美国作为西方国家竞技体育与教育结合的成功范例，有一套完备的培养优秀青少年运动员的体制，把教育和体育有机地结合在一起，使青少年在成长过程中既能得到文化知识的教育，又能根据个人的特长，不失时机地挖掘自身的运动才能，在运动领域实现自己的价值。而中国竞技体育与教育的结合，则尚处于开始阶段，有诸多不尽人意之处，有待改善。因此，比较中美两国竞技体育与教育结合的状况，从中找出自身的差距和有待改善的地方，闯出一条符合自己实际的路，显得重要且迫切。

The United States as a western state athletic sports and education of the combination of the successful paradigm，Has a complete training excellent young athletes of the system，The education and sports combined together，Make teenagers in the growth process can get of cultural knowledge education，And according to the individual's speciality，Lose no time to dig their own sports ability，In the sports field to realize your worth。And Chinese sports and the combination of education，It is still in the early stage，With so many unsatisfactory place，Remained to be improved。so，Comparing the two countries with the education of the combination of the competitive sports condition，Find the gap between themselves and remained to be improved place，Rushes out on a line with the way his actual，Appear important and urgent。

　　一、美国竞技体育高等教育化的简述 a、American higher education of competitive sports, briefly

　　美国是世界体育第一强国，大学生的运动成绩在全世界有目共睹，整个国家的竞技体育体制以学校为中心，是美国竞技体育体制最显著的特点。美国大学生体育人才成长的过程，是一条贯彻始终的科学文化知识与体育才能同时发展的成才之路。

The United States is the world sports first power，College students' sports results in the world to see，The whole country's sports system to school as the center，Is the sports system the most significant characteristic。College students in the United States sports talent the process of growing up，Is a persistent knowledge of science and culture and sports can also develop the chance of road。

　　小学是展露体育才能的舞台；中学是培养优秀运动员的摇篮，大批的中学生通过多种形式，自发地开始早期运动训练，为发展竞技体育奠定了人才基础；大学则进入了培养优秀运动员的高级阶段，大学校园拥有良好的训练设施和高水平的教练员，为运动员取得优异成绩奠定了物质基础。美国大学生文化科学知识学习与体育训练、竞赛并行不悖。体育充实了业余时间的活动，调节了文化学习的烦闷心情，炼就了好的身体并活跃了思维；同时，丰富的文化科学知识也有助于调整个人的训练计划，使之更为科学与合理，更符合个人的心理、生理特征，更容易创造出优异的运动成绩。美国参加奥运会的运动员基本上是以大学生为主体构成的，在奥运军团中80%以上的运动员是从大学中直接选拔出来的，著名篮球运动员乔丹、田径运动员刘易斯等一大批闻名遐迩的竞技天才，都是通过大学阶段的培养，最终步入职业体育，取得了辉煌成绩。

A primary school is revealed sports talent to the stage；High school is the cradle of cultivating outstanding athletes，Large Numbers of middle school students through a variety of forms，Spontaneously start early sports training，For the development of competitive sports talents lay the foundation；University into the excellent athletes for the cultivation of higher level，University campus has good training facilities and a high level of the coaches，For athletes to achieve good results established the material basis。American college students' cultural scientific knowledge learning and sports training、Contradicting the competition。Sports have enriched the spare time activities，Adjust the cultural learning annoyed mood，Built up good health and active thinking；At the same time，Rich cultural science knowledge also help to adjust the individual training plan，Make more scientific and reasonable，More accord with individual psychology、Physiological characteristics，Easier to create excellent sports results。The United States Olympic athletes is basically a college students as the main body of the form，In the Olympic Games more than 80% of the athletes from university of selected directly，Famous basketball player Michael Jordan、Track and field athletes lewis and a large number of the famous competitive genius，Through the cultivation of university stage，Finally into professional sports，Made brilliant achievements。

　　美国大学开展校际间的体育竞赛已超过百年的历史，它由最初校际间的自发竞赛活动发展到现在，已形成非常完备的竞赛组织体系。“美国大学校际体育竞赛活动之所以得以发展和完善，重要原因之一是大学校际体育竞赛已被纳入学校教育之中，学校把开展校际体育竞赛看作是向学生以及教职工提供参与和观赏体育竞赛的一种文化娱乐途径。同时，学校也把校际体育竞赛当作提高学校声誉，吸引学生与资助的一个重要方面。[1]美国的高教体制虽有较强的松散性，但在竞技体育人才培养体系上，却又具有很强的系统性和单一性。它以学校为中心，依靠小学、中学、大学的业余训练来形成整个训练的一条龙体系，通过健全的组织管理机构，运用法律手段制定规章制度管理大学生体育，利用奖学金吸引优秀体育人才等，它是一个良性的、可持续发展的人才培养体系。

