名校属地扩招根源在地方保护主义 School enrolment expansion territory origin in protectionism

关注理由 Reason for concern

　　近日，清华、北大因“属地扩招”再次被卷入“地域歧视”的雷区。几个月前，两校先后允诺，将减少在京招生计划。可清华今年在京扩招达45.3%，北大在京一批次扩招达33.6%。

recently，tsinghua、Peking University for“Apanage enrollment expansion”Was again involved in“Regional discrimination”minefield。A few months ago，The two schools has promised，Will reduce the recruit students to plan in Beijing。But this year in Beijing tsinghua enrollment expansion of 45.3%，Peking University in Beijing a batch enrollment expansion of 33.6%。

　　招生属地化，向来被视作教育公平权上的一块疤痕。当优质教育资源的配置被打上“本地化”的烙印，它注定背离了均衡教育的指向。

Recruit students Dec.，Always be regarded as education fair rights in a scar。When the high quality education resource configuration was played“localization”mark，It is balanced to the point of departure from education。

　　教育资源，最患不均。尽管在时下的资源布局中，实现绝对均衡、削减地域落差还很困难，可名校压缩属地招生，无疑已是社会共识。它是打开公平之锁的“密码”，是完善全盘统筹的必经途径。

Education resources，The uneven with。Although in the current resources layout，Achieve absolute balance、Cut regional gap still very difficult，Universities can be compressed apanage recruit students，Undoubtedly already is social consensus。It is fair to open the lock“password”，Is to perfect the overall plan as a whole the necessary way。

视点关注 Viewpoint attention

　　时值高考招生如火如荼之际，部分名校属地扩招的消息再度引起了人们的关注。

When the university entrance exam of recruit students swing，Part of the territory of the school enrolment expansion news again to cause the attention of people。

　　所谓属地扩招，是指一些名牌高校在学校所属地的招生人数明显超出全国其他地区的现象，被视为一种教育上的地方保护主义和地域歧视，受到学生家长及社会的质疑。

The so-called apanage enrollment expansion，Is to point to some famous universities in the school to recruit students number of subordinate beyond the obvious phenomenon of other parts of the country，Be regarded as a kind of education on the local protectionism and regional discrimination，By the parents of the students and society's question。

“本地生源素质好”难令人信服 “Local matriculate quality good”Difficult convincing

　　记者了解到，此次属地扩招风波始于中国最著名的两所高校北大、清华。

The reporter understands，The dependency enrollment expansion storm began in China's most famous two universities in Beijing university、tsinghua。

　　几个月前，上述两校曾先后允诺，将减少在京招生计划。可在进入高考招生阶段之后，人们却发现，北京今年本科一批录取结束，其中，清华大学共录取北京考生295人，在京总扩招比例达到45.3%。北大今年在京一批次扩招33.6%，录取考生294人。

A few months ago，The above two school once successively promise，Will reduce the recruit students to plan in Beijing。But in the university entrance exam recruit students after stage，People found that，Beijing YiPiLuQu undergraduate course end this year，Among them，Tsinghua university admission of Beijing 295 candidates，Total enrollment expansion in Beijing to 45.3%。Peking University in Beijing this year a batch enrollment expansion of 33.6%，Students admitted to 294 people。

　　面对“属地扩招”的质疑，北京大学新闻发言人予以回应称，相关媒体报道不符合实际情况。“北大今年在京录取总人数比2011年减少37人，没有进行大规模扩招。”此外，据北京大学招生办公室介绍，今年北大在京一批次文科计划招收80人、理科计划招收140人，录取时均按100%比例提档，因有等分考生，文科实际录取81人，理科实际录取142人。这样算来，北大在京一批次录取学生223人，比计划人数多了3人，扩招比例为1.36%。

face“Apanage enrollment expansion”Questioning of the，Beijing university press spokesman comment says，The Associated Press reports don't tally with the actual situation。“Peking University in Beijing this year than in 2011, the total number admitted to reduce 37 people，No on a large scale of expanding。”In addition，According to Beijing university admissions office is introduced，Peking University in Beijing this year a batch arts plan for 80 people、Science plan for 140 people，According to the 100% admitted all carry file，Candidates for parts，Liberal arts actual admitted 81 people，Science actual admitted 142 people。So--，Peking University in Beijing a batch to admit a student 223 people，More people than plan three people，Enrollment expansion ratio of 1.36%。

