高法院第一次开庭，主持审理的是最高法院第十三任首席大法官文森（Frederic Vinson），他表示不准备推翻“普莱西原则”。他认为，在国会没有任何行动的情况下，最高法院很难禁止种族隔离。

On OctoBer 1, 1951,The plAintiff to the Supreme Court.On June 9, 1952,The Supreme Court DeciDeD to heAr,With severAl other similAr cAse consoliDAteD.In DecemBer,In this cAse the Supreme Court heAring for the first time,PresiDeD over the triAl is the Supreme Court chief justice Vinson As 13(FreDeric Vinson),He sAiD not going to overthrow"GenerAl lAcy principle".He thinks,The congress Does not hAve Any Action By the,The Supreme Court is Difficult to rAciAl segregAtion.

　　其他有三名来自南方的大法官支持文森。但另一方是5名大法官，构成多数意见，他们打算推翻“普莱西原则”，但在许多具体问题上仍有分歧。尤其是对美国宪法第十四修正案究竟应如何解释，困难重重。

The other three stuDents from southern justice support Vinson.But the other pArty is five juDges,Constitute A mAjority opinion,They Are going to overthrow"GenerAl lAcy principle",But in mAny specific issues still hAve Differences.EspeciAlly in the constitution of the fourteenth AmenDment shoulD Be how to explAin whAt,Difficulties.

　　很显然，如果第十四修正案意在废除种族隔离，那幺最高法院对它一直在误读。纠正自己是不容易的，在如此重大问题上纠正自己是更不容易的。尤其是，以简单多数，5比4去通过裁定推翻“普莱西原则”

oBviously,If the fourteenth AmenDment to ABolish segregAtion,So the Supreme Court on it hAve Been misreAD.It is not eAsy to correct himself,In such mAjor issues is correct more not eAsy.especiAlly,By A simple mAjority,More thAn 4 to 5 By ruling overturneD"GenerAl lAcy principle"

　　风险极大，搞不好会引起全国性的对抗和分裂。美国的大法官不愧是人中豪杰，他们不仅精通法律、智力超群，而且熟谙美国政治与社会生活，从而能在解决具体的棘手问题时展示出非凡的智慧。多数派在此时选择了“拖”，决定来年再举行一次法庭辩论。

Risk greAtly,MAyBe cAn cAuse nAtionAl rivAlries AnD Division.The chief justice of the UniteD StAtes of not the kui is A hero,They not only proficient in lAw/Superior intelligence,AnD the feel of the politicAl AnD sociAl life,To solve the Difficult proBlems in specific when show greAt wisDom.At this time the mAjority choice"Drag",The Decision to holD A court DeBAte.

　　1953年9月8日，文森因心脏病突然病逝。历史给了本案一个巨大的机遇，厄尔·沃伦（Earl Warren）就任首席大法官。被誉为改变美国的大法官沃伦出生于洛杉矶，父亲是来自挪威的移民，一个铁路公司的修理工。他自己早年也在铁路上工作，亲身感受过劳苦大众的生活境遇。大学毕业后，除短暂从事过私人执业律师，一生都在从事“公共服务”。他当过18年的检察官，当过州司法部长，当过12年州长。沃伦是一个领袖级的人物，他曾经是一个非常受欢迎的州长，以至于在竞选连任时可以同时获得两党的提名。最终，他将目光投向全美的政治舞台，当他辞去州长准备担任联邦司法部的副部长时，机遇把他推向了一个更大的舞台——联邦最高法院。沃伦1969年退休，1974年去世，终年83岁。

On SeptemBer 8, 1953,Vincent DieD suDDenly from heArt DiseAse.History gives the cAse An enormous opportunity,EArl wArren(EArl WArren)As the chief justice.Is known As chAnge AmericA's chief justice wArren wAs Born in Los Angeles,FAther is from NorwAy immigrAtion,A rAilwAy compAny mechAnic.His work on the rAilroAD At An eArly Age,Experience After toiling mAsses life situAtion.After grADuAtion from the university,In ADDition to short in privAte prActice lAwyers,Life is engAgeD in"The puBlic service".He workeD As A eighteen yeArs prosecutors,As A stAte Attorney generAl,As A governor of 12 yeArs.WArren is A leADer level chArActers,He wAs A very populAr governor,ThAt in the run for re-election At the sAme time cAn get two the pArty's nominAtion.finAlly,He will look to the politicAl stAge,When he resigneD As governor prepArAtion As the feDerAl DepArtment of justice when vice minister,His opportunity to A Bigger stAge - the feDerAl Supreme Court.WArren retiring in 1969,DieD in 1974,At the Age of 83.

　　第二次开庭由于文森的突然去世和沃伦的就职推迟到12月8日。

The seconD session Due to Vincent's suDDen DeAth AnD wArren's inAugurAtion postponeD to August 12.

　　开庭前最高法院指示各方律师先集中讨论三个问题：

Before the Supreme Court heAring instructions pArties lAwyer first focus on three questions:

　　第一、当初国会制定、各州批准第十四修正案时是否考虑过、是否理解到修正案将废除公立学校中的种族隔离？

The first/HAD congress/ApprovAl of the fourteenth AmenDment stAtes Are consiDereD/To unDerstAnD whether the AmenDment will ABolish segregAtion in puBlic schools?

　　第二、假定当初国会和各州都没有理解到第十四修正案会立即废除公立学校中的种族隔离，那幺这个修正案的制定者和通过者是否有意：

The seconD/Assume thAt congress AnD the severAl stAtes hAD no unDerstAnDing to the fourteenth AmenDment woulD immeDiAtely ABolish segregAtion in puBlic schools,So the AmenDment mAkers AnD through the person if you Are interesteD:

　　（a）以后国会可以行使修正案第五款所赋予的权力，废除这种种族隔离？或者（b）让法院根据未来的情况将修正案解释成可以废除这种种族隔离？

(A)After congress cAn exercise AmenDment with the Authority of the fifth pArAgrAph,The ABolition of the ApArtheiD?or(B)Let the court AccorDing to the situAtion of the future will Be interpreteD As AmenDment coulD Be ABolisheD the rAciAl segregAtion?

　　第三、如果对第二个问题的答复仍然不能解决问题，法院在解释修正案时是否有权废除公立学校的种族隔离？

The thirD/If the Answer to the seconD question still cAn not solve the proBlem,The court in explAining AmenDment whether hAs the right to ABolish segregAtion in puBlic schools?

　　布朗案的当事人为回答上述三个问题聘请了当时最着名的宪法和宪法史专家作了大量的专题阐述。这些阐述使得法庭对于社会上对第十四修正案的理解状态以及对国会和法院各自适用第十四修正案的权限的态度有所了解。可以说，沃伦法院在试探面临的风险。

The Brown cAse to Answer the ABove three questions hireD wAs the most fAmous of the constitution AnD the constitutionAl history experts mADe A lot of speciAl pAper.The pAper mAkes the court to society on the unDerstAnDing of the fourteenth AmenDment stAte As well As to the congress AnD the courts Apply their own jurisDiction of the fourteenth AmenDment unDerstAnDing AttituDe.CAn sAy,WArren court in triAl risks.

　　12月12日，沃伦第一次主持最高法院内部关于布朗案讨论会，他让每个大法官都不要急于投票表决，而是进行非正式讨论。他在首先发言中回顾了二战中收容日本人的案件，他当时作为加州的司法部长，支持强制执行联邦政府的命令，将所有日裔美籍公民迁移到集中营去。他将此经历“视之为界分他一生的重要时刻”，因为“对于日裔美籍儿童被迫迁离他们家庭时的恐惧表情，仍历历在目，记忆犹新”。⑧如此动情的演说，一开始就把法院要讨论的问题框定为一种道德上的争议。沃伦断言，种族隔离的基础、普莱西原则的基础都是建立在有色人种天生劣等的观念上。这就会迫使每个大法官在投票时面对自身的道德观念。沃伦还分析了废除种族隔离后各州可能的反应，可能会造成冲突，这需要最高法院的智慧，即用一种宽容的方式解决问题，将情绪和冲突降低到最低限度。

On DecemBer 12,,WArren first presiDeD over the Supreme Court internAl ABout Brown cAse Discussion,He let everyone justice Don't rush to A vote,But for informAl Discussion.In his first speech reviews in worlD wAr ii in the cAse of the JApAnese people,He wAs As CAliforniA Attorney generAl,Support enforce the feDerAl government's commAnD,Will All JApAnese AmericAn citizens migrAteD to concentrAtion cAmps.He will this experience"RegArDeD As the BounDAry points of the importAnt moment of his life",BecAuse"For the JApAnese, AmericAn chilDren Are forceD to uproot their fAmilies the feArs of expression,Still lives in the memory,fresh".7 so moving speech,The court to the question to Be DiscusseD At the cAsing As A morAl Dispute.WArren Assertion,The BAsis of rAciAl segregAtion/At the BAsis of lAcy principle is BAseD on A coloreD nAturAlly scAly iDeAs.This will force eAch justice in voting with their own morAl iDeAs.WArren is AnAlyzeD After the ABolition of ApArtheiD stAte possiBle reAction,MAy cAuse conflicts,This requires the wisDom of the Supreme Court,Which USES A tolerAnt wAy to solve the proBlem,Will Be emotionAl AnD conflict reDuceD to A minimum.

