刘景忠，江苏省徐州财经高等职业技术学校副校长、副研究员，长期从事学校教学及管理工作，具有丰富的职业教育工作经验和教育教学管理经验。

LiuJingZhong，Jiangsu xuzhou financial higher vocational technical school vice President、Associate researcher，Long engaged in school teaching and management work，Has a wealth of vocational education work experience and education teaching management experience。

　　一些职业学校专业教师习惯了学科教学、习惯了灌输理论知识、习惯了在“黑板上开机器”，距离实践技能实在太远了些。为什么到了企业就会出冷汗？那是因为理论和实践没有结合。

Some vocational school professional teachers accustomed to the subject teaching、Accustomed to instill theory knowledge、Accustomed to in“The blackboard a machine”，Distance is too far away some practical skills。Why to enterprise will give cold sweat？That's because no combined with theory and practice。

刘景忠 LiuJingZhong

　　教育大计，教师为本，这是尽人皆知的道理。职业教育师资队伍不能完全适应新时期职业教育发展的需要，也是人所共知的事实。于是，教师的重要性和师资队伍建设的滞后性，就构成了阻碍职业教育发展的难题。

Education for，The teacher for this，This is a truth。Vocational education teachers team cannot fully adapt to the new period the needs of the development of vocational education，Is also well known fact。so，The importance of teachers and the construction of the teaching staff hysteresis quality，They form a block vocational education development problem。

　　当前，职业学校师资的主要来源无非有以下几种情况。

The current，Vocational school teachers' main source but has the following several ways。

　　1.师范类高校毕业生。这类师资来源当然比较理想，但也存在两个问题，一是专业结构不能满足实际需要；二是他们只是接受了教师专业的教育，能不能成为一名称职的职业学校教师，还需要经过实践的检验。

1. The normal kind of college graduates。This kind of the sources of teachers, of course, ideal，But there are two problems，Is a professional structure can't meet the practical needs；The second is they just accept the teacher professional education，Can become a qualified vocational school teachers，Still need to pass the test of practice。

　　2.普通高校的本科生、硕士生。这是职业学校招聘教师的主要渠道。他们大多没有经过教师专业培训，不具备做教师的基本条件，距离一名合格教师尚有很大距离。但目前这类教师恰恰是职业学校教师的主体。

2. The average college undergraduates、master。This is a vocational school teachers recruitment of the main channel。Most of them without teachers' professional training，Do not have the basic conditions for teachers，Distance a qualified teachers there is great distance。But now this kind of teacher is the vocational school teachers' main body。

　　3.在读本科生、研究生。职业学校教师数量不足时，就从高校里聘请在读的本科生、研究生来代课，他们被称为外聘教师。很显然，这些人是外聘的，但不是教师。

3. Reading undergraduate、Graduate student。Vocational school teachers quantity is insufficient，From the university of reading employ undergraduate、Research was born substitute，They are called external teachers。obviously，These men are the external，But not the teacher。

　　4.行业、企业的工程技术人员。这些人被称之为兼职教师。由于职业教育要与用人单位零距离对接，而且要培养学生的实际操作能力，兼职教师就成为职业教育的必须。教育行政部门规定，这样的兼职教师必须达到一定的比例，而且随着职业教育的发展，比例应该越来越高。建立一支由行业企业专家里手组成的兼职教师队伍，是职业教育发展的必然趋势，教育行政部门的要求符合职业教育发展规律。但目前的问题是，这些行家里手介入职业教育，也要经过专门的培训才行。不考虑这些人的实际情况，直接让他们登台授课，显然不妥当。经过专门的培训，让他们带领学生练技能、学操作、动手做，是用其所长；直接让他们登台讲课，显然不是用其所长，而是用其所短。

4. Industry、Enterprise of engineering and technical personnel。These people are called part-time teachers。Due to the vocational education to unit of choose and employ persons zero distance butt，And to develop students' practical ability，Part-time teachers become vocational education must。Education administrative department to set，This part-time teachers must meet certain proportion，And with the development of vocational education，Ratio should be more and more high。Establish a team of industry enterprise expert hand composed of part-time teachers，Is the inevitable trend of the development of vocational education，Education administrative departments of the vocational education law of development requirements。But the problem is，These professional intervention in vocational education，Also should pass special training to just go。Don't consider the actual situation of these people，Direct let they perform on the lecture，Obviously not in order。After special training，Let them lead students to practice skills、Learn operation、hand-on，Is his element working on the；Direct let they perform on the lecture，Obviously not his element working on the，But with the short。