　　那33.6%的一批次扩招比例从何而来？此前媒体报道中指出，北大今年在京文科、理科分别录取106人、188人，这比原计划的80人和140人共计增加了74人，由此计算便可得出33.6%。北大方面表示，在该计算方法中，“计划人数”是一批次的，而“录取人数”则不仅包括一批次。

The 33.6% of a batch enrollment expansion ratio come from？After media reports said，Peking University in Beijing this year liberal arts、Science department admitted 106 respectively、188 people，This is better than the original plan in 80 and 140 by 74，This works will be concluded that 33.6%。Peking University said，In this calculation method，“Plan number”Is a batch of，and“Admit number”It not only includes a number of times。

　　对于扩招比例的计算，清华大学也同样觉得不合理。清华大学党委宣传部副部长于世杰认为，“媒体所说的45.3%，并不是严格意义上统招的扩招，它既包括高考文理科统招批次的扩招，也包括了小语种、降分录取的自主生、文艺特长生、体育特长生、体育高水平运动员等。”至于今年在京扩招的原因，在他看来，“因为北京考生报考踊跃，而且生源质量较好。”

For enrollment expansion of the proportion of the calculation，Tsinghua university is also think is not reasonable。Tsinghua university party committee propaganda department, deputy minister YuShiJie think，“Media say 45.3%，And not strictly the communication of expanding，It includes both the university entrance exam batch of enrollment expansion communication arts and sciences，Also includes a small language、Drop points of independent born admitted、Literary especially immortal、Sports especially immortal、High level sports athletes, etc。”As for the cause of enrollment expansion this year in Beijing，In his view，“Because Beijing examinee enter oneself for an examination enthusiastically，And the students' quality is good。”

　　名校热衷于本地生源早已不是什么新闻了，上述解释对于很多人来说只能算是“聊胜于无”。

School student had not keen on local what news，The above explanation for many people can be“Half a loaf is better than none”。

　　一位今年参加高考的外地考生对记者说，“过去，有的人告诉我，在北京，有些重点学校能够做到一个班一半人上清华一半人上北大。我当时打死都不相信，怎么会有这种事情呢？但是经过高考之后，我才发现，这是真的有可能的，因为在北京招的人多啊。北大、清华这样的学校在我们整个省都招不了太多，再具体到我们这样一个地级市，可能上清华、北大的全市加起来也没几个人，像我们学校是省重点，每年平均算下来基本上能上北大、清华的也就是三四个人。要说一个班人都上北大、清华，那不是把全省考生的名额都占了吗？”

A this year the foreign students attend the university entrance exam to reporters，“In the past，Some people tell me，In Beijing，Some of the key school can do a class on half of Peking University, tsinghua half people。I was killed not to believe，How could this happen？But after the university entrance exam later，I just found out that，This is really a possibility，Because the people gathered in Beijing!!。Peking University、Tsinghua such schools in the entire province we gather not too much，More specific to us such a locally administratered level，May tsinghua、In the city of Beijing university can add up to a few people，Like our school is provincial key，Every year on average down on basically can Peking University、Tsinghua is the three or four people。Say a class on the people of Peking University、tsinghua，That's not to the number of all the examinee of？”

　　对于北京生源好的说法，上述考生同样表示了疑惑，“究竟靠什么来说明本地考生的生源质量好呢？是分数考得比我们高吗？至于报考踊跃就更扯淡了，北大、清华这样的学校谁不想报呢？”

For Beijing matriculate good claim，The candidates also expressed doubts，“What is to rely on what this examinee matriculate quality good？Is scores than our high？As for enter oneself for an examination is more like hell enthusiastically，Peking University、Tsinghua such schools who want to quote？”