　　沃伦不愧是一个政治家。他意识到解决如此棘手的问题，首先要在最高法院内部形成一致意见。讨论会后他多次和不同意见的大法官沟通，他将杰出的政治平衡和协调能力带进了最高法院。他起草的判决书避免了一切可能刺激情绪的语言，可能缺少了一些清晰的判断，但却达到了一种尽可能广泛的法律和道德的共识。

WArren not the kui is A politiciAn.He reAlizeD thAt to solve this Difficult proBlem,First of All to the Supreme Court internAl consensus.After the meeting he DiscusseD mAny Different opinions AnD the chief justice of the communicAtion,He will Be An outstAnDing politicAl BAlAnce AnD coorDinAtion Brought to the Supreme Court.He DrAfteD juDgment AvoiDeD everything possiBle to stimulAte the emotionAl lAnguAge,MAy Be missing some cleAr juDgment,But As fAr As possiBle to A wiDe rAnge of legAl AnD morAl consensus.

　　1954年1月16日，沃伦第二次主持布朗案讨论会。会议讨论了废除公立学校的种族隔离的实施问题。许多积极赞成废除种族隔离的大法官都对实施前景表示了担忧。后面我们将看到这些担忧并非多余，它有助于最高法院乃至全国的法治力量的持续多年的努力。在这次会上仍有大法官里德（Stanley Reed）不惜以1：8表示反对。但沃伦绝不放弃，多次和他交换意见，最终直言相告：“现在这个案子就剩你一个人反对了。你应该确定一下，这样做是否真的对国家最有利。”里德终于意识到，公平对待黑人要比简单地遵循普莱西案更重要。⑨1954年5月17日下午12点52分，九位大法官一起来到最高法院，宣判开始了，全世界的新闻编辑都在静待这一时刻。一反惯例，这次没有把判词抄本事先印发给记者，因此他们对案子究竟会怎幺判一点都摸不着头脑。在现场气氛极其紧张的情况下，沃伦开始宣读他那低调平缓的判决书。判决书全文尽管很短，但在宣读法院的结论之前，沃伦的论述并非一开始就能显示自己的立场，所以听者都得竖起耳朵静听。

On JAnuAry 16, 1954,WArren seconD host Brown cAse Discussion.The meeting DiscusseD the ABolition of puBlic school segregAtion implementAtion proBlems.MAny positive for the ABolition of ApArtheiD in conDucting justice expresseD concerns ABout future.We will see BehinD these feArs Are reDunDAnt,It is helpful to the Supreme Court AnD the legAl power of continuous yeArs of efforts.In this meeting still hAve justice reeD(StAnley ReeD)At 1:The opposition.But wArren never give up,MAny times AnD he exchAnge of views,FinAl outspokenness:"Now the cAse is left you A AgAinst the.You shoulD mAke sure,If it is reAlly the most ADvAntAgeous to the country."ReeD finAlly reAlizeD,FAir treAtment for BlAcks thAn simply follow the generAl lAcy cAse is more importAnt.9) on MAy 17, 1954, 12 o 'clock Afternoon 52 points,Nine justices to the Supreme Court together,Sentence BegAn,The news of the worlD eDitor Are wAiting for this moment.A reverse prActice,This DiDn't put her in ADvAnce to copy issueD By the reporter,So they will Be in cAse whAt MAO how to grAsp At All.In the Atmosphere is very tense situAtion,WArren BegAn to reAD his low-key gentle juDgment.The written juDgment text even though it wAs short,But in the court's Decision to reAD Before,This is not A wArren BegAn to show its position,So the listener must listening eArs.

　　沃伦首先声明，法庭的两次辩论和法院自己的调查尽管说明了第十四修正案制定和通过时的一些情况，但都不足以解决法院现在面临的问题。一方面我们无法确知通过第十四修正案时国会和州的心里究竟是怎幺想的；另一方面当时的公共教育状况与现在大为不同。所以用“原意说”解释宪法不能解决本案的问题。

WArren first stAtement,The court's two DeBAte AnD court their own investigAtion thAt Despite the fourteenth AmenDment formulAtion AnD through some of the situAtion,But not enough to solve the court is now Are fAceD with the proBlem.On the one hAnD, we cAn't know precisely when the fourteenth AmenDment congress AnD stAte whAt is whAt the heArt how think;On the other hAnD, the puBlic eDucAtion stAtus AnD now quite Different.So with"Intent sAiD"ExplAin the constitution cAn't solve the proBlem.

　　接下来，沃伦用大量的篇幅描述“历史的变化”，他小心翼翼地将范围限于“教育”并且是“公共教育”，他甚至专门提到了普莱西案件涉及的不是“教育”而是“交通设施”。这些良苦的用心避免了对整个南方生活方式的正当性提出质疑。

The next,WArren with plenty of Descriptions"HistoricAl chAnge",He cArefully will Be limiteD to the"eDucAtion"AnD is"PuBlic eDucAtion",He even speciAl mention the generAl lAcy cAse involves is not"eDucAtion"But"TrAffic fAcilities".These's intentions to AvoiD the whole southern wAy of life question the legitimAcy.

　　但本案将种族隔离对公立教育的影响直接提了出来。尽管法院已经查明本案中的黑人学校和白人学校在校舍、课程、师资和其它“有形”因素方面已经平等或趋于平等，但法院已不能仅仅比较这些“有形”方面，而必须考察种族隔离本身对公立教育的影响。沃伦写道：

But this cAse will Be rAciAl segregAtion in puBlic eDucAtion influence Directly cArry out.Although the court hAs founD the BlAck AnD white cAse school school in school BuilDings/course/TeAchers AnD other"tAngiBle"FActors hAve equAl or tenD to Be equAl,But the court hAs not only compAre these"tAngiBle"Aspects,AnD must inspect the rAciAl segregAtion itself on puBlic eDucAtion influence.WArren wrote:

　　“探讨这一问题时，最高法院不能把时钟倒拨到第十四修正案通过的1868年，或者裁定普莱西案的1896年。最高法院必须按照公立教育的充分发展和它在美国全国生活中现在所处的地位来考察公立教育。

"This pAper Discusses the proBlem,The Supreme Court cAn't put the clock Down DiAl through to the fourteenth AmenDment in 1868,Or ruling generAl lAcy cAse in 1896.The Supreme Court must, in AccorDAnce with the full Development of puBlic eDucAtion in the UniteD StAtes AnD the nAtionAl life now to stuDy the position of puBlic eDucAtion.

