随着研究生就业问题的逐渐凸显，不少人将矛头指向国内的研究生培养制度，如研究生扩招之后存在的“放养式”培养，研究生教育定位不清等。近几年来，国家也开始调整研究生培养模式，推出面向就业的应用较强的专业硕士，取得了一定的成果。

As the employment problems of postgraduates highlights gradually,Many people taking aim at domestic graduate education system,Such as the graduate student enrollment are after"Stocking type"training,The graduate student education position is not clear and so on.In recent years,Countries also begin to adjust graduate training model,Introduced the application of employment for strong professional master,Made some achievements.

　　而对研究生个体而言，在就业形势不太好的背景下，调整心态，做好定位，扬长避短，是解决就业难问题的主要途径。企业hr及专家建议，研究生在校期间要多参加有价值的实习、实践活动，求职时可放下身段，不必太看重短期收益，要关注中长期的发展。

For graduate students in terms of the individual,In the employment situation is not too good background,Adjust state of mind,Well location,Foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses,Solving the employment difficult problem is the main way.Enterprise hr and expert advice,During the period of school to graduate students to take part in valuable practice/practice,The job can be put down the figure,Don't put too much stress on short-term earnings,Attention to the development of the medium and long term.

研一就要开始实习规划 A research will start planning practice

　　近来，北京某知名高校中文系研三学生柏杨相继面试了中央电视台、中国邮政等事业单位和央企、国企，不少单位进入笔试和面试的学生基本都是研究生，而且都来自北大、人大等知名高校。柏杨发现，自己和他们相比有一大劣势就是实习经历不足。

recently,Beijing some famous university Chinese students have developed three BaiYang interview with CCTV/China post and other institutions and renmin/State-owned enterprises,Many units into the written examination and interview students basic are graduate students,And from Peking University/National People's Congress, and other well-known universities.BaiYang found,And they compared with a big disadvantage is the lack of internship.

　　“他们很多人都在新华社、央视或者大型央企、国企等地方有过实习经历，还有不少人担任过学生会干部，或组建过社团。”柏杨说，自己的经历和那些竞争者相比，真是微不足道。“我觉得主要还是个人规划的问题，很多学生一上研一就开始搜集相关的实习信息，积极参加各种实践活动。我读研后没有什么目标，消息比较闭塞，实践经验少，致使现在求职很被动。”

"Many of them are in the xinhua news agency/CCTV or large renmin/The place such as state-owned enterprises have practice experience,There are many people served as a student cadre,Or form a community."BaiYang said,Own experience and the competitors,Is really small."I think the main or individual planning problem,A lot of students on a developed a began to collect information related to the practice,Take an active part in various activities.I have to go to graduate school what goals,News is block,Experience less,Now the job is very passive."

　　柏杨坦言，读研以后跟导师的交流也比较少，大部分时间都是自己掌控，如何合理分配自己的时间很重要。“考上研之后不要懈怠，要找好自己的定位，给自己确定一个目标，是想继续读博搞学术，还是就业，要有一个清晰的规划。一旦确定就业，就要积极寻找有价值的实践项目，增加自己就业的筹码。”

BaiYang said,After graduate with teacher communication also is less,Most of the time control of their own,How to reasonably distribute their time is very important."Don't slack after admitted to research,To find your location,To determine whether a target,Is to continue to read bo make academic,Or employment,Have a clear plan.When you determine the employment,Will actively looking for valuable practice project,Increase their employment chip."

研究生就业难在求职观？ Graduate employment is the QiuZhiGuan?

　　“从我校的情况来看，每年研究生的实际就业率略高于本科生，研究生的就业单位和工作岗位质量要普遍高于本科生，譬如一些科研院所、研究机构、大型央企、高校事业单位等，普遍要求硕士及以上学历。”北京科技大学就业指导中心副主任苏栋指出，研究生的就业难，主要难在求职观念上，很多研究生都认为比本科生多读了几年书，就一定要比本科生找到更理想的工作，对工作地域、企业性质、工作环境、收入待遇等要求较高，无形中给自己设置了较高的求职门槛，加大了就业难度。

"From our situation,Every year the graduate student's actual employment rate slightly higher than undergraduates,Graduate employment unit and work quality to higher than undergraduates,Such as some scientific research institutions/Research institutions/Large renmin/The institution, etc,Universal demand master and above."Beijing science and technology university career guidance center, deputy director of d. su pointed out,Graduate employment difficult,The main difficult in finding ideas,Many graduate students would think more than undergraduate students read a few years,It must be more than undergraduates to find an ideal job,To the work area/Characteristics of the enterprise/Working environment/Income pay high demands,Virtually to set themselves up for a higher threshold,Increase the employment difficulty.