American university developing intercollegiate sports contest between has a history of over one hundred years，It from the first intercollegiate of spontaneous contest between development up to now，Has formed very complete competition organization system。“American university intercollegiate sports contest is to develop and perfect，One of the important reasons for the intercollegiate sports competition is university have been included in the school of education，The school on intercollegiate sports competition as students and staff to participate in and watch a sporting contest provide a cultural entertainment way。At the same time，The school also put the intercollegiate sports competition as improve school reputation，To attract students and one of the important aspects of the funding。[1] the American higher education system has the prednisone is scattered sex，But in competitive sports talent cultivation system，The but again has the very strong systematic and oneness。It to school as the center，Rely on primary school、Middle school、The amateur training university to form the whole training of one-stop system，Through the sound management organization，Using legal means make the rules of sports management college students，Use scholarships to attract elite sports talents, etc，It is a benign、The sustainable development of talent cultivation system。

　　二、我国竞技体育与高等教育结合的方式 two、The athletic sports of China and higher education of the combination of the way

　　由于我国竞技体育具有一套十分完备的组织管理体系，竞技体育部门的发展过于强大，从少年选材开始，选拔了绝大多数有运动天赋的少年，使之走上了与同龄人完全不同的专业运动训练之路，从少年体校到专业体校再到专业队，到了应该上大学年龄时，他们体育运动技术水平很高，但科学文化知识最多只能达到初中的水平。

Because our country sports with a very complete organization management system，The development of competitive sports department is too powerful，Young select material from the start，Select the most athletic teenagers，Make on the age of the professional sports training completely different way，From young to professional who who again to the professional leagues，The university to be age，They sports technology to a high standard，But the knowledge of science and culture to the level of the junior high school can be at most。

　　同时，由于教育系统过分强调和推行“应试教育”，忽略和埋没了人的其他才能的挖掘和培养，一切围饶着“升学率”打圈圈，从小学到大学没有形成完备的竞赛组织体系，不可能组织造就优秀运动员的联赛系统。优秀运动员过早地脱离了文化科学的正规学习，而学校又不具备培养优秀运动员的各种条件。这就是中国竞技体育与教育关系的状况，如同平行而没有交叉的两条路。

At the same time，Because education system too much emphasis on and implemented“Exam-oriented education”，Ignore and bury the other people to excavating and develop，All around the spare the“Graduation rates”Dozen circle，From primary school to college not form a complete competition organization system，Can't accomplish outstanding athletes organization league system。Excellent athletes prematurely from the cultural science of formal learning，And the school and don't have excellent athletes training all kinds of conditions。This is the Chinese sports and education relationship status，As parallel and no cross two ways。

　　这种状况造成了教育系统不可能培养和造就运动员，而优秀运动员又无法获得应具有的科学文化知识，这种状况使得我国高等院校的竞技体育难以正常的成长，发育十分不健全。高校的竞技体育不仅没有竞赛市场，也没有培养出优秀的竞技体育人才，处于可有可无的尴尬窘况。同时，我国的高教体制又长期受计划经济的影响，高度统一、高度集中，使得从属于高教体制的高校体育只适合于开展体育教学、课外活动、业余训练等，竞技体育的发展无法寻求自身的增长点，高校的竞技运动长期以来一直处于业余水平。

This kind of condition caused the education system can't train and bring up player，And outstanding athletes and can't get the should have knowledge of science and culture，This situation makes Chinese colleges and universities of the athletic sports is difficult to normal growth，Development is not perfect。University of the athletic sports not only have no competition market，Also not cultivate good quality of the athletic sports talents，In a few minutes the embarrassment of dispensable。At the same time，China's higher education system and long-term economic impact by plan，unification、Highly centralized，Make higher education system from belongs to the college sports only suitable for conduct sports teaching、Extracurricular activities、Amateur training，The development of competitive sports not to seek for their the point of growth，University of competitive sports has long been in amateur level。

　　目前，我国高等教育体系与高水平竞技运动的结合，主要分为以下4种类型：(1)国家体育总局直属的十几所体育大学，即北京体育大学和15所地方性的体育学院，以及由军队管理的解放军体育学院；(2)全国范围内近百所师范院校办的体育系（科）及少数综合性大学办的体育院系；(3)教育系统的高等院校；(4)由体育部门主办的成人教育，包括“运动技术学院”和“进修学院”两种形式，属大专层次的教育。

At present，China's higher education system and high level the combination of competitive sports，Mainly divided into the following four types：(1)State general administration of sports of the sports university directly under 10，When the Beijing sport university and 15 local sports institute，And by the military management of PLA sports institute；(2)Nationwide, the normal colleges of nearly did do（families）And a few universities do sports departments；(3)The institutions of higher learning education system；(4)By the adult education sports department，including“Sports institute of technology”and“College of further”Two kinds of forms，The education of college level。