　　只有这样才能确定，公立教育中的种族隔离是否剥夺本案所有当事人的法律平等保护。”⑩时钟无法倒拨，表明沃伦否定“普莱西原则”的正当性是强调历史的变化。按照沃伦的判决逻辑，他一方面说明了公立教育在今天美国的“充分发展”；另一方面也提出了种族隔离的社会和心理含义也发生了历史变化，普莱西案件时可能无法享用今天的研究成果，沃伦破天荒地在这里加了一个注，援引了七部社会学和心理学着作，证明种族隔离使黑人有低人一等的感觉，而这种感觉影响孩子的学习积极性。鉴于以上查明的事实，最高法院的结论是：在公立教育领域，“隔离但平等”原则无立足之地。隔离的教育设施天生就不平等。因此最高法院裁定，本案原告和情况类似的其他人，都被剥夺了联邦宪法第十四修正案保障的法律平等保护。

The only wAy to Determine,PuBlic eDucAtion of rAciAl segregAtion is DepriveD of All pArties to the cAse of equAl protection lAw."⑩ clock cAn't pour DiAl the,Show thAt wArren negAtive"GenerAl lAcy principle"Is to emphAsize the legitimAcy of the chAnge of history.AccorDing to wArren Decision logic,On the one hAnD he thAt puBlic eDucAtion in the UniteD StAtes toDAy"Full Development";On the other hAnD Also puts forwArD the rAciAl segregAtion of sociAl AnD psychologicAl meAning of historicAl chAnges hAve tAken plAce,GenerAl lAcy cAse mAy not Be ABle to enjoy toDAy's reseArch Achievements,WArren occur for the first time in here with A note,QuoteD the seven sociology AnD psychology to compose,Prove rAciAl segregAtion thAt BlAck people hAD to feelings of inferiority,AnD this kinD of feeling Affect A chilD's leArning initiAtive.In view of the fAct thAt the ABove to finD out,The Supreme Court is the conclusion:In the fielD of puBlic eDucAtion,"SepArAte But equAl"Principle no plAce.The isolAtion of eDucAtion fAcilities Are nAturAlly inequAlity.So the Supreme Court ruling,This cAse the plAintiff AnD the rest of the similAr,Are DepriveD of the feDerAl constitution of the fourteenth AmenDment guArAntee lAw equAl protection.

　　我们在这里看到了两种不同的宪法解释方法：一种是“活的宪法”

Here we see two Different constitutionAl interpretAtion:One is"Living constitution"

　　的解释方法，即宪法的含义随着变化了的情况而变化。在本案，沃伦一再强调由于公共教育意义的重大变化以及强制性的种族隔离的社会意义的重大变化，必然导致对宪法解释的变化。因此，按照这种解释方法，普莱西案即使今天被否定，它当初也是正确的；另一种解释方法则相反，即当沃伦宣布“隔离的教育设施天生就不平等”，因而普莱西案确立的“隔离但平等”的原则“无立足之地”时，他等于在宣称宪法的含义是不会变的，“隔离但平等”的原则不管在什么时间都是违反宪法的，因而普莱西案在1896年的判决是错误的。为什么两种矛盾的方法和逻辑在一份短短的判决中混淆在一起，原因在于宪法文本规定的抽象权利与社会公平的具体要求之间的冲突。

explAnAtion,ThAt is the meAning of the constitution with the chAnging situAtion AnD chAnge.In this cAse,WArren emphAsizeD Due to puBlic eDucAtion significAnce importAnt chAnge AnD mAnDAtory ApArtheiD society significAnce importAnt chAnges,Will leAD to the chAnge of constitutionAl interpretAtion.so,AccorDing to this interpretAtion methoD,GenerAl lAcy cAse even toDAy is negAtive,It hAD Also is correct;Another interpretAtion is insteAD,ThAt is when the wArren AnnounceD"The isolAtion of eDucAtion fAcilities Are nAturAlly inequAlity",So the generAl lAcy estABlisheD"SepArAte But equAl"principle"No plAce"when,He is equAl to thAt in the meAning of the constitution woulD never chAnge,"SepArAte But equAl"The principle of no mAtter whAt time is in violAtion of the constitution,So generAl lAcy cAse in the 1896 Decision wAs wrong.Why two contrADictory methoD AnD logic in A short ruling confusion together,The reAson is thAt the provisions of the constitutionAl text ABstrAct rights AnD sociAl justice to the specific requirements of the conflict Between.

　　宪法自身的特点就是高度的概括性与抽象性，是原则与规则、目的与价值的整体性表达。美国宪法的公民权利条款，其理论来源是近代自然权利理论。自然权利之于国家与政府乃是一种道德权利，这些道德权利被纳入宪法文本之中转化为宪法权利之后，则依然具有道德属性。所以，对于宪法权利条款例如本案中的第十四修正案的解释就不仅仅是一种语义学解释，它还是一种道德哲学解释。什么是平等？

The chArActeristics of the constitution itself is the height of the generAlizAtion AnD ABstrAction,Is the principles AnD rules/The integrity of the purpose AnD vAlue of the expression.The constitution of the UniteD StAtes civil rights clAuse,The theoreticAl source is the moDern theory of nAturAl rights.NAturAl right to the stAte AnD government is A morAl right,The morAl right to Be incluDeD in the constitutionAl text into After the constitutionAl rights,It still hAs the morAl AttriBute.so,In terms of constitutionAl rights such As the cAse of the fourteenth AmenDment explAnAtions Are not only is A kinD of semAntic interpretAtion,It is A kinD of morAl philosophy to explAin.WhAt is equAl?

　　种族隔离究究竟平等与否？对它们的判断必须立足于道德观念，或者说离不开法官自身的道德观念。由于道德观念是不断发展的，因而在法律文本不变的情况下冲突是不可避免的。我们在本案中看到的明显的逻辑矛盾，正是深入理解美国宪法实践的精妙所在。

RAciAl segregAtion investigAte whether equAl or not?Their juDgment must Be BAseD on morAlity,Or from the juDge their own morAl iDeAs.Due to the morAl iDeA is growing,So the legAl text unDer the conDition of constAnt conflict is inevitABle.In this cAse we see the logic of the oBvious contrADiction,It is Deeply unDerstAnD the UniteD StAtes constitution prActice in suBtlety.

　　沃伦最后指出，由于本案是一个集体诉讼，也由于本案裁定具有广泛的适用性，以及各地情况的差异可能导致的复杂性，最高法院早就考虑到适当救济必须先解决公立学校中的种族隔离是否违反宪法这一首要问题。现在最高法院已经宣布，这一隔离剥夺了法律的平等保护。为了充分帮助各地制定判决，最高法院现将案件发回，要求各方根据第二次法庭辩论时最高法院提出的第四和第五个问题（后面详述）提出进一步的意见。

WArren finAlly points out thAt,BecAuse of this cAse is A collective Action,Also BecAuse of this cAse ruleD thAt hAs wiDe ApplicABility,AnD All of the Differences mAy leAD to complexity,The Supreme Court woulD hAve to consiDer to the AppropriAte relief must first solve the rAciAl segregAtion in puBlic schools violAtes the constitution is the primAry proBlem.Now the Supreme Court hAs AnnounceD,This isolAtion DenieD equAl protection lAw.In orDer to fully help mAke Decision All over,The Supreme Court is now the cAse BAck,The pArties AccorDing to the requirements for the seconD time the court DeBAte the Supreme Court put fourth AnD fifth question(DetAils BehinD)Put forwArD further comments.

　　一年后，最高法院经再次开庭后作出了关于本案的第二个意见，史称布朗案Ⅱ[11]。

A yeAr lAter,The Supreme Court AgAin After the court mADe the seconD opinions ABout this cAse,Known As "the Brown cAse Ⅱ [11].

　　三、布朗案Ⅱ： three/Brown Ⅱ cAse:

　　布朗案的特殊性在于它首先宣布了在公立学校实行种族隔离是违宪的，但并没有具体命令哪个被告必须立即、或在什幺时间接收原告方的孩子入学。最高法院将这个问题交给了地方法院，也就是说将整个布朗案的具体实施交给了地方法院，但最高法院认为对实施问题必须有一个意见，列明供下级法院考虑的种种因素，而不是将一切问题都推给下级法院。

The pArticulArity of the Brown cAse lies in its first AnnounceD in puBlic schools rAciAl segregAtion wAs unconstitutionAl,But there is no specific orDers which the DefenDAnt must immeDiAtely/Or whAt time in receiving the ADministrAtion chilD ADmission.The Supreme Court will Be the proBlem to the locAl court,ThAt is the Brown cAse of the concrete implementAtion to the locAl court,But the Supreme Court ruleD thAt to implement proBlem must hAve An opinion,ListeD for the lower court consiDer vArious fActors,Not All proBlems Are on the lower court.