　　“研究生有这样的心态有其正当性，但在目前的就业形势下，研究生应当把目光放长远些，放在中长期的后续发展上，而不是一毕业的短期收益。” 张景岫举例，他们以前曾调查农民工和本科毕业生的薪酬是一样的，但三年后的跟踪调研显示本科生的薪酬有了很大提升，接近于翻番。“美国也曾做过调查，高中毕业生和大学毕业生的起薪差距不太大，但十年后的差距被拉大。所以学历带来的优秀不一定要体现在第一份职业上。”

"A graduate student to have such a mentality has its legitimacy,But in the present employment situation,Graduate students should look to put some in the long run,In the medium and long term follow-up development,Not a graduation short-term gains." ZhangJingXiu example,They used to survey and migrant workers and college graduates salary is the same,But three years later tracking survey shows that undergraduates salary had the very big promotion,Close to double."The United States has made investigation,For high school and college graduates starting salary gap is not too big,But ten years later gap is widening.So education brings good doesn't have to be reflected in the first professional."

　　苏栋建议研究生在求职过程中，要提前设置好自己的求职目标，对工作地域、工作性质、工作单位等圈定一个范围，尽量避免毫无目的地海投。与本科生相比，研究生的劣势在于年龄偏大、可塑性不强，而强项在于比较成熟、专业技能较强，研究生在求职时可以扬长避短，多投一些对专业能力要求较高的工作。但不提倡研究生隐去学历的做法。

D. su suggest graduate student in the job search process,Want to advance set up their own career objective,To the work area/Nature of work/Work units for delineating a range,Try to avoid no destination for the sea.Compared with undergraduate,The graduate student's disadvantage is older/Plasticity is not strong,And strength lies in more mature/Strong professional skills,Graduate student in the job can foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses,Throw some professional ability request higher work.But don't advocate graduate hidden to the practice of education.

　　观点与分析

Views and analysis

　　研究生培养模式与就业的关系复杂

Postgraduate education and employment relationship complex

　　洪成文，北京师范大学教育学院教授

Hong chengwen,Beijing normal university education college professor

　　研究生培养模式与研究生就业的关系很复杂，供需矛盾是基础，但培养问题也是不可规避的。将研究生就业这一复杂问题简单地对应于培养模式问题，显然是简单化了。

Postgraduate education and graduate employment relationship is very complicated,The contradiction between supply and demand is the foundation,But the problem is also a systematic training.Will graduate employment this complicated problem simply corresponding to the training mode problem,Obviously is simplified.

　　我国与美国相比，有两点不同，第一是，受教育经历和等级，与工资挂钩的关系程度问题。硕士学位持有者，只要被录用，就要严格按照所受教育的程度支付相应的工资等级，在这种情况下，美国的用人单位，能够用学士的，不用硕士，能用硕士的，不用博士。我国的情况虽然也有区别，但因为工资制度改革滞后，工资不比奖金高，造成研究生与本科生的工资级差不是很大。因此，对用人单位来说，录用本科生还是研究生，区别不是很大。

Compared with China and the United States,There are two different,The first is,By education experience and level,And the relationship between the wage hook degree problem.Master's degree holders,As long as hired,Will be in strict accordance with the degree of education by the payment of the corresponding salary level,In this case,American unit of choose and employ persons,To be able to use the bachelor's degree,Don't master,Can master the,Dr. Don't.The situation of our country although there are differences,But because the salary system reform lag,High salary than bonus,Graduate and undergraduate students caused by the wage differential is not very big.so,For to unit of choose and employ persons,Undergraduate or graduate employment,Difference between them is not great.

　　另一个区别是，美国的各专业性行会（学会）有较大的招生调节能力。例如美国医学会，每年都会对医生和护理专业的未来人才需求提供专业报告，而这个报告会很直接地反映到大学的招生上。而我国专业学会（行会）的功能定位，还比较传统，多年来几乎没有在招生调节能力上有所贡献。

Another difference is,The United States the professional guild(Learn to)Have larger enrollment adjustment ability.Such as the American medical association,Every year for physicians and nursing professional future talent needs to provide professional report,And this report is directly reflected in the enrollment of the university on.And our country professional society(guild)function,Is relatively traditional,For many years in the recruit students almost no adjustment ability contribute.

