2. 资金匮乏限制民间博物馆运营 2. The lack of money limit folk museum operations

　　在繁荣发展的背后，民间博物馆也有自己的种种尴尬。

In the back of the prosperity and development，Folk museum also has its own variety of embarrassment。

　　资金的匮乏以及筹措渠道的来源单一，成为限制民间博物馆的最大瓶颈。与马未都的观复博物馆同一时期成立的北京古陶文明博物馆一直经营不善，去年10月馆长路东之不幸早逝，博物馆的经营更是陷入窘境。这里虽然展示的都是陶器、陶片、砖瓦、封泥等，但其所包含的文化价值、历史价值、科学价值、艺术价值均无法衡量，但由于社会关注度不高，每天的参观人数很少，入不敷出，只能勉强维持运营。

The lack of funding and financing channel of single source，Become the biggest bottleneck restriction folk museum。And ma did not view complex museum was established during the same period, the Beijing museum of ancient pottery is next has been bad management，Last October, curator of the road east of the unfortunate premature death，Museum business is struggling。Here although display is pottery、Brennan、tile、Lute, etc，But it contains cultural value、Historical value、The scientific value of、All artistic value cannot be measured，But as a result of social attention is not high，Every visit a very small number，Cannot make ends meet，Can barely keep operation。

　　其实，为了促进民间博物馆的发展，各地政府也提供了不遗余力的支持。1996年北京炎黄艺术博物馆的成立就首开了由政府无偿提供展馆的先例。此后北京中华民族园博物院也由政府划拨土地。浙江宁波市鄞州区在打造“中国博物馆文化之乡”过程中，在全国率先出台了“鼓励促进民办博物馆发展的意见”，鼓励和引导民间力量参与博物馆建设，扶持民办博物馆发展。比如由个人和民营企业出资筹建、建筑面积在1000平方米以上的博物馆，投资额度在每平方米4000元及以上的，鄞州区财政给予500元每平方米的一次性补助；投资额度不足该标准的，给予300元每平方米的一次性补助；最高补助额度不超过400万元。对免费和低价收费博物馆，区财政按参观人数给予经费补助。对鄞州区内博物馆组织外地展品来本馆内进行展览，政府按规模大小给予2万元至4万元不等的补助；到宁波市外或国外进行异地巡回展出，政府按规模大小给予3万元至10万元不等的补助。

In fact，In order to promote the development of folk museum，Local governments also provide spare no effort to support。The 1996 Beijing yanhuang art museum is the establishment of the first opened by the government to provide free exhibition precedent。Then Beijing China's cultural museum also by the government transfer land。Zhejiang ningbo yinzhou district in the build“China, the hometown of cultural museum”process，The lead in introduced“Promoting private museum development opinions”，To encourage and guide non-governmental forces to participate in the construction of the museum，Support the development of private museum。For example by individual and private enterprises to construct capital contribution、Construction area of 1000 square meters in the museum，Investment quota in every square metre of 4000 yuan or more，Yinzhou district finance gives 500 yuan of every square metre of a one-time subsidies；Investment insufficient amount of this standard，To 300 yuan of every square metre of a one-time subsidies；The maximum subsidy is of no more than 4 million yuan。To free and low charge museum，According to the regional financial visitors to give financial subsidies。The organization of yinzhou museum exhibits to the outside the museum for the exhibition，The government according to the given size ranging from 20000 yuan to 40000 yuan subsidies；To ningbo external or overseas exhibition tour in different places，The government according to the given size ranging from 30000 yuan to 100000 yuan subsidies。

　　“虽然政府对于民间博物馆有很多的支持，但这种支持并未惠及大多数，更多的时候只是对于一些成功者的锦上添花。而在一些经济不发达、资金不充足的地区，民间博物馆还可能受到一些不公平待遇。”王志安的马家窑文化彩陶博物馆在当地小有名气，政府经常利用王志安的博物馆作为招商引资的招牌，但从未得到过政府的补贴。一边是极其珍贵的彩陶实物，一边是相对逼仄的场地和简陋单一的展陈方式。虽然每年接待大量参观者，但王志安的博物馆还是无法走出名为甘肃马家窑彩陶博物馆、实为自家陈列室的状况。