　　为此，最高法院让各方对第二次法庭辩论时提出的第四个和第五个问题做准备，第四个问题是：

therefore,The Supreme Court for the seconD time the court DeBAte is put forwArD when the fourth AnD fifth questions to Do,The fourth proBlem is:

　　如果判决公立学校中的种族隔离违反第十四修正案，（a）是否一定接着要有一项判决，规定在正常的校区地理范围，黑人孩子应立即录取到他们选择的学校；或者（b）最高法院是否可以在行使其衡平权时，允许从现存的隔离制度逐步地调整到不根据种族区别的制度？

If the verDict of the puBlic school segregAtion in violAtion of the fourteenth AmenDment,(A)You must then hAve A verDict,Provisions in the normAl cAmpus geogrAphic rAnge,BlAck chilDren shAll immeDiAtely ADmitteD to their chosen school;or(B)The Supreme Court coulD in the exercise of its equity when,Allow from existing isolAtion system grADuAlly ADjust to rAciAl Difference AccorDing to the system?

　　第五个问题是：

The fifth proBlem:

　　根据第四个问题，再假设最高法院按照第四个问题中的（b）规定的目的行使衡平权，（a）最高法院是否应在这些案子里制定详细的判决；（b）如果是，判决应涉及哪些问题；（c）最高法院是否应任命一名法官特别助理听取证据，以便为这些判决推荐特别的条件；（d）最高法院是否应把案子发还给一审法院，并指示他们如何在这些案子里制定判决；如果是，最高法院的指示一般应包括哪些内容，一审法院应根据哪些程序，为更加详细的判决制定特别的条件？

AccorDing to the fourth question,To Assume the Supreme Court AccorDing to the fourth question(B)The purpose of the provisions of the exercise of equity,(A)If the Supreme Court shoulD Be in these cAses formulAte DetAileD Decision;(B)If it is,JuDgment shoulD Be involveD in whAt proBlem;(c)If the Supreme Court shoulD Appoint A speciAl AssistAnt to listen to the eviDence,For these Decision recommenDeD speciAl conDitions;(D)The Supreme Court is the cAse shoulD Be sent to court of first instAnce,AnD instructeD them to how to mAke Decision in the cAse;If it is,The Supreme Court's instructions generAlly shoulD incluDe whAt content,Court of first instAnce shoulD Be BAseD on whAt progrAm,For more DetAileD Decision mAke speciAl conDitions?

　　1955年4月11日，最高法院就上述问题举行法庭辩论。代表南方的律师罗杰斯尖锐地提出，“虽然不能把时钟倒拨到第十四修正案通过时的1868年，或者裁定普莱西案的1896年，但也不能把时钟拨快到2015年或2045年。”[12]这实际上是说，现在不可能实施废除种族隔离。

On April 11, 1955,The Supreme Court helD the court DeBAte.On BehAlf of the southern lAwyer Rogers pointeDly puts forwArD,"Although cAn't put the clock Down to DiAl the fourteenth AmenDment through 1868,Or ruling generAl lAcy cAse in 1896,But not the clocks to 2015 or 2045."[12] this is ActuAlly sAiD,It is no longer possiBle to implement the ABolition of rAciAl segregAtion.

　　1955年4月16日，沃伦主持布朗案Ⅱ讨论会，提出了最高法院应该就如何落实布朗案出具一个意见，而不是一份正式裁定，该意见将列明供下级法院考虑的种种因素。大法官布莱克不同意沃伦的意见，他出身南方，深知南方绝不会轻易放弃种族隔离，因此他认为最高法院在废除种族隔离的策略上应该是一步一步地走，不要颁布无法实施的意见，宁可判决只针对本案的当事人。但考虑到最高法院意见一致的重要性，布莱克愿意放弃自己的反对意见，支持沃伦。

April 16, 1955,WArren Brown Ⅱ presiDeD over the Discussion,Put forwArD the Supreme Court shoulD Be how to implement the Brown cAse issue An opinion,RAther thAn A formAl Decision,The Suggestions will Be listeD for lower court consiDer vArious fActors.Justice BlAck Don't Agree with the opinion of the wArren,He wAs Born to the south,Know thAt the south will never give up eAsily rAciAl segregAtion,So he thinks thAt the Supreme Court ruleD in the ABolition of rAciAl segregAtion strAtegy shoulD Be step By step,Don't issueD cAn not Be implementeD opinion,Better juDgment is only for the pArty.But consiDering the importAnce of the Supreme Court AgreeD,BlAck willing to give up their oBjections,Support wArren.

　　1955年5月31日，布朗案Ⅱ颁布。沃伦在全体大法官的支持下再次为布朗案捉刀：

On MAy 31, 1955,The Brown Ⅱ promulgAteD.WArren in All the justice of the support for the Brown cAse AgAin to write in:

　　1954年的布朗案Ⅰ已经宣布，公立学校中的种族隔离违宪。联邦与地方的立法都必须服从这一原则，现在考虑的是实施这一原则的救济方式。

1954 yeArs of Brown cAse Ⅰ hAs AnnounceD,PuBlic schools in rAciAl segregAtion unconstitutionAl.FeDerAl AnD locAl legislAtion must oBey this principle,Now consiDer is implementing this principle the relief wAy.

　　完全贯彻上述原则，或许需要解决各种不同类型地方学校的问题。学校当局对阐明、估计和解决这些问题负有主要责任。法院则必须考虑学校当局的做法是否构成对基本宪法原则贯彻的一丝不苟的诚信。由于原审法院熟悉当地的情况，了解可能需要的进一步听证，所以能够最好地行使司法评估的职能。据此，最高法院认为将这些案例发回原审法院是妥当的。

Fully implement the ABove principle,PerhAps neeD to solve All kinDs of Different types of locAl schools.The school Authorities to clArify/EstimAtion AnD solve these proBlems the mAjor responsiBility.The court must Be consiDereD is the prActice of school Authorities to constitute the BAsic constitution principle of meticulous integrity.Due to the court to Be fAmiliAr with the locAl situAtion,UnDerstAnDing mAy neeD further heAring,So cAn the Best exercise juDiciAl evAluAtion function.AccorDing to,The Supreme Court ruleD thAt the cAse remAnDeD to court is proper.

　　沃伦强调，在制定与实施判决的过程中，各法院应遵循衡平原则。

WArren emphAsize,In the formulAtion AnD implementAtion of the Decision process,The court shoulD follow the principle of equity.

　　从传统上看，衡平原则的特征是救济方式灵活，可以兼顾公众和个人的需要。本案的处理亦要求反映衡平原则的上述传统特征。重要的是，要在非歧视的基础上，尽快将本案原告录取到公立学校，这牵涉到他们的切身利益。顾及这些利益需要在学校制度按照1954年的布朗案中确立的宪法原则进行改革的过程中消除各种各样的障碍。各衡平法院在全面和有效地消除这些障碍时，应适当考虑公众的利益。但是，毋庸赘言，不能允许仅仅由于对宪法原则的理解不同而窒息这些宪法原则的生命力。

Look from the trADitionAl,Equity principle is chArActerizeD By the relief wAy Agile,CAn give consiDerAtion to the puBlic AnD inDiviDuAl neeDs.The treAtment Also reflect the principle of equity for the trADitionAl chArActeristics.ImportAnt is,On the BAsis of non-DiscriminAtory,As soon As possiBle this cAse the plAintiff ADmission to puBlic schools,This involves their vitAl interests.TAke Account of these interests neeD to Be in school system AccorDing to 1954 Brown cAse in which the constitution principle in the process of reform to eliminAte All kinDs of oBstAcles.The chAncery in comprehensive AnD effectively eliminAte these oBstAcles,ShoulD Be AppropriAte to consiDer the interests of the puBlic.But,NeeD no further elABorAtion,CAn't Allow only BecAuse of the constitution principle unDerstAnDing Different AnD suffocAte the constitution principle of vitAlity.

　　尽管需要权衡公众和个人利益，各法院应要求所有被告立即和合理地开始履行布朗案。一旦被告开始履行，法院有可能发现，为有效实施增加时间是必要的。被告则有义务证明，为了公众利益，必须增加时间，并尽早诚信履行。为此，法院可以考虑一些具体的实施问题，例如学校的管理、物质条件，交通制度，人员配置，把校区调整得更紧凑，以建立不根据种族的就读制度，并修改解决上述问题的地方法规。同时法院还应考虑被告提出的任何计划能否足以解决这些问题，能否实现向没有种族歧视的学校制度过渡。过渡期间，各法院对这些案子仍有管辖权。

Despite the neeD to weigh the puBlic AnD personAl interests,The court shoulD require All the AccuseD immeDiAtely AnD reAsonABle to perform the Brown.Once the DefenDAnt BegAn to perform,The court mAy finD,In orDer to effectively implement the increAse time is necessAry.The DefenDAnt is hAve the oBligAtion to prove,In orDer to protect the puBlic interest,Must increAse the time,AnD gooD fAith to perform As soon As possiBle.therefore,The court mAy consiDer some specific implementAtion proBlems,Such As the mAnAgement of the school/MAteriAl conDitions,TrAffic system,stAffing,ADjust the cAmpus more compAct,To estABlish not AccorDing to the rAce in system,To solve these proBlems AnD moDify the locAl lAws AnD regulAtions.At the sAme time, the court shoulD Also consiDer the DefenDAnt Any of the proposeD plAn cAn Be enough to solve these proBlems,The reAlizAtion of the no rAciAl DiscriminAtion to the school system trAnsition.TrAnsition perioD,The court hAs jurisDiction over the cAse is still.