　　“有些时候，一些名校也会采取规避教育部审查的手段，使得招生地方化变相地加剧。表面上，大家看到的招生方案是减少了属地招生的比例，但是可能高校在出这个招生方案之前就已经决定好了要扩招，出了方案以后还在继续扩招，而且这种扩招的幅度是相当大的。因为招生方案是要经过教育部审批的，但是招生程序是否还要经过教育部决定，这个就不清楚了。但是这种现象需要警惕，现在，招生地方化趋势有很严重的问题，在此基础上进行本地扩招，是一种思想意识上的退步。”北京大学法学院教授张千帆对记者说。

“Some time，Some schools will also take evade the ministry of education of the examination method，Makes the recruit students severe localization in disguised form。On the surface，Everybody saw enrollment plan is to reduce the dependency of recruit students proportion，But in the recruitment of students colleges may be out before the scheme has been decided to expanding，Out of the scheme continues after expanding，And the amplitude of the enrollment is considerable。Because enrollment plan is to pass the examination and approval of the ministry of education，But the admissions process whether to pass to the ministry of education，This is not clear。But this kind of phenomenon need to be vigilant，now，Recruit students localization trend to have very serious problems，Based on the local of expanding，Is a kind of thought consciousness on the pitch。”Beijing university law school professor ZhangQianFan told reporters。

教育大发展导致深度失衡 Education development imbalance in depth

　　记者查阅相关资料发现，在2008年的时候，教育部曾发文，要求部属高校招生遵循“生源质量为主，兼顾地区平衡”的原则，属地招生比例逐步缩减到30%以内。

The reporter found access relevant information，In 2008，The ministry of education has dispatch，Requirements of college students follow subordinates“Matriculate quality mainly，In both the balance”principle，Dependency ratio gradually reduced to recruit students within 30%。

　　尽管对30%的比例，坊间依然颇多非议，但实际的情况仍然比这要严重。

Though the proportion of 30% to，Among a still above reproach，But the actual situation is still better than this to serious。

　　据张千帆所做的一个研究课题的调查数据显示：一名高三学生，在不同省份，考上名校的几率最大差别是288倍。

According to ZhangQianFan do a research topic of survey data show：A high school students，In different provinces，Take an examination of the best universities is the most likely to difference is 288 times。

　　以北京大学为例，2011年，该校在京招生223人，在贵州仅招25人。根据同年录取数据，每万名考生中考入北大的比例，安徽为1.27,广东为1.4,贵州为1.48,河南为1.87,北京为52.5。也就是说，北京每190名考生中，就有一个可以上北大，其几率是安徽考生的41倍、广东考生的37.5倍、贵州考生的35.4倍、河南考生的28倍……

To Beijing university as an example，2011 years，The school recruit students 223 people in Beijing，In guizhou only recruit to 25 people。According to that same year enrollment data，Every candidates admitted to Peking University in proportion，Anhui province as 1.27,Guangdong is 1.4,Guizhou is 1.48,Henan is 1.87,Beijing is 52.5。That is，Beijing every 190 candidates，Have a can of Peking University on，The chance is the examinee 41 times in anhui province、Guangdong examinee's 37.5 times、Guizhou examinee's 35.4 times、Henan examinee's 28 times……

　　“北大的招生方案还不是最糟糕的，和复旦、浙大、南京大学等京外高校相比，可以算是最不歧视的‘楷模’”。张千帆在其课题报告中这样总结。

“Peking University admissions plan also is not the worst thing，And fudan、Zhejiang university、Nanjing university outside the university to compare，Can be the most not discrimination‘model’”。ZhangQianFan in its subject in the report concluded。

　　据张千帆课题报告的调查数据显示，以2009年的招生为例，复旦在上海市投放的招生指标高达每万名考生117.1名，在浙江则是5.2名，在北京4.2名，全国平均2.2名。而在山东、山西、广东、内蒙古等10个省区投放的招生指标都在1名以下。上海考生进复旦的机会是全国平均的53倍，山东考生的274倍，内蒙古考生的288倍。

