何帆（法律工作者）

he(Legal workers)

　　艾森豪威尔几经斟酌，最终还是决定出兵。首先，与州法相比，联邦宪法与法律才是最高法律。亚伯拉罕·林肯总统已经用一场内战解决了的问题，没必要再令今天的总统犹豫纠结。

Eisenhower was consider,I finally decided to invasion.First of all,Compared with state law,The constitution and the law is the supreme law.President Abraham Lincoln have a civil war to solve the problem,There is no need to make today's President hesitate to ravel.

　　德怀特·艾森豪威尔“二战”时曾任盟军统帅，战后当选为美国总统。1957年9月，他面临一个非常艰难的抉择：到底要不要调兵南下？兵锋所向，并非欧亚大陆，而是本国阿肯色州州府小石城。军队需要完成的任务，不是平叛镇暴，而是执行最高法院判决。

Dwight Eisenhower"World war ii"When served the allied commander in chief,After the war was elected President of the United States.In September 1957,He is faced with a difficult choice:Whether or not to tone down soldiers?Soldiers front the,Not Eurasia,But their little rock, Arkansas state.Troops need to complete tasks,Hailing town is not critical,But the implementation of the Supreme Court ruling.

　　1954年之前，美国南方各州仍施行种族隔离措施。这类制度强迫黑人接受劣等教育，使用不完善的公共设施，令他们蒙受了无休无止的伤害与侮辱。这年5月17日，最高法院在“布朗诉堪萨斯州托皮卡市教育委员会案”中宣布：“公共教育领域绝不允许‘隔离但平等’原则存在。在教育机构内推行种族隔离，实质上就是一种不平等。”至于南方的种族隔离制度，则违反了宪法关于“州……不得……拒绝给予任何人以法律平等保护”之规定，应尽快废除。

1954 years ago,The United States and the southern states still segregation measures.This kind of system forced black accept inferior education,Use of public facilities is not perfect,To make them suffer the endless hurt and insult.This year on May 17,,Supreme Court ruled in"Brown v board of Kansas TuoPiKaShi education committee case"Announced in:"Public education field will never allow‘Separate but equal’Principles exist.In the education institution in implementation of the racial segregation,In essence is a kind of inequality."As for the southern segregation,The violation of the constitution about"state……Shall not……Deny anyone to equal protection law"Provisions of,Should be abolished as soon as possible.

　　“布朗案”判决受到民众欢迎，却遭遇种族主义者的强烈抵制。此案宣判一年后，南方八州还没有一所公立学校真正取消种族隔离。与此同时，来自南方的国会议员联合发布《南方宣言》，宣布“布朗案”是一起“滥用司法权力”的错误判决，是“联邦司法机构篡夺立法权限”的又一起恶例，号召人们以“完全合法的方式”抵制最高法院及“布朗案”判决。

"The brown"Judgment is more popular,But encountered strong resistance from the racist.The case sentenced a year later,The south eight state is not a public school really cancel the racial segregation.meanwhile,From the southern congressmen joint release[Declaration of south],announced"The brown"Is together"Abuse of judicial power"Wrong judgment,is"The federal judiciary legislative competence"Another evil cases,Called on people to"It's legal way"The Supreme Court and boycott"The brown"judgment.

　　其实，美国建国之初，亚历山大·汉密尔顿就曾在《联邦党人文集》中论证过，最高法院既无“钱袋子”，也不掌握“枪杆子”，是“三大政府分支里最弱势的部门”。换句话说，如果最高法院的判决得不到承认与支持，司法权威亦将荡然无存。在美国历史上，这样的例子比比皆是。19世纪30年代，安德鲁·杰克逊总统甚至带头顽抗最高法院的判决，调兵强行将切诺基族印第安人从佐治亚州驱逐到西部。

In fact,At the beginning of the founding of the United States,Alexander Hamilton was in[Federalists corpus]Demonstrated in a,The Supreme Court have neither"Fund sources",Also don't grasp the"The barrel of a gun",is"The three branches of the government the most disadvantaged department".In other words,If the Supreme Court decision can not get recognition and support,Judicial authority will also disappeared.In the history of the United States,An example of this can be found everywhere.In the 1830 s,President Andrew Jackson even lead the recalcitrance Supreme Court decision,Adjustable soldiers forced the Cherokee indians from Georgia family out to the west.