　　沃伦最后宣布，最高法院的意见是，在没有种族歧视的基础上，“一直以审慎速度”实施布朗案。[13]

WArren AnnounceD lAst,The Supreme Court's opinion is,On the BAsis of no rAciAl DiscriminAtion,"HAs Been to the pruDent speeD"ImplementAtion Brown cAse.[13]

　　四、“一直以审慎速度”实施布朗案： four/"HAs Been to the pruDent speeD"ImplementAtion Brown cAse:

　　法律史上可能没有哪个案件比布朗案更难以实施的了，以至于其难度早在判决时就被法院预料到了，也许增加时间是必要的，但时间长达数年乃至数十年恐怕就超出了所有人的预料。考察布朗案的实施比审判更耐人寻味。

LegAl history which mAy not Be the cAse thAn Brown cAse more Difficult to implement the,So thAt it is Difficult in eArly Decision By the court when to expect,MAy increAse the time is necessAry,But time for severAl yeArs or even DecADes I'm AfrAiD is BeyonD All expectAtions.On the implementAtion of the Brown cAse thAn juDge more intriguing.

　　作为最高法院判决的案件，尤其是作为美国最高法院判决的案件，具有强制执行的最高权威，这是毋庸置疑的。在美国这个典型的宪政国家，最高法院的决定是任何人不能抗拒的，否则将导致整个宪政危机。也许，作为政治家的沃伦早就意识到这点，所以在布朗案Ⅱ中提出了“审慎速度”，作为执行布朗案的缓冲。有学者认为：“布朗案真正的妥协之处，存在于布朗案第一个意见书对权利的响亮宣示和布朗案第二个意见书中的调和性说法之间，后者发出的信号是初审法院在执行黑人原告的权利时，可以有自己的时间安排。”[14]时间、审慎速度的提出都是因为执行布朗案有极大的难度，难度主要来源于南方对布朗案判决的“大规模抵抗”。1956年，101名南方议员签署一份所谓“南部宣言”，宣称布朗案判决是非法的，南方各州有权不理睬它。同时，南方发起了弹劾沃伦的运动。一些州的立法机构通过了“拒绝执行”和“表示异议”的决议，后者宣布最高法院的裁决无效；有的命令州和地方当局在其权限范围内采取一切措施维护种族隔离；有的州不再对种族混合的学校提供资金；有的将公立学校交给有足够权力令其关门的州长或州教育委员会直接控制；有的为学生到私立学校就读提供资助；还有的废除强制入学的法律，等等。

As the Supreme Court cAse,EspeciAlly As the UniteD StAtes Supreme Court cAse,HAs the highest Authority enforcement,This is BeyonD DouBt.In the UniteD StAtes the typicAl constitutionAl government,The Supreme Court's Decision is Anyone cAn't resist,Otherwise, will cAuse the entire constitutionAl crisis.mAyBe,As A politiciAn's wArren AlreADy AwAre of this,So in the Brown cAse Ⅱ wAs put forwArD"PruDent speeD",As executive Brown cAse Buffer.Some scholArs think thAt:"Brown cAse reAl compromise plAce,In cAse of Brown first suBmissions to the right of the louD DeclAre AnD Brown cAse the seconD opinion thAt the hArmonic sex Between,The lAtter is A signAl in the court of first instAnce execution BlAck the plAintiff's right,CAn hAve their own time ArrAngement."[14] time/PruDent speeD put forwArD BecAuse of executive Brown cAse hAve greAt Difficulty,The mAin Difficulty comes from the south of the juDgment of the cAse to Brown"MAss resistAnce".In 1956,,101 south senAtor sign A so-cAlleD"DeclArAtion of southern",ThAt Brown cAse juDgment is illegAl,The southern stAtes shAll hAve the right to ignore it.At the sAme time,The south lAuncheD impeAchment wArren movement.In some stAtes, the legislAture pAsseD"RefuseD to cArry out"anD"protesteD"resolution,The lAtter AnnounceD the Supreme Court Decision is invAliD;Some commAnD stAte AnD locAl Authorities within the scope of his Authority to tAke All meAsures to mAintAin rAciAl segregAtion;Some stAte no longer to miscegenAtion school funDing;Some will Be puBlic schools to hAve enough power to mAke its closing governor or stAte eDucAtion committee Direct control;For some stuDents to privAte school to proviDe finAnciAl AssistAnce;AnD the ABolition of forceD ADmission lAw,etc.

　　但是这些立法大都受挫于联邦地方法院，被判违宪无效。可见，在法律的范围内，南方的抵制是没用的，那就只有来硬的了。

But the legislAtion mostly frustrAtion in the feDerAl District court,WAs sentenceD to unconstitutionAl invAliD.visiBle,Within the scope of the lAw,Southern Boycott is useless,ThAt is only to the hArD.

　　1957年9月，南方的阿肯色州首府小石城爆发了一场震惊全美的“小石城事件”。早在布朗案Ⅰ公布后三天，即1954年5月20日，小石城公立学校的校董会就已经投票决定废除种族隔离，分三个阶段实施。第一阶段于1957年9月在公立高中开始实施。9月2日，阿肯色州州长福布斯宣称公众骚乱即将来临，命令州国民警卫队阻止9名黑人学生进入学校。9月3日，艾森豪威尔总统在记者招待会上表态支持福布斯，声称法律不能改变人心。同日，校董会请求当地联邦法院指示，法院下令继续实施业经法院批准的校董会废除种族隔离的计划。此后连续三周，福布斯、艾森豪威尔、校董会、全国有色人种促进协会、极端种族歧视主义者和联邦地区法院都被卷入这场难分难解的对抗之中。9月21日，联邦地区法院裁决所谓公众骚乱即将来临的说法毫无根据，州长动用国民警卫队阻止黑人学生入学是非法的。福布斯州长不得不撤走了国民警卫队。9月23日，当9名黑人学生进入学校时，一批白人挑起骚乱。

In SeptemBer 1957,Southern ArkAnsAs cApitAl, little rock Broke out A shock of the UniteD StAtes"Little rock event".EArly in the Brown cAse Ⅰ AnnounceD After 3 DAys,ThAt is in MAy 1954, twenty,Little rock puBlic school council hAs voteD to ABolish segregAtion,Three phAse implementAtion.The first stAge in SeptemBer 1957 in puBlic high school BegAn.On SeptemBer 2,,ArkAnsAs governor ForBes DeclAreD puBlic unrest is coming,OrDereD stAte nAtionAl guArD to prevent nine BlAck stuDents to enter the school.SeptemBer 3,PresiDent Eisenhower sAiD At the press conference support ForBes,SAys the lAw cAn't chAnge the heArt.On the sAme DAy,The locAl council request feDerAl court instructions,The court orDereD the continue to implement the ApproveD By the court council ABolisheD rAciAl segregAtion plAn.Then three consecutive weeks,ForBes/Eisenhower/council/The nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people/Extreme rAcist AnD feDerAl District court were involveD in the fight AgAinst A pitcheD in.On SeptemBer 21,,The feDerAl District court ruling the so-cAlleD puBlic unrest upcoming story is grounDless,The governor use nAtionAl guArD to prevent BlAck stuDents ADmission is illegAl.ForBes governor hAD to move the nAtionAl guArD.On SeptemBer 23,When nine BlAck stuDents into the school,A group of white stArt riots.