According to ZhangQianFan subject report of survey data show，With 2009 years of recruit students, for example，In the city of Shanghai fudan launched recruit students per candidates index of 117.1，In zhejiang is 5.2,，In Beijing of 4.2，The national average of 2.2。And in shandong、shanxi、guangdong、Inner Mongolia 10 provinces on the admissions index all in one of the following。Shanghai examinee into the opportunity is the national average fudan 53 times，Shandong examinee's 274 times，Inner Mongolia examinee's 288 times。

　　据中国地质大学学报所刊登的题为“高校十年扩招的公正性缺失及其应对”的教育人文科学项目披露，大多数“985工程”大学的本地招生比例仍超过30%，有少数院校扩招以来本地化率甚至不降反升。从扩招以来的省际毛入学率分析：在整个扩招时期，不同的省市区适龄人口的高等教育机会的获益状况存在较大的差距。在直辖市为一端的区域中，适龄人口的高等教育机会增长迅速，而像贵州等偏远省区高等教育机会的增加却相对微小。以贵州为例，从扩招到2006年，适龄人口中的高等教育机会仅仅增长了318个百分点，只及全国平均水平的四分之一左右，不及上海、北京、浙江等省市的15%。

According to China university of geosciences journal published by the title“Ten years the integrity of the university enrollment shortage and deal with it”The education science and the humanities disclosure project，most“985 project”University of local recruit students proportion still more than 30%，There are a few college enrollment rate since localization even up not down。From the gross enrollment rate since the enrollment of provincial analysis：In the enrollment period，Different in China higher education opportunity school-age population in the benefit a substantial gap。In the area of end of municipality directly under the central government for，The higher education opportunity school-age population growth quickly，And like guizhou province higher education opportunity of remote increase but relatively small。In guizhou, for example，From enrollment expansion in 2006，The higher education opportunity school-age population increase by only 318%，And the national average only about a quarter，Than Shanghai、Beijing、Zhejiang province and so on 15%。

　　研究人员对这样的状况提出了批评，“实现教育公正的前提是充分重视每个人的个体差异而对每个学生差别对待、因材施教。应按照每个人的能力、兴趣和需求接受不同层次的教育，并非北大、清华等名校就适合所有的学生，也不是地方院校培养不出高水平的人才，而是要‘量体裁衣、为个体发展提供与其自身条件相当的教育资源’。然而，不幸的是，高校大规模扩招‘在一定程度上意味着剥夺了精英教育阶段少数人享受高水平学术性教育的权利，它为才智平庸者提供超出其能力所能利用的太多机会，或给才华出众者提供的机会不能满足他们的需要这都与公正原则相违背’”。

The researchers to this situation was some criticism，“Realize the education fair is the premise of pay full attention to each person's individual differences and to each student different treatments、In accordance with their aptitude。Should according to each person's ability、Interest and needs to accept different levels of education，Not Peking University、The elite tsinghua is suitable for all the students，Also not local colleges and universities cultivating a high level talented person，But to‘tailors、For individual development and provide their own conditions quite education resources’。however，unfortunately，University mass of expanding‘To a certain extent means deprived elite education stage a few people enjoy a high level of academic education rights，It provides the mediocre talent for intelligence beyond the ability to use too much chance，Or to the talented the opportunities can't meet their needs all of this and the principles of justice against’”。

　　“名校属地扩招的根本原因是地方保护主义，大学出于各种考虑，对本地考生给予更多的指标。”张千帆说。

“School enrolment expansion territory is the root cause of local protectionism，University of all kinds of consideration，To local examinee give more indicators。”ZhangQianFan said。

探索新的大学治理机制 Explore new university governance mechanism

　　据了解，与清华、北大不同，复旦、上海交通大学等在沪部属高校均采用“部市共建”模式，其办学经费中，上海市地方财政投入占了相当大比例。从历史上看，在1998年，教育部制订了《面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划》之后，就明确提出要“创建若干所具有世界先进水平的一流大学和一批一流学科”，这就是有名的“985工程”。随后，中央政府提供给该工程第一批大学，也就是北大、清华两所高校各拨款18亿元。但随着“985”高校日渐增多，地方政府也参与到了高校共建的队伍中。在共建过程中，地方政府提供的经费往往会达到高校办学经费的一半，甚至更高。