　　为落实“布朗案”判决，1957年夏天，小石城教育委员会选拔了9名黑人学生，拟安排他们在这年9月转入当地之前只招收白人学生的中央中学就读。这些学生个个成绩优异，智力超群，史称“小石城九人”。然而，就在开学前夜，阿肯色州州长福伯斯突然发表电视讲话，严重质疑最高法院判决的合法性，并宣布将派遣国民警卫队赶往中央中学，阻止黑人学生入校。开学当天，国民警卫队员如期而至，将黑人学生挡在校门外。

For the implementation of"The brown"judgment,In the summer of 1957,Little rock education committee selection nine black students,Intends to arrange them in September this year to local recruits only white students before the central secondary schools.These students all the result is outstanding,Superior intelligence,History says"Little rock nine people".however,In the eve,Arkansas governor f bers suddenly speak on television,Serious question the legality of the Supreme Court ruling,And announced that the national guard will send to the central high school,Stop black students enrolling.Opening day,National guard troops came,The black students stop outside the school gate.

　　在联邦政府的压力下，福伯斯撤回了国民警卫队，但是，由于他一再煽动、纵容，校园周边已聚集了大量对黑人充满敌意的人群，许多暴徒开始闹事，一些黑人记者被误认为是即将入校的学生，遭到野蛮殴打。支持种族融合的小石城市长只好向联邦政府求助。

In the federal government's pressure,F bers withdrew the national guard,but,Because of his repeated agitation/indulge,Campus surrounding has brought together a large number of the black hostile crowd,Many mob began to trouble,Some black reporter was mistaken for the enrolling students,Was savage beating.Support the integration of the mayor had to little rock to the federal government for help.

　　其实，艾森豪威尔对最高法院废除种族隔离的判决，也持保留意见，认为这么做未考虑到南方的社情民意，行动过于仓促。而且，一旦调联邦军队进入州境，发生肢体冲突，甚至闹出人命，比如打死妇女儿童，种族融合计划又将如何收场？如果南方其他城市也发生小石城这样的事件，又该怎么办？是不是要像南北战争之后的“重建时期”那样，直接实施军管？此外，在艾森豪威尔心目中，公共教育是地方事务，各州政府应担负主要责任。他必须考虑，联邦军队一旦出现，会不会授人以柄，犯了“联邦不得干预州权”的忌讳。

In fact,Dwight Eisenhower to abolish segregation Supreme Court ruling,Also a qualified opinion,Think do not consider public opinion of the south,Action too hasty.and,Once the adjustable federal troops entered the state land,Clashes occurred,Even with deadly,Such as the killing of women and children,Integration plan and how will it end?If the other cities in little rock such events,And do?Whether you want to like the after the civil war"Reconstruction period"that,Directly implement uniform?In addition,Eisenhower in mind,Public education is local affairs,State governments should take main responsibility.He must consider,The union army once appear,Will not charging,made"The federal shall not interfere with the states' rights"Of taboo.

　　艾森豪威尔几经斟酌，最终还是决定出兵。首先，与州法相比，联邦宪法与法律才是最高法律。亚伯拉罕·林肯总统已经用一场内战解决了的问题，没必要再令今天的总统犹豫纠结。其次，近些年的历史已经表明，法院的指令若得不到执行，只会沦为废纸一张。在得克萨斯州，由于州长艾伦·希弗斯带头拒绝执行法院判决，当地黑人学生根本无法进入公立学校。最后，作为前盟军统帅，艾森豪威尔曾目睹许多黑人士兵浴血奋战，实践已经证明，种族隔离是一种不公正做法。

Eisenhower was consider,I finally decided to invasion.First of all,Compared with state law,The constitution and the law is the supreme law.President Abraham Lincoln have a civil war to solve the problem,There is no need to make today's President hesitate to ravel.secondly,In recent years history has shown that,The court's instruction if not implement,Will only become a waste paper.In Texas,Due to the governor Alan hepher, refused to carry out the decision of the court,The local black students cannot enter the public schools.finally,A former allied commander in chief,Eisenhower had seen many black soldiers bloody battles,Practice has proved,Racial segregation is a kind of unfair practices.