　　那天早上艾森豪威尔总统正在华盛顿参加一个会议，他接到了司法部长关于小石城骚乱的紧急电话，并在电话里拟批准发表一个强硬声明：

ThAt morning PresiDent Eisenhower in WAshington for A meeting,He receiveD the minister of justice ABout little rAmBunctious emergency telephone,AnD on the phone to rAtify puBlisheD A strongly worDeD stAtement:

　　联邦法律和美国地方法院的命令……绝不容许任何个人或任何恃强行凶的暴众任意加以轻侮。本人将使用国家的全部力量，包括一切必要的力量，制止一切违法活动，使联邦法院的命令得以贯彻执行。

FeDerAl lAw AnD the UniteD StAtes District court orDer……Never Allow Any inDiviDuAl or Any DepenD on strong homiciDAl storm the ArBitrAry to scorn.I will use the full power of the stAte,IncluDing All the necessAry strength,Stop All illegAl Activities,The feDerAl court orDer to implement.

　　他在电话里听完了声明的原文，有些犹豫地说：“你把这声明送上来。看来我大概不能不签字，但我还要再看一看。”

He listeneD on the phone the originAl stAtement,Some hesitAte to sAy:"You hAve to senD this stAtement.It seems thAt I proBABly hAve to sign,But I'll hAve A look."

　　当天晚上他反复研究了这篇声明，直到上床睡觉仍没有签字。第二天早上9时，司法部长又从电话里传来了小石城的坏消息，暴徒的队伍又增大了，黑人学生待在家里，小石城市长正式请求总统干预。

ThAt night he repeAteD to stuDy the stAtement,Go to BeD until there is still no sign.The next morning when 9,Minister of justice AnD from the phone cAme the little BAD news,The moB teAm AnD increAse the,BlAck stuDents to stAy At home,The mAyor of little formAl request presiDentiAl intervention.

　　艾森豪威尔接完电话立即签署了声明。随即，国防部长命令将阿肯色州的国民警卫队置于联邦政府的统辖之下，不让福布斯州长插手，同时陆军参谋长已调遣101空降师的第327大队进驻小石城，8架运输机由肯塔基州的坎贝尔要塞向小石城运送了平定骚乱的伞兵。这是自南方重建时期以来，南方因种族问题违抗中央而导致军事管制的第一次，震惊了南方也震惊了全国。艾森豪威尔总统当晚在电视讲话中说：

Eisenhower finish telephone immeDiAtely signeD the DeclArAtion.immeDiAtely,SecretAry of Defense commAnD will ArkAnsAs nAtionAl guArD in the feDerAl government's governAnce unDer,Don't let ForBes governor hAnD,At the sAme time, Army chief hAs mAneuver the 101th AirBorne Division's 327th BrigADe in little rock,The plAne crAshes from Kentucky to little rock fort CAmpBell sent pAcify riots pArAtrooper.This is the reconstruction perioD,The south BecAuse of rAce proBlem DefieD the centrAl AnD leAD to militAry first,ShockeD the south Also shockeD the nAtion.PresiDent Eisenhower sAiD in A television tAlk thAt night:

　　“我们的个人权利和自由的基础就在于总统和政府执行部门一定会支持和保证联邦法院的一切决定得以实施，甚至必要时，使用总统所能使用的一切手段。除非总统这样做，否则必将导致无政府状态。”[15]艾森豪威尔不惜动用军队，虽然主要目的是维持秩序，不是对布朗案本身表示支持，但这对布朗案的实施影响巨大，同时也表明了美国法治原则的威力。我们知道，他事实上是反对布朗案的判决的。如前所述，他认为布朗案的判决侵犯了像小石城那样一些地方的根深蒂固的习惯和传统，并说法律不能改变人心。因为布朗案，他甚至声称，提名沃伦担任首席大法官是他一生中犯的最大、最该死和最愚蠢的错误。但是，无论他个人看法如何，正如他自己所讲，“是无关紧要的。

"Our inDiviDuAl rights AnD freeDom is the BAsis of the PresiDent AnD the executive BrAnch will support AnD ensure thAt the feDerAl court Decisions to implement,Even when necessAry,Use the PresiDent to use All meAns.Unless the PresiDent to Do so,Otherwise, will inevitABly leAD to AnArchy."[15] Eisenhower hesitAte to use the Army,Although the mAin purpose is to mAintAin orDer,Not on the Brown cAse itself sAys support,But the Brown cAse implementAtion enormous influence,At the sAme time Also shows thAt the UniteD StAtes the power of the principle of the rule of lAw.We know thAt,He is ActuAlly AgAinst the Brown cAse of juDgment.As mentioneD,He thinks thAt Brown juDgment in cAses of infringement of the little rock like thAt in some plAces the Deep-rooteD hABits AnD trADitions,AnD sAiD thAt the lAw cAn't chAnge the heArt.BecAuse the Brown cAse,He even sAiD,NominAteD wArren serveD As chief justice of his life is the Biggest mADe/The most DAmn AnD the most stupiD mistAke.But,WhAtever his personAl opinion,As he speAk,"Is irrelevAnt.

　　必须看到这是法律，而我作为美国总统，有责任使法律贯彻执行。”

Must see this is legAl,AnD I, As PresiDent of the UniteD StAtes,HAve the responsiBility to mAke lAw implementAtion."

　　但小石城校董会已不堪忍受当时的混乱局面，校方也无法保证正常的教学秩序，他们向法院请求暂缓两年半实施废除种族隔离的计划，同时将9名黑人学生送回隔离学校。联邦地区法院批准了这一请求，全国有色人种促进协会向最高法院提起上诉，最高法院受理并推翻了地区法院的决定。

But the council hAs little unBeArABle the mess,The school Also is unABle to guArAntee the normAl teAching orDer,They suspenDeD to court for two AnD A hAlf yeArs ABolish segregAtion implementAtion plAn,At the sAme time will Be nine BlAck stuDents BAck to sepArAte schools.The feDerAl District court ApproveD the request,The nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people AppeAl to the Supreme Court,AnD the Supreme Court overturneD the District court's Decision.

　　布朗案下达后，面对南方大规模的抵制，最高法院大都保持沉默，但这次小石城的尖锐对抗，使它必须坚持自己的权威，沃伦再次撰写了获得一致通过的裁决。[16]裁决宣布，最高法院不能支持以各种借口推迟废除种族隔离，从而剥夺黑人孩子的宪法权利。沃伦强调，小石城发生的所有情况都是直接由于阿肯色州长和州议会决定抵制布朗案造成的。根据马歇尔首席大法官在马伯里诉麦迪逊案中确立的联邦司法当局是解释联邦宪法的最高机关的原则，最高法院在布朗案中对第十四修正案的解释乃是全国的最高法律，对各州有拘束力。库伯案宣判后，福布斯州长下令关闭了小石城所有的公立高中，导致小石城的公立高中教育在整整一年中限于停顿。在联邦地区法院宣布州关闭学校的决定违法后，公立高中才得以恢复，并象征性地进行废除种族隔离。

Brown cAse After issueD,In the fAce of the lArge-scAle Boycott,The Supreme Court mostly remAin silent,But the little shArp confrontAtion,MAke it must insist on his own Authority,WArren wrote AgAin won unAnimous Decision.[16] AwArD AnnounceD,The Supreme Court cAn't support with All sorts of excuse DelAy ABolish segregAtion,So As to Deprive BlAck chilDren's constitutionAl rights.WArren emphAsize,All thAt hAppeneD in little rock, ArkAnsAs is Directly Due to the long AnD stAte council DeciDeD to Boycott the Brown cAuseD.AccorDing to the chief justice MArshAll in MABoLi v. MADison in the estABlishment of the feDerAl juDiciAl Authority is the feDerAl constitution interpretAtion of the principle of the highest Authority,The Supreme Court cAse in Brown in the interpretAtion of the fourteenth AmenDment is the highest lAw,To stAte BinDing.Cooper After the sentence,ForBes governor orDereD to shut Down the little rock All puBlic high school,LeAD to little rock of puBlic high school eDucAtion in A whole yeAr limiteD to pAuse.In the feDerAl District court DeclAreD stAte closeD school Decision After illegAl,To restore puBlic high school,AnD symBolicAlly to ABolish segregAtion.

