一、设计差异型作业，给学生成功的机会 a/Design difference type of homework,Give students the chance of success

　　美国哈佛大学心理学家加德纳教授认为，人的智力是多元的，至少有语言智力、数学逻辑智力、音乐智力、身体运动智力、空间智力、人际关系智力和自我认识智力等七种以上的智力。多元智力理论的核心在于认真地对待学生的个别差异。因此，我们设计和布置作业时也应针对学生的个体差异，力争让每个学生在适合自己的作业中取得成功，获得轻松、愉快的心理体验。

According to the United States Harvard University psychologist professor Gardner,Man's intelligence is multiple,At least in linguistic intelligence/Mathematical logic intelligence/Music intelligence/Body movement intelligence/Spatial intelligence/Interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence more than seven kinds of intelligence.The core of the theory of multiple intelligences is serious about students' individual difference.so,When we design and homework also should be aimed at the students' individual differences,Strive to make every student succeed in suits own homework,Get easy/Pleasant psychological experience.

　　教学完一篇课文后，教师应根据所学课文内容，针对学生的学习情况，设计适合他们的作业。例如，对于学习能力较强的学生，可布置“背诵、积累、拓展”性作业；对于学习基础薄弱的学生，则可以让他们掌握课文中的生字词、熟读课文、摘抄喜欢的段落等。如，教学完《瑞雪》，我设计了如下作业，让学生根据自身实际选择完成：（1）摘抄词语10个；（2）背诵课后要求默写的那一段；（3）摘抄文中描写雪景的10个词语等。

After teaching a lesson,Teachers should according to what they have learned the text content,For students' learning situation,Design is suitable for their homework.Such as the,For learning ability strong students,Can be arranged"To recite/Accumulation of/expand"Sex work;To learn foundation weak students,You can let them master the new vocabulary in the text/Read the text/Extract favorite passages, etc.Such as the,After teaching[snow],I design the following assignments,Let the students according to their actual choice to complete:(1)Extract 10 words;(2)Recite lesson requires that a write;(3)To extract snow this paper describes 10 words, etc.

　　又如，教学《初春》时，我设计了以下几项作业：（1）正确、流利、有感情地朗读、背诵课文；（2）根据课文的描述，收集有关春天的图画或照片，并介绍图片中的春景；（3）用一段话描写你心中的春天。这三项作业中的第一项为必做的，属于复习巩固知识；第二项作业以兴趣为主，可以锻炼学生的迁移能力；第三项作业以拔高为目的，可以锻炼学生的发散、创新能力。这样的作业选择权完全属于学生，他们可以根据自己的实际情况进行自我调控。

And as,teaching[Early spring]when,I design the following assignments:(1)correct/Fluent in/Have feelings to read/Recite the text;(2)According to the text of the description,Collect relevant pictures or photos of spring,And spring scenery in the picture;(3)With a paragraph describing the spring in your heart.On the first of the three jobs to do,Belong to review consolidate knowledge;The second assignment is given priority to with interest,Can exercise the students' ability to migration;The third operation for the purpose of the high,Can exercise the students' divergent/The innovation ability.Such assignments option completely belong to students,They can be regulated according to own actual situation.

二、设计生活型作业，给学生体验的机会 (2)/Design life,Give students a chance to experience

　　在新课程理念的引导下，许多教师已认识到：学生的课内外作业除了要有巩固知识、技能的功能外，还要社会化、生活化，而不应是简单的、机械的操作。教师应通过作业这一手段，引导学生走出学校，走向社会，走进生活，激发学生学语文、用语文的兴趣，提高学生的语文素养。顾黄初先生在《语文教学要贴近生活》中指出：“要谋求语文教学效率的提高，老是把思想封闭在四壁合围的教室里，把眼光死盯在篇幅有限的课本上，恐怕很难求得突破性的进展。语文是在生活的广阔天地里频繁运用的重要工具，要教学生掌握好语文工具，我们的思想要向广阔的生活审视。”他同时强调：“语文教学的改革，关键在贴近生活。这是‘根’。”这番话为我们指明了设计语文生活化作业的方向。因此，教学中教师要有意扩展学生的活动时空，进行语文生活化的作业设计，使师生自然摆脱语文作业形式主义和机械繁琐的状态。其目的在于落实“教学做合一”的思想，改变单一的语文作业设计模式，设计贴近学生生活的丰富多彩的语文作业。把语文作业和生活紧密结合起来，是提高学生语文学习兴趣，提高语文教学效率的有效途径。