　　以上4种类型的结合方式，虽然在一定程度上解决了运动员的文化教育问题，提高了运动员的文化素质，但距离解决我国竞技体育健康、持续和快速发展的根本性问题还有相当大的差距。上述的结合只能是组织形式上的结合，是表层次的结合，并没有达到真正意义上的结合。从客观效果分析，运动员虽然获得了大学生的身份，取得了相应的学位，但是否达到相应高等教育水平，不能以运动员获得大学学历作为评价结合效果的标准，其结果应持否定的态度。此外，高等院校虽然也曾经涌现出优秀的运动员，但数量很小；观其成长过程，真正由大学自己培养出的优秀运动员，人数就更少了。从组织形式来分析，我国目前采取的高等教育体系与高水平竞技运动结合的措施，无非是通过体育系统办教育（如体育系统办大学）或者教育系统办体育（如高等院校办高水平运动队），试图通过这两种结合方式，实现高等教育体系与高水平竞技运动结合的目标，这种体教的结合方式，只能是组织形式上的结合，亦可以称之为借助于外力的结合，借助于政府管理权限的结合，缺乏内在的凝聚力，是外因主导内因的典范，一旦外力解除也就自然解体。

Above 4 types of combining ways，Although solved to some extent the culture education problem athletes，Improve the cultural quality of sportsman，But China's competitive sports health distance to solve、Sustained and rapid development of the fundamental problems still a big gap。The combination of the above is only the combination of organizational form，The surface is the combination of The Times，And did not reach the real combined。From the objective result is analyzed，Although athletes won the identity of the college students，Made corresponding degrees，But whether higher education to the corresponding level，Can't get the university degree as evaluation standard of the effect，The result should be a negative attitude。In addition，Institutions of higher learning although also have sprung up good athletes，But is a very small number；View the growing process，By cultivating a real university of elite athletes，Number is even less。From the organization forms to analysis，The higher education in our country at present to the system and the high level of the combination of the competitive sports measures，It is through the sports system do education（Such as sports system do university）Or education system to do sports（As colleges and universities do high level sports teams），Trying to these two kinds of combining ways，Realizes the higher education system and the high level of the combination of the competitive sports goal，This body teach of combining ways，Can only is the combination of the organizational form，Also can call by the combination of the external force，With the combination of government management authority，Lack of inner cohesion，Is the model of external cause leading internal cause，Once the external forces remove natural collapse。

　　为了探索教育体系与体育体系的有机结合，针对“竞技体育人才基础在少年儿童，基地主要在中小学，而我国的基础教育乃至高等教育长期以来受应试教育的束缚，重视智育的发展而轻视体育的发展是不争的事实”的实际情况[2]，前国家教委于1995年5月29日颁布了《国家教委办公厅关于部分普通高等院校试办高水平运动队的通知》，宗旨是提高我国大学生的体育运动水平，为国家培养全面发展的体育人才。同年8月29日，第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议通过的《中华人民共和国体育法》第二十八条明确提出“国家对优秀运动员在就业或者升学方面给予优待”。试点工作虽然收到了一定的效果，取得了一定成绩，但在我国现存的竞技体育体制下，十分有限的运动员人才资源，绝大部分分布在各级体委系统，高等院校能有多少高水平运动员可供选择？于振峰等人的研究指出了试点工作的不足，归纳起来有5个方面：一是管理体制统得过死，没有发挥大学生体协的社团管理作用；二是生源渠道不畅；三是高校系统的教练员的专业素质亟待提高；四是缺乏办队经费；五是学习和训练之间的矛盾难以调和。因此，试点工作基本上是在失败中进行探索，在绝境中求生存。[3]

In order to explore the education system and the organic integration of sports system，According to“Athletic talents foundation in children，Base mainly in the middle and primary school，And China's basic education and higher education examination-oriented education long bondage，Pay attention to the development of intellectual education and despise sports development is the fact that does not dispute”The actual situation of the [2]，Former state education commission on May 29, 1995 promulgated《The state education commission on part of the general office of general college schooling-running notice》，Purpose is to improve the college students in our country sports level，For countries to cultivate the overall abilities of the sports talents。In the same year August 29,，The eighth National People's Congress standing committee meeting 15 through《Sports law of the People's Republic》Article 28 clearly put“Countries to outstanding athletes in their employment and enrollment preferential treatment”。Pilot job although received certain effect，Certain achievements have been made，But in the present system of competitive sports，The player is very limited human resources，Most of the distribution system in sports at all levels，Colleges and universities can have how much high level athletes to choose from？YuZhenFeng who pointed out the research of the pilot shortage，To sum up with five aspects：One is the management system to all death，No play college students the club management countries.combining role；2 it is matriculate channel；Three college system is the professional quality of the coaches to be improved；Four is the lack of funds for the team；Five is learning and training the contradictions between incompatible。so，Pilot work is basically in the failure to explore，In place of survival。[3]