　　库伯案后，南方的顽固派感觉到压力越来越大，他们不得不服从法院的权威，同时也必须考虑时代的进步。但在南方深腹地的几个州，顽固势力仍在负隅顽抗。他们不惜以暴力抗法、煽动骚乱、甚至对峙联邦政府，其中最典型的事件就是密西西比大学的“一夜暴乱”。

Cooper their,Southern Die-hArDs feel pressure is more AnD more Big,They hAD to oBey the Authority of the court,At the sAme time Also must consiDer the progress of The Times.But in the Deep heArt of the severAl stAtes,The Die-hArD forces still in put up A DesperAte struggle.They Don't hesitAte to KAngFA violence/Inciting unrest/Even opposing the feDerAl government,One of the most typicAl cAse is At the university of Mississippi"Night violence".

　　密西西比州是美国南部最落后、最封闭的州，也是种族歧视最严重的州，因此也是最难实施布朗案的州。1961年5月，一个名叫詹姆斯·麦瑞迪斯的黑人学生向密西西比大学提出入学申请。他是一个曾在美国空军服役9年的退伍军人，在入学申请书中他附了一段说明：“我是密西西比州黑人美国公民。鉴于在这新的时代我国教育制度正在发生着的种种变化，我相信你们不会对我的入学申请感到诧异。我当然希望对我申请的处理能给密西西比大学和密西西比州增添光彩。”但校方并没有“增添光彩”，而是以一串学术性的复杂理由拒绝了他的申请。麦瑞迪斯没有妥协，并得到了全国有色人种促进协会的支持，后者派出律师为他打官司。从1961年6月起，官司几经反复，最后到第二年的9月经联邦最高法院才予终审，命令密西西比大学立即准许麦瑞迪斯入学。法院命令下达后的第二天，密西西比州州长罗斯·本内特即在电视上发表讲话，宣称他下面的州政府官员宁可坐牢也不能执行法院的命令。

Mississippi is the southern pArt of the UniteD StAtes the most BAckwArD/The closeD stAte,Is the most serious rAciAl DiscriminAtion of the stAte,So Are the hArDest to implement the Brown of the stAte.In MAy 1961,A mAn nAmeD JAmes MAiRui Diss BlAck stuDents At the university of Mississippi to put forwArD ApplicAtion.He is A once in the UniteD StAtes Air force nine yeArs of veterAns,In the ADmission ApplicAtion form he AttAcheD A section of the instructions:"I Am Mississippi BlAck AmericAn citizens.In view of our country in the new erA eDucAtion system is going on All sorts of chAnge,I Believe you won't to my ADmission to feel surpriseD.Of course I hope on my ApplicAtion processing cAn give the Mississippi AnD the university of Mississippi ADD luster."But the school DiD not"ADD luster",But with A string of AcADemic complex reAson rejecteD his ApplicAtion.MAiRui Diss no compromise,AnD oBtAineD the nAtionAl AssociAtion for the ADvAncement of coloreD people support,The lAtter sent lAwyer for he engAge in A lAwsuit.Since June 1961,LAwsuit repeAteDly severAl,In the seconD yeAr 9 menstruAl feDerAl Supreme Court of finAl AppeAl only to,CommAnD ole miss immeDiAtely Allow MAiRui Diss entrAnce.The court orDereD After issueD the seconD DAy,Mississippi governor Ross · Bennett is A speech on TV,ClAimeD thAt he the stAte officiAls woulD rAther jAil time is ABle to cArry out the court orDer.

　　1962年9月20日，麦瑞迪斯在司法部官员和法警的护送下第一次来到大学注册。他们遇到了本内特州长，本内特向他们宣读了一项“现在以及今后永远不许麦瑞迪斯进入校园”的命令。司法部官员当即指出这是藐视法庭行为，本内特不予理睬。为避免直接冲突，法警没有强制执行法院命令，退了回去。接下来的法律行动必然是追究校方和州长的藐视法庭罪。在美国，抗拒法院命令构成藐视法庭罪是天经地义的。这时校方妥协了，宣布接收麦瑞迪斯入学。但本内特仍不肯退让，他扬言对校方的“投降”感到“震惊”，并宣布任何联邦政府人员要是干涉密西西比人执行自己的职责都将予以逮捕和监禁。肯尼迪总统的弟弟，时任联邦司法部长的罗伯特·肯尼迪打电话向本内特指出，密西西比州的居民，包括州长，都是美国公民，都应遵守美国的法律。本内特说：“我认为密西西比州的法院不低于任何法院，我将服从密西西比州的法律。”

In SeptemBer 1962, twenty DAys,MAiRui Diss in the justice DepArtment officiAls AnD police officers the first cAme to university registrAtion.They met with Bennett governor,Bennett hAs to reAD A"Now AnD forever in the future no MAiRui Diss enter the cAmpus"commAnD.The justice DepArtment officiAls immeDiAtely pointeD out thAt this is contemptuous conDuct,Bennett hAs ignoreD.In orDer to AvoiD Direct conflict,BAiliff not enforce A court orDer,Sent BAck.The legAl Action is necessAry for the university AnD the governor's criminAl contempt.In the UniteD StAtes,Resist the court orDereD constitutes criminAl contempt is the goD's truth.Then the school the compromise,AnnounceD the receiving MAiRui Diss entrAnce.But Bennett is still unwilling to mAke concessions,He threAteneD to the school"surrenDer"feel"shockeD",AnD AnnounceD thAt the feDerAl government personnel if Any interference MississippiAn performAnce of their Duties will Be Arrest AnD imprisonment.PresiDent KenneDy's Brother,The feDerAl DepArtment of justice long RoBert KenneDy cAll the Bennett hAs pointeD out,The inhABitAnts of the Mississippi,IncluDing governor,Are AmericAn citizen,ShAll comply with the lAws of the UniteD StAtes.Bennett sAiD:"I think the court Mississippi is no worse thAn Any other court,I will oBey the lAws of the stAte of Mississippi."

　　在校方妥协后，麦瑞迪斯第二次到学校试图注册。但是迎接他们的仍然是本内特以及一大群围观起哄的人。州长说，大学的负责人不能履行注册的承诺了，因为他们被州议会的一个调查组传去了。就这样，麦瑞迪斯第二次入学仍然受阻。

In the school After the compromise,MAiRui Diss seconD to the school is trying to register.But to meet them is still Bennett AnD A lArge crowD of onlookers who kick up A fuss.Governor sAiD,The heAD of the university is unABle to perform registrAtion promise,BecAuse they Are the stAte legislAture pAsseD An investigAtion of the.so,MAiRui Diss seconD entrAnce still hinDereD.

　　在双方僵持的这段时间，由于本内特的强硬态度，当地民众的情绪已经被煽动起来。密西西比大学的教师不安地注意到校园里来自南部各地的人越来越多，这些人横眉竖眼、气势汹汹，多数带有武器。

In Both siDes DeADlockeD this perioD of time,BecAuse of the tough AttituDe Bennett,The locAl people's mooD hAs Been inciteD.TeAchers of the university of Mississippi nervously luncheon Attention from more AnD more people ArounD the south,These people put on A fierce look/Extremely Aggressive,Most with weApons.

　　当联邦第五巡回法院判决本内特犯藐视法庭罪后，本内特躲了起来。

When the fifth circuit court Bennett mADe After the criminAl contempt,Bennett hAs to hiDe.

　　9月26日，麦瑞迪斯第三次入学，但这次迎接他们的是副州长保罗·约翰逊带领的一批州警和县警，所以他们又被挡了回去。

On SeptemBer 26,,MAiRui Diss thirD entrAnce,But this time to meet them is vice governor PAul Johnson leAD A group of stAte police AnD county police,So they were turneD BAck AgAin.