“Although the government for folk museum has a lot of support，But this kind of support has not benefit most，Most of the time just for some successful icing on the cake。And in some economically underdeveloped、Money is not enough to area，Folk museum also may be some unfair treatment。”Wang zhian was horse home kiln culture painted pottery museum in small local celebrity，The government often use wang zhian was museum as the attract/bid for/invite investments signs，But never received government subsidies。One side is extremely precious painted pottery physical，One side is relatively narrow site and little single ZhanChen way。Although a large number of visitors each year reception，But wang zhian was museum or can't get home called gansu painted pottery kiln museum horse、Actually their showroom condition。

　　北京大学考古文博学院教授宋向光认为，民办博物馆的成立相对容易，但运营费用却很高。作为一项公益事业，全世界没有一家博物馆是赚钱的，即使是世界性的大博物馆，也都需要巨大的资金投入和政策的保障支持，更何况势单力薄的民间博物馆。

Beijing university professor song archaeological superiority to light think，The establishment of private museum relatively easy，But operating costs are very high。As a public welfare undertakings，The world without a museum is profitable，Even if it is the world's big museum，Also need huge capital investment and policy guarantee support，Because of the rather folk museum。

3. 法律保障是最好的发展保证 3. Legal protection is the best development guarantee

　　资金匮乏是一个方面，民间博物馆人更在意的是他们应该拥有的同等的法律地位。

Lack of money is an aspect，Folk museum people are more about they should have the same legal status。

　　从诞生之初到现在，民间博物馆就没有一个标准的身份界定。管理部门先后几易其名，从“私立”到“私人”，从“民办”到“非国有”，从“民营”到“民间”……朱炳仁认为，这些概念的反复变化反映的正是人们对民办博物馆模棱两可的认识。正是身份不明限制了民间博物馆的蓬勃发展。“说起来，民间博物馆在服务社会和公众方面，与国有博物馆具有相同的功能和作用。但是，民间博物馆不是由国家出资、不直接隶属于国家文物系统，没有明确的国家财政资金扶持渠道，而法律地位和监管体系的不明确，更使其在创办和运营过程中经常遇到政策法规瓶颈，这才是严重制约民间博物馆发展的主因。”

From the beginning of birth until now，Folk museum is not a standard definition of identity。Management department has a few easy names，from“private”to“private”，from“Run by the local people”to“non-state-owned”，from“private”to“folk”……Zhu think，These concepts of repeated changes reflect it is people for private museum equivocal understanding。It is unknown identity limits the vigorous development of the folk museum。“it，Folk museum in servicing the society and the public aspects，State-owned museum and has the same function and role。but，Folk museum is not invested by the state、Don't directly under the jurisdiction of cultural relics of the state system，No definite national finance capital support channel，And the legal status and supervision system is not clear，In the more established and operation process often meet with policies and regulations bottleneck，This is seriously restrict the development of folk museum cause。”

　　王志安说，这些年民间博物馆从无到有发展很快，仿佛从过去的二里地跑到了十里远，但与之相关的法律法规却依然停留在过去的二里地。我们的《文物保护法》急需修改，比如《文物保护法》规定所有的文物都归国家，文物买卖只能去正规的文物商店，但事实上现在的文物商店哪里有什么文物可以买卖。民间雄厚的资本已经让流失海外的文物开始回流，而且这部分文物大多由民间资本收藏了，但由于相关法规的限制，大家都不敢露富，不敢将最好的东西登记在册。

Wang zhian was said，These folk museum development from scratch soon，As if from the past two run to li far，But with the relevant laws and regulations are still stay in the past two land。our《On the protection of cultural relics》Need modify，For example《On the protection of cultural relics》All provisions of cultural relics under state，Cultural relics business can only go to normal cultural relic shop，But in fact now of cultural relics shops where there is any cultural relics can buy and sell。Folk abundant capital has let the loss of overseas cultural relics began to return，And this part of the cultural relics are driven by private capital collection，But due to the limitation of the related laws and regulations，Everyone can't show one's riches，Will not the best things listed。