　　1957年9月23日，艾森豪威尔决定动用“必要的武力，清除执法障碍，落实联邦法院的判决”。他在全国电视讲话中宣布：“根据宪法赋予美国总统的权力”，我“命令所有妨碍执法者马上停止或结束抵抗，立刻解散”。为避免激起过多对抗，艾森豪威尔刻意派出在美国人民心目中富有威望的第101空降师。这支部队参与了诺曼底登陆，经历了“巴登战役”，付出了巨大牺牲，是一支打出来的威武之师。

On September 23, 1957,Eisenhower decided to use"Necessary force,Clear law enforcement obstacles,Implement the federal court's decision".He announced on national television address:"According to the President of the United States constitutional power",I"Ordered all hinder law enforcers immediately stop or end resistance,Immediately dissolved".In order to avoid too much aroused against,Eisenhower deliberately sent in the United States people's heart full of the prestige of the 101th airborne division.The force to participate in the Normandy landing,experienced"Baden campaign",Give a great sacrifice,Is a play out of the mighty force and civilized force.

　　9月24日，52架飞机载着1000名伞兵，赶到了小石城，并迅速部署在中央中学周围。第二天早晨，骚乱人群再次聚集时，发现校园已被军队封锁。一些人公开辱骂士兵，向他们投掷石块。为避免造成伤亡，伞兵们尽量将刺刀放低，但还是弄伤了少数人。当天，一名男子被刺刀捅伤，还有一人头部被枪托砸伤。上午9点25分，黑人学生们被军用吉普车送进中央中学。伞兵们排着整齐的队列，刺刀朝外，一路护送着9名学生，沿台阶步入校园。相关照片经报纸刊载，迅速传遍世界，也令世人见识了美国联邦政府维护司法权威，废止种族隔离的决心。“小石城九人”中的明尼吉恩·布朗后来在日记中写道：“我活了这么大，头一次感觉到自己是一位美国公民”。

On September 24,52 plane carrying 1000 paratroopers,To the little rock,And quickly deployed in central school around.The second day morning,Rioters gather again,Find the campus has been military blockade.Some people open abuse soldiers,Throwing stones to them.In order to avoid damage or injuries,Paratroopers as far as possible will lower the bayonet,But still hurt a few people.the,A man was bayonet tong injury,A man was hit by a head butt plate.At 9 PM,Black students are military jeep sent to the central high school.Paratroopers row orderly queue,Bayonet out,All the way with escort nine students,Along the steps into the campus.Related photos by newspapers,Spread rapidly through the world,Also make the world to see how the federal government of the United States safeguard judicial authority,Desegregate determination."Little rock nine people"The Ming, jean brown wrote in his diary later:"I live so big,The first time feel he is an American citizen".

　　第二天上午，街头再无人群聚集。黑人学生们正常入学，也没有什么严重意外发生。民意调查显示，68.4%的美国人支持总统的调兵决定。尽管种族主义者叫嚣：“就算动用军队，总统也不会取胜，因为军人不会一直驻扎在小石城”。但是，联邦政府执行法院判决的坚强决心，还是起到了效果。到1959年，许多南方学校开始逐步实行黑白同校。

The second day morning,There is no street crowd gathered.Black students normal entrance,No serious accidents.Polls show,68.4% of americans approve of the President's decision is the key to soldiers.Although racist saying:"If use the military to,The President also won't win,Because the soldiers will not have been stationed in little rock".but,The federal government execution of the judgment of the court strong determination,Or have the effect.By 1959,Many southern schools began to gradually implement at black and white.

　　今天的中央中学，已是美国最好的公立学校之一，2000名在校生中，有52%是黑人，42%是白人。在距离这所学校一英里远的地方，人们可以看到切诺基族人大酋长的妻子的墓碑。当年，因总统对抗最高法院判决，她和族人们被迫迁徙，最终病死途中。这座墓碑和中央中学，共同承载着一段法治往事。学校与墓碑的距离虽短，但是，这个国家在它们象征的两个判决之间，却走过了一段漫长的道路。不过，目标最终还是变成了正确的方向。

Today's central high school,The United States is one of the best public schools,The 2000 students,52% is black,42% were white.In the distance the school a miles away,People can see Cherokee family's chief wife tombstone.the,Because the Supreme Court ruled against the President,She and her family people are forced to migrate,On the final illness.The tombstone and central high school,Common carrying a past the rule of law.The school and tombstone distance is short,but,The country in their symbol between two sentence,But has come a long way.but,Goal eventually became the right direction.