According to understand，And tsinghua、Peking University different，fudan、Shanghai jiaotong university in Shanghai universities such as subordinates are adopted“Department city to build”mode，The school funds，Shanghai local financial investment account for a considerable proportion。Look from the history，In 1998，The ministry of education made《Of the 21 st century education promoting action plan》after，Will definitely put forward to“Create some has the world's advanced level of first-class university and a group of top discipline”，This is the famous“985 project”。then，The central government provides to the project the first batch of university，Is also the Peking University、Tsinghua two universities each allotted 1.8 billion yuan。But as“985”Increasingly, colleges and universities，The local government also participated in the colleges and universities in the team together。In the process of building，The local government to provide funding to universities often half of the funds，Even higher。

　　在地方保护主义与属地扩招合二为一之后，一些教育欠发达地区更加举步维艰。

In the local protectionism and dependency enrollment expansion after 2 for one，Some education owes the developed area more life difficult。

　　今年的全国“两会”上，全国人大代表、郑州市教育局局长毛杰就表示，河南考生每年近百万，占全国考生数量的十分之一，但一本录取率只有5%。“河南考生高招分数很高，没有学上，没好学校上，想上清华、北大要高出一本线80到100分，想上一般的一本大学也要高出一本线40分左右”。

This year's“Two meetings”on，The National People's Congress to represent the、Zhengzhou educational bureau director MaoJie says，Henan candidates nearly every year，Accounts for the examinee quantity of one over ten，But the acceptance rate is only 5%。“Henan examinee entrance score is high，No studies，No good school，Think tsinghua、Peking University is up to a line 80 to 100 points，Think of a university in general higher a line 40 minutes or so”。

　　记者了解到，早在全国统一高考时期，各地上名校分数差异就很大。以天津某著名高校为例，考的是同一张卷子，但南方某省的考生要想进入该校，比本地考生至少要多考50分。

The reporter understands，As early as in the national unified the university entrance exam period，The difference between school all scores is very big。A famous universities in tianjin as an example，The test is the same piece of examination papers，But the southern province the examinee to enter the school，More than local students at least 50 points test。

　　“要遏制名校的属地扩招，有必要探索新的大学治理机制。大学的招生标准，还可由教授们组成的独立招生委员会制订并同时监督招生工作部门执行，避免出现评价标准随意变化的情况，就好比说某地生源好，却没有具体的评价标准，显然经不起推敲。另外，从促进公平、公正出发，大学在招生时，不宜简单地采取学业标准，还需考虑多元化因素，包括学生接受的基础教育是否公平、家庭经济情况等。”21世纪教育研究院院长熊丙奇对此提出了自己的建议。

“To restrain a dependency of the school of expanding，Necessary to explore new university governance mechanism。University admissions standards，Also can be made of professors of independent of the admissions committee, formulate and at the same time supervision and recruit students work departments to carry out，To avoid the evaluation standards vary the situation，Is like saying somewhere good students，But no specific evaluation standard，Obviously untenable。In addition，From promote fair、Justice of，University when recruit students，Should not be simply take academic standards，Must also take into account the diversity factors，Including the foundation of students accept education fairness、Family financial situation, etc。”21 century education research institute President XiongBingJi has put forward its own proposals。

　　张千帆认为，取消属地扩招的关键，就是要大学取消这样不公平的招生指标，在统一考试的基础上对各地考生采取统一标准，扩招也要面对全国的考生进行扩招。(记者 杜晓 实习生唐瑶瑶)

ZhangQianFan think，The key to cancel apanage enrollment expansion，The university is to cancel such unfair recruit students index，In the unified exam on the base of the candidates to take all uniform standards，Enrollment expansion will face the national candidates for expanding。(Reporter DuXiao interns don YaoYao)