　　但此时本内特已经感到害怕了，一方面是法院和联邦政府的压力；另一方面是日益激烈的群众情绪。他决定要一个体面的退让，于是和司法部长达成一个秘密协议，由他和副州长守在校园门口阻拦，两边站着徒手的州警，当司法部官员带领的30名法警护送麦瑞迪斯到达校门口时，司法部官员和30名法警都拔出枪来，这时密西西比人就向两边让开，麦瑞迪斯就可以从大门走进去注册。如此，他就可以宣称是为了避免流血而屈服的。当天（9月27日）下午，麦瑞迪斯第四次去注册，但还没到校门口就返回了。原来，现场的局面根本无法控制，州警带不带武器无关紧要，聚集的群众所带的武器足以对付联邦法警。如果法警先拔出枪，危险显而易见，因为只有本内特知道协议，也许只有他一个人会让开路。他在现场等候时才想到了这一点，于是赶紧打电话给司法部长说现场局面无法控制，协议无法履行。

But At the moment, Bennett hAs scAreD,On the one hAnD is the court AnD the feDerAl government's pressure;On the other hAnD is the increAsingly intense emotion.He DeciDeD to hAve A Decent compromises,So AnD minister of justice to reAch A confiDentiAl Agreement,By him AnD the vice governor keep in cAmpus At the Door of the BAr,StAnDing on Both siDes of the free stAte police,When the justice DepArtment officiAls leD 30 BAiliff escort MAiRui Diss ArriveD when the entrAnce of the school,The justice DepArtment officiAls AnD 30 BAiliff All pull out my gun to,At this moment is the Mississippi to Both siDes get out of the wAy,MAiRui Diss cAn go in from the gAte registereD.so,He cAn clAim is in orDer to AvoiD BleeDing AnD yielD.the(On SeptemBer 27,)In the Afternoon,MAiRui Diss fourth to register,But hAven't returneD to school.The originAl,The situAtion cAn't control,StAte police tAke not to tAke weApons irrelevAnt,The crowD gAthereD with weApons enough to DeAl with the BAiliff.If the BAiliff to pull out A gun,DAngerous oBvious,BecAuse only Bennett know Agreement,PerhAps the only person will mAke open circuit.He in the wAiting to think of it,So to mAke A phone cAll to the minister of justice, sAiD the situAtion cAn't control,Agreement to Be unABle to fulfill.

　　联邦政府终于无法容忍了，开始商议动用武装力量并准备总统可能签署的文件。第五巡回法院宣判本内特犯藐视法庭罪，并规定如果麦瑞迪斯在10月2日前不能注册入学，则本内特每日要罚款1万元。

The feDerAl government finAlly cAn't stAnD the,BegAn to Discuss the use of ArmeD forces AnD prepAre the PresiDent mAy sign A Document.The fifth circuit court sentenceD Bennett mADe criminAl contempt,AnD if MAiRui Diss provisions on OctoBer 2 hAs not mAtriculAteD,The DAily Bennett hAs A fine of $10000.

　　肯尼迪总统已经准备发表电视讲话，将整个事件向美国人民公布。本内特终于同意让麦瑞迪斯在星期天（9月30日）下午秘密进入学校。

PresiDent KenneDy reADy to speAk on television,The whole event will Be releAseD to the AmericAn people.Bennett hAs finAlly AgreeD to let MAiRui Diss on SunDAy(SeptemBer 30)The secret to enter the school in the Afternoon.

　　大约在当地时间下午5时左右，司法部副部长卡曾巴赫带领400名法警护送麦瑞迪斯，经不大使用的西门进入了学校。麦瑞迪斯被悄悄地带到了校园一头的一栋楼里，而卡曾巴赫和法警队伍则在另一栋楼里建立了指挥所。

At ABout 5 PM locAl time in the Afternoon,The justice DepArtment vice minister cArD hAD BAch leD 400 BAiliff escort MAiRui Diss,Not By the use of Simon into the school.MAiRui Diss wAs quietly zone to the cAmpus A heAD of A BuilDing,AnD cArD hAD BAch AnD BAiliff teAm is in Another BuilDing set up commAnD post.

　　及至日落密西西比河西时，消息已传遍了全市，大规模的骚乱已不可避免。暴徒们找不到麦瑞迪斯，就向“爱黑鬼的杂种”法警进攻，法警被命令不得实弹还击，只能用催泪瓦斯保护自己，结果有160多人受伤。骚乱中有两人被打死，一个法国记者和一个围观者。待命的正规部队于5个多小时后抵达，并不得不一路打进校园，有40多人被打伤。黎明前，骚乱终于被平息，共逮捕了200多暴徒。早晨8点，麦瑞迪斯在两名法警的陪同下步入被打得破烂不堪的办公楼，平静地办理了注册手续。

AnD At sunDown when BeyonD the Mississippi,The news hAs spreAD All over the city,The scAle of the unrest hAs Been inevitABle.The moB cAn't finD MAiRui Diss,to"Love BlAck ghost hyBriD"BAiliff AttAck,BAiliff hAD orDers not to return the BAll,CAn only use teAr gAs to protect themselves,Results more thAn 160 were wounDeD.Riots hAve two people were killeD,A French journAlist AnD A surrounD.On normAl forces in more thAn five hours lAter ArriveD,AnD hAve to Be All the wAy into the cAmpus,Forty people were wounDeD.Before DAwn,Riots wAs finAlly cAlm,Were ArresteD more thAn 200 moB.Morning At eight,MAiRui Diss in two BAiliff, AccompAnieD By into BeAten DisreputABle office BuilDing,CAlmly DeAl with the formAlities of registrAtion.

　　密西西比的一夜暴乱震惊了全世界，并促使美国的民权运动走向高潮。1963年是林肯颁发“解放黑奴令”的100周年，全美先后有800多个城市发生示威和骚乱。8月28日，全美25万黑人和白人到首都华盛顿参加集会和游行，抗议种族隔离。马丁·路德·金发表了着名演说《我有一个梦想》，呼吁以非暴力方式结束美国的种族歧视和种族隔离。1964年马丁·路德·金获得了诺贝尔和平奖，同年7月3日，约翰逊总统签署了1964年《民权法》。该法律全面体现了布朗案的原则，为联邦立法、司法和行政部门联合运用国家权力推进种族平等、废除种族隔离铺平了道路。从此，一直以“审慎的速度”实施的布朗案明显加快了速度，但这并不意味着一切顺利。围绕着实施布朗案的诉讼仍然数量巨大，有关种族隔离的纠纷继续缠绕着沃伦后的伯格法院、伦奎斯特法院……。

Mississippi violence night shockeD the whole worlD,AnD the UniteD StAtes to the civil rights movement towArD the high tiDe.1963 is issueD By Lincoln"EmAncipAte the slAves to"100 AnniversAry,The UniteD StAtes hAs more thAn 800 cities hAve hAppeneD protests AnD riots.August, AnD,The 250000 BlAcks AnD whites to WAshington to AssemBly AnD pArADe,Protest segregAtion.MArtin Luther King mADe A speech[I hAve A DreAm],CAlls for nonviolent wAy to enD AmericA's rAciAl DiscriminAtion AnD segregAtion.In 1964, MArtin Luther King won the NoBel peAce prize,In the sAme yeAr in July 3,,PresiDent Johnson signeD in 1964[Civil Rights Act].The lAw fully emBoDies the principle of Brown cAse,For feDerAl legislAtion/The juDiciAl AnD ADministrAtive DepArtments jointly By the stAte power promote rAciAl equAlity/ABolish segregAtion pAving the roAD.From now on,AlwAys with"CAlculAting speeD"ImplementAtion of the Brown cAse significAntly speeD up the pAce,But this Does not meAn thAt All is well.ArounD the implementAtion of the Brown suit is still A huge numBer,The segregAtion of the Dispute continueD to cling to the wArren's court After/Rehnquist court…….

　　1997年，在“小石城事件”40周年纪念会上，克林顿总统回忆了他当年11岁在附近上学的经历，对白人学生欺负黑人学生的情景记忆犹新。但他强调说，“尽管美国废除了法律上的种族隔离，事件发生地的这所高中，其黑人和白人学生的比例已经是六十比四十，但黑人和白人在其他学校和日常生活中仍然相互孤立。即使在该高中，优等生班、饭厅和鼓动大会上，绝大多数黑人和白人还是分开。各个种族的孩子从一个校门进去，但常常各自跑到不同的厅室。”克林顿承认：“在美国，种族隔离已不再是法律，但它仍然是规则。”

In 1997,,in"Little rock event"Forty AnniversAry conference,PresiDent Clinton recAlleD his 11 yeArs olD in neArBy school experience,For white stuDents Bullying BlAck stuDents rememBer the scene.But he emphAsizeD thAt,"Although the UniteD StAtes ABolisheD legAl segregAtion,Event occurreD of the high school,The BlAck AnD white stuDents proportion is sixty more thAn forty,But BlAcks AnD whites in other schools AnD DAily life still mutuAl isolAtion.Even in the high school,Honors clAss/Dining room AnD reseArch conference,The vAst mAjority of BlAcks AnD whites or sepArAtely.ChilDren of All RACES from A school in,But often their run to Different hAll room."Clinton ADmitteD:"In the UniteD StAtes,RAciAl segregAtion is no longer legAl,But it is still rules."