Under the guidance of new curriculum concept,Many teachers have been realized:Student of the class inside and outside work in addition to consolidate the knowledge/Function of skills,More social/life,And should not be simple/The operation of the machinery.This means teachers should through the assignments,Lead the students out of school,Moves towards the society,Into the life,Stimulates the student to learn the language/With the language of interest,Improve the students' Chinese accomplishment.Mr Gu Huang Chu[Chinese teaching should close to the life]Pointed out in:"To seek to enhance the efficiency of Chinese teaching,Always thought closed in the 4 walls of the classroom. Through,Look at the space limited textbook,I'm afraid it is difficult to get breakthrough progress.Language is frequently used in the life the vast heaven and earth of the important tools,To teach students to master the language tools,Look at our thoughts to the vastness of the life."He also stressed that:"The reform of Chinese teaching,The key in their lives.This is‘The root’."These words as we pointed out the design language adaptation work direction.so,Teaching teachers should intends to extend the students' activities in time and space,Carries on the life of the Chinese homework design,Make teachers and students naturally get rid of the status of Chinese homework formalism and mechanical cumbersome.The purpose is to implement"Teaching to do one"The thought,Change the single Chinese homework design patterns,Close to student life rich and colorful Chinese homework design.Combine Chinese homework and life closely,Is to improve the students' Chinese learning interest,The effective ways to improve the efficiency of Chinese teaching.

　　教学中，教师可以设计一些学生感兴趣的观察作业，培养学生敏锐的观察力。例如，当春天到来的时候，教师可以引导学生观察校园里各种植物的变化，并把它们记录下来，从中感受春天的变化。这样的作业可以有效激发学生的学习兴趣。

The teaching of,Teachers can design some observation of students interested in homework,To cultivate students keen powers of observation.Such as the,When spring comes,Teachers can guide students to observe the plants on campus,And put them down,To feel the change of spring.This operation can effectively stimulate students' interest in learning.

　　又如，教学《火烧云》时，当学生体会到火烧云颜色变化快的特点后，我让学生结合生活实际想象火烧云还有哪些形状，然后出示各种形态的火烧云，待学生仔细观察后选择自己最喜欢、最感兴趣的说说它是什么样，有什么变化，然后仿照课文的写法把自己喜欢的一种火烧云写下来。

And as,teaching[Evening glow]when,When students feel the evening glow color change after fast characteristic,I let the students combined with the actual life imagine evening glow what shape,Then show the various forms of evening glow,For students to choose their own favorite after careful observation/What is of most interest to talk about it,Is there any change,Then modeled on the writing of the text put down oneself to like an evening glow.

三、设计合作型作业，给学生交流的机会 three/Collaborative design work,To give students the opportunity to communicate

　　1.与同学合作

1. Cooperation with classmates

　　例如，教学《草船借箭》时，我先让学生将之改为课本剧，然后组织心灵手巧的学生做道具，选服装，接着再让学生选自己最喜欢的角色扮演，余下的学生做“群众演员”,学生立刻就投入到合作性的作业中了。在完成这项作业的过程中，学生既有分工，又有合作，大家出谋划策，互相帮助，互动交流，在交流中学会了合作，在合作中学到了知识，从而达到了对课文内容的深入理解。

Such as the,teaching[Grass boat borrow arrows]when,I will let students textbooks play instead,Then organize practical students do you props,Choose clothes,Then let the students choose their favorite role playing,The rest of the students"The masses actor",Students went immediately into the collaborative operations.In the process of finish the homework,Students in both the division of labor,And cooperation,We advise,Help each other,Interactive communication,Learn to cooperation in the communication,Learned knowledge in the cooperation,So as to achieve a deep understanding of the text.

　　2.与家长合作

2. Cooperate with parents

　　语文学习的外延是非常广阔的，教师可结合教材给学生布置一些需要和家长合作完成的作业。由于这类作业具有浓浓的“亲情感”，所以学生在完成时既可以学到知识，又能增进与父母的感情。

Extension of the language learning is very wide,Teachers can be combined with the teaching materials to students, some need to collaborate with parents to finish homework.Because this kind of operation is thick"attachment",So students can learn knowledge when completed,Will enhance the relationship with their parents again.

　　例如，教学完《风筝》，根据现在家长望子（女）成龙心切，不给孩子玩的时间的现象，我布置了这样的作业：利用晚上时间，给爸爸妈妈讲鲁迅《风筝》的故事，然后和家人讨论关于对“游戏”的不同看法，并合作完成一篇习作。这次作业给家长带来很大的震撼，有位学生家长这样写道：“唉，现在想来，以前的教育方式是多么缺乏理性，该改一改了。”而他女儿在文中写道：“听了爸爸那番自我检讨的话，我深深地感到了被理解、被关爱的幸福，也更深地理解了以前爸爸那样对我，其实也是一种爱。”

Such as the,After teaching[A kite],According to the parents WangZi now(female)Jackie chan eager,Don't give children to play with time,I decorate the homework:Use at night time,Tell mom and dad lu xun[A kite]The story of,Then discuss about with my family"The game"Different views,And cooperation to complete a project.The operation was a great shock to parents,One student parents wrote:"alas,Want to come now,I was how irrational way of education,It changed the."And his daughter wrote:"Listen to the dad that self review,I was deeply understood/Was the happiness of love,Also a deeper understanding of the dad treat me like that before,Actually is a kind of love."