　　由此可见，目前职业学校教师的“非专业”现象是比较普遍的，这种现状不可能在短期内得到解决。那么，如何尽快提高职业学校教师的专业化水平，培养一大批优秀的职业学校教师，以适应职业教育改革发展的需要，就成为职业学校迫在眉睫的任务。要破解这一难题，需要多头并举、多方联动。

Thus it can be seen，Current vocational school teachers“lay”Phenomenon is more common，The situation could not be solved in a short time。so，How to improve vocational school teachers' professional level，Training a large number of outstanding vocational school teachers，To adapt to the needs of the development of vocational education reform，Will become vocational school extremely urgent task。To break this difficult problem，Need long and、Polytropic linkage。

第一，要加强针对职业教育的教师教育。 The first，To strengthen the vocational education in teachers education。

　　我国的师范教育曾经有过非常繁荣的时期，各级各类师范院校自不必说，就连各县区也有自己的教师进修学校。即使是当前，我国的师范类教育也有相当的规模，但是，针对职业学校培养师资的院校并不多，远远跟不上职业教育的迅速发展。因此，教育行政部门必须高度重视发展和壮大针对职业教育的师范院校。

China's normal education had very period of prosperity，All kinds of normal universities at all levels need not say oneself，Even counties have their own the teacher training school。Even if is the current，Our normal class education also has considerable scale，but，According to the vocational school training teachers colleges is not much，Far couldn't keep up with the rapid development of vocational education。therefore，Education administrative department must be attached great importance to the development and expansion of the professional education in normal colleges。

第二，要提高职业学校教师的入职门槛。 The second，To improve vocational school teachers' appointment threshold。

　　设立职业学校教师的入职门槛，应该考虑以下几个方面：一是要有一定的学历层次；二是文化基础课要吸引优秀的师范类毕业生从教；三是专业课教师要有实践工作经验；四是对来自行业、企业的兼职教师，要进行专门的教师职业培训，使他们掌握基本的教学方法和教学艺术。正如第二届国际职业技术教育大会的建议书所指出的：“必须有新的办法培养新教师，要不断提高他们的能力和专业水平。对21世纪教师资格的要求，要重新考虑，包括校园内的学习和实地工作间的最佳平衡。需要有新的考核、评估、衔接和资格证书标准。”

Set up vocational school teachers' appointment threshold，Should consider the following aspects：One is to have a certain degree level；The second is to attract excellent cultural basic course teaching of normal graduates；The third is professional teachers to have practical work experience；The fourth is to come from industry、Enterprise part-time teachers，To carry out special teachers vocational training，Make them master the basic teaching methods and teaching art。As the second international vocational and technical education congress's proposal has pointed out：“Must have a new way to cultivate new teachers，To improve their ability and professional level。In the 21st century the requirements of qualifications for teachers，Want to reconsider，Including campus study and field workshop of the best balance。Need to have new assessment、evaluation、Cohesion and qualification certificate standard。”

第三，要加强现有职业学校教师的培养培训。 The third，To strengthen the cultivation of existing vocational school teachers training。

　　当前，职业学校的师资队伍需要补充数量，但更重要的是提高质量、改善结构。因此，提升现有教师的综合素质和职业核心技能，是一项十分艰巨的现实任务。如果说前两项任务是战略性的步骤，那么，这一项任务则是十分紧迫的战术性安排。

The current，Vocational school teachers need to replenish quantity，But it is more important to improve the quality、Improve structure。therefore，Improve the existing teachers' comprehensive quality and professional core skills，Is a very difficult task of reality。If the first two task is strategic steps，so，This task is very pressing tactical arrangement。

1.对文化基础课教师主要应加强育人能力的培养。 1. To culture the main basic course teachers should strengthen the education ability training。

　　由于职业学校生源的特殊情况，帮助职校生重新树立起自信心、重新明确生活的方向、重新规划自己的人生，是职业学校教师的首要任务。我们常说教师要教书育人，但对职业学校教师来说，应该说是育人教书，育人是第一位的，教书是第二位的。严峻的现实告诉我们，许多职业学校教师仍是按照教书育人这个顺序来工作的，有的教师甚至把育人看成是额外的工作任务。由这样的教师把持的课堂就会出现“教师很流畅，学生很惆怅”的局面。

Due to the special situation of the vocational school students，Help vocational school life to set up confidence、To clear the direction of life、To plan their life，Vocational school teachers is the primary task。We often say that teachers to impart knowledge and educate people，But for vocational school for teachers，It should be said that the education teaching，Education is the first，Teaching is the second place。The grim realities tell us，Many vocational school teachers still is according to impart knowledge and educate people this