　　2010年1月29日，国家文物局、民政部、文化部等7部门联合印发了《关于促进民办博物馆发展的意见》，提出了“民间博物馆与公立博物馆同等的法律地位”，这被许多民间博物馆的掌门人认为是期盼已久的甘露，但这一《意见》至今仍未有具体的操作方案，专家只好将这一《意见》称为“一直没有化为甘露的春风”。

On January 29, 2010，National bureau of cultural relic、The ministry of civil affairs、7 departments jointly issued by the ministry of culture the《On promoting the development of private museum opinion》，Puts forward the“Folk museum and public museum equal legal position”，This is many folk museum in the world considered long-expected nectar，But this《opinion》Still no specific operation scheme，Experts have to this one《opinion》called“There has been no into the spring breeze of the dew”。

　　各国在其博物馆的发展过程中，都制定了相关的法律，中国也不想例外。早在2008年国务院法制办公室就发布了《博物馆条例》（征求意见稿），但几年过去了，这部条例依然是“有望出台”。

Countries in the museum of the development process，Have formulated relevant laws，China is also don't want to exception。As early as in 2008 the state council's legislative affairs office is released《Museum regulations》（draft），But a few years have passed，This regulation is still“Is expected to come”。

　　其实这已经是社会的共识：应尽快明确民间博物馆与公立博物馆享有同等的法律地位，同时比照国家扶持民办学校等的优惠政策，明确扶持民间博物馆的政策措施，包括捐资举办的民间博物馆和出资人不要求取得经济回报的民间博物馆，依法享受与国有博物馆同等的税收及其他优惠政策。也许千呼万唤的《博物馆条例》能够满足这些最基本的期盼，毕竟只有法律的保障才是最好的保证。

In fact, this is the consensus of the society：Should be clearly as soon as possible folk museum and public museum enjoy equal legal status，At the same time by applying mutatis mutandis the state shall support the preferential policies of school of run by the local people, etc，Clear support folk museum policy measures，Including held to donate money to the folk museum and does not require the investor has the economic returns of folk museum，Enjoy and in accordance with the state-owned museum equal tax and other preferential policies。Maybe the call again and again《Museum regulations》To meet these most basic look forward to，After all only legal guarantee is the best guarantee。

链接 link

　　1993年12月，北京市人民政府发布《北京市博物馆登记暂行办法》，开创了博物馆登记管理的先河，并规定了私营博物馆的登记管理办法。

In December of 1993，Issued by the Beijing municipal people's government《Beijing museum registration interim measures》，Create the museum on the management of registration of precedent，And the provisions of the measures for the administration of the registration of private museum。

　　1997年，国家文物局出台《民办博物馆暂行条例》，对民办博物馆的管理和扶持进行了相应规定。

In 1997,，National bureau of cultural relic issued《Private museum provisional regulation》，For private museum management and support for the corresponding provisions。

　　2005年12月22日，文化部部务会议审议通过《博物馆管理办法》，这是我国目前博物馆事业管理的基本规范。

On December 22, 2005，Ministry of culture ministerial meetings review through《The measures for the administration of the museum》，This is our country at present the museum business management of the basic norms。

　　2008年，国务院法制办公室发布《博物馆条例》（征求意见稿）。

In 2008,，Issued by the state council's legislative affairs office《Museum regulations》（draft）。

　　2009年，陕西省率先成立民间博物馆协会。

In 2009,，Takes the lead in shaanxi province was established folk museum association。

　　2010年， 中国博物馆协会成立民办博物馆专业委员会。

In 2010,， Museum of China association of professional committee established private museum。

　　2010年1月，国家文物局等七部门联合下发《关于促进民办博物馆发展的意见》，明确提出“民办博物馆在行业准入、等级评定、人员培训、职称平等、科研活动、陈列展览，以及人才、学术的交流、合作、奖励、政府政策信息服务等方面，与国有博物馆一视同仁，同等待遇。”(杨雪梅)

In January 2010，National bureau of cultural relic and seven departments jointly issued《On promoting the development of private museum opinion》，Clearly put forward“Private museum in the industry access、rating、Personnel training、Title equality、Scientific research activities、Display, exhibitions，And talents、The academic exchanges、cooperation、reward、The government's policy information service, etc，And state-owned museum alike，Equal treatment。”(YangXueMei)