　　研究生就业，是不是世界性的问题，还有待证明。国际上解决研究生就业，从政府的角度看，一般有两大策略：一是解决家庭背景较差的学生的就业问题，以示公平。二是通过购买就业机会，而缓解就业危机。比如美国的“为美国而教”，和“护士特别计划”等就是通过联邦政府与就业单位合作，创造和增加就业机会，以缓解甚至规避就业问题所带来的潜在社会危机。

Graduate employment,Is the world's problem,Remains to be proven.To solve international graduate employment,From the government's point of view,Generally there are two main strategies:One is to solve the family background poor students' employment problem,As fair.The second is through the purchase employment opportunity,And relieve employment crisis.Such as the United States"For the United States and teach",and"The nurse special plan"And it is through the federal government and employment unit cooperation,Create and increase employment opportunities,To reduce or even avoid the employment problem brought about by the potential social crisis.

　　专业硕士开始引起公众关注

Professional master began to attract the public attention

　　美国的研究生培养模式与国内有很大区别，据张景岫介绍，美国的硕士基本都是应用型的，像商学院、法学院、医学院的硕士定位都很特别，基本可以称作职业教育，他们也有一年的会计或金融硕士，应用性也非常强。这也就使得他们的硕士培养与就业联系得非常紧密。

American graduate training model and domestic have very big distinction,According to ZhangJingXiu introduced,The master basic are applied,As business school/Law school/Medical school master positioning is special,Basic professional education can be called,They also have a year of accounting or financial master,Application is also very strong.It also makes their master's training and employment contact very closely.

　　2009年，教育部正式发文，做出了硕士研究生主要面向应用的决定。一直处于边缘地位的专业学位教育制度首度引起公众关注。

In 2009,,The ministry of education officially outgoing mail,Make a master graduate student main application oriented decision.Has been on the edge of the status of the professional degree education system first cause public concern.

　　据海天教育企划总监蔡美玉介绍，2012年专业硕士的报考人数已占到全部考生的1/4，录取人数更是超过所有录取人数的1/3。根据教育部的规划，到2013年，硕士研究生教育将力争实现从以培养学术型人才为主转向以培养应用型人才为主。至2015年，专业硕士将在整个招生名额中占到50%。蔡美玉指出，由于在培养目标和培养方式上更贴近市场，专业硕士的就业率一般要好于学术型硕士。

According to the education project director CaiMeiYu is introduced,2012 professional master of the number of applicants has accounted for a quarter of all candidates,Admit number is more than a third of the number of all the admissions.According to the ministry of education planning,By 2013,Master graduate student education will strive to achieve to cultivate talents from academic type mainly to train applied talents to give priority to.To 2015,Professional master's will in the whole student enrollment at 50%.CaiMeiYu pointed out that,Because the training objectives and training on the way closer to the market,The employment of professional master's better than the general academic type master.

　　大学生先职业规划再决定考研

College students' career planning first decide one's deceased father grind

　　张爱志，跨考教育总裁

ZhangAiZhi,Cross test education President

　　近几年来，研究生的就业不是非常理想，另一方面考研的人数在不断增加。我认为大学生也要从职业规划的角度来考虑，不可盲目。我觉得两类人适合读研，一类是真正想学习的，比如本科读的不是自己喜欢的专业，想换专业的，还有一类就是基础不太好，没准备好就业的专业技能的。

In recent years,Graduate employment is not very ideal,On the other hand the number of one's deceased father grind in increasing.I think that college students but also from the point of view of career planning to consider,Not blindly.I think two people for to go to graduate school,One kind is really want to learn,Such as degree is not their favorite professional,Want to change the professional,And those who foundation is not so good,Not ready to employment of professional skills.

　　这两年管理类、金融、会计、通信工程、自动化都是比较热门的专业，就业前景比较好。其中金融硕士和会计硕士两类专业硕士已经有了第一批毕业生，就业情况很好。

The two years management class/financial/accounting/Communication engineering/Automation is the more popular professional,Obtain employment prospect is good.The master of finance and accounting master two kinds of professional master's have the first batch of graduates,The employment situation is very good.

　　同时，早期比较热的MBA，这两年的含金量有所降低。而一些前沿学科如生物工程、环境工程，由于国家对这些专业的定位不是很清晰，打造的不是很到位，对毕业生的就业产生了一定影响。

At the same time,Early more hot MBA,The two years of gold content reduced.And some frontier disciplines such as biological engineering/Environmental engineering,Due to the country to the professional orientation is not very clear,Make not very in place,To graduate employment produced certain effect.