　　这样的作业，不但让学生进一步理解了《风筝》所蕴含的情感，更让学生与家长在合作中加强了沟通。

Such a job,Not only make students further understand[A kite]Because of the emotion,More let students in cooperation to strengthen the communication with their parents.

四、设计自主型作业，给学生选择的机会 four/Design independent operations,Give students a chance to choose

　　新课程明确要求：“学生是学习和发展的主体。语文课程必须根据学生身心发展和语文学习的特点，关注学生的个体差异和不同的学习需求，爱护学生的好奇心、求知欲，充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神。”这充分说明了倡导自主型作业，必须以学生为中心，应充分尊重学生个性，全面考虑学生差异，让学生自主选择作业，帮助学生提高学习的自觉性，逐步掌握学习方法，养成良好的学习习惯，使学生从“要我做”向“我要做”转变。

The new curriculum explicitly requested:"Students are the main body of learning and development.Chinese curriculum must be based on students' physical and mental development and the characteristics of the language learning,Pay attention to students' individual differences and different learning needs,Take good care of the students' curiosity/Thirst for knowledge,Fully stimulate students' initiative consciousness and the enterprising spirit."This shows fully convincingly that advocating independent operations,Must be centered on students,Should fully respect the student individuality,Comprehensive account of the differences of students,Let the students to choose their assignments,Help students improve learning self-consciousness,Step by step to master learning methods,Develop good study habits,To make the students from"Want me to do"To the"I want to do"shift.

　　例如，教学《黄河，母亲河》时，我布置了个性化的作业：请大家发挥自己的特长，做一个介绍母亲河的作业，内容形式不限。喜欢画画的同学，可以画一幅关于母亲河的图画，或找几幅关于黄河的名家字画进行介绍；擅长音乐的同学，可以收集关于黄河的歌曲、民谣，并学唱；爱好文学的同学，可以收集有关黄河的古今诗词、民间故事、神话传说、历史人物故事、俗语、谚语、成语等，并写一篇赞美黄河的文章；喜爱历史地理的同学，可以收集关于黄河起源、发展历程、人类文化遗址等知识；有环保意识的同学，可以针对黄河断流和水污染这一严重生态危机，设计一则公益广告，或提出合理化治理方案；会网页制作的同学，可以做一个关于介绍黄河的网页，进行比赛；有朗诵才能的同学，可以选一篇有关黄河的文章进行配乐朗诵。这样的作业，因可根据特长自主选择，因而使学生产生了成功的愉悦，感受到了作业的乐趣。

Such as the,teaching[The Yellow River,Mother river]when,I the individual assignment:Please use your expertise,To introduce a mother's homework,Any form of content.Like to draw,Can draw a picture about the mother river,Or find drawings of the Yellow River calligraphy and paintings of famous artists;Good at music students,Collects the song of the Yellow River/Folk songs,And learn to sing;Hobby literature students,Can collect on the Yellow River of the ancient and modern poetry/Folk tales/Myths and legends/Historical stories/proverb/The proverb/Idioms, etc.,And write an article on the praise of the Yellow River;Like history and geography of students,Can collect about the origin of the Yellow River/The development course/Knowledge of human cultural sites;Have environmental protection consciousness of students,Can according to the cutoff of the Yellow River and the water pollution, a serious ecological crisis,Public-service advertisement design,Or put forward rational management scheme;Will students in web production,Can do a introduce about the yellow pages,For the game;Have read to classmates,You can choose music reading an article about the Yellow River.Such a job,Because according to the specialty choice,Thus causes the student to the pleasure of success,To enjoy the happiness of the homework.

　　总之，设计语文作业必须有利于学生创新思维的发展，有利于开发学生的潜能。在开放性语文作业设计的研究过程中，教师不仅要注重运用新课程理念指导教学，同时还应格外关注学生个性与潜能的发展，注意为每个孩子提供参与活动展示自我的机会，从而使学生对语文学习产生浓厚的兴趣，对语文学习充满信心。（福建安溪县第十小学　杨佩华）

All in all,Chinese homework design must be beneficial to the development of students' innovative thinking,Is beneficial to develop students' potential.In the process of open Chinese homework design research,Teachers should not only pay attention to use the new curriculum concept to guide teaching,It should also concern the development of students personality and potential,Attention to each child the opportunity to participate in activities to show themselves,So that the students their interest in language learning,Confidence in the language learning.(Fujian anxi Yang Peihua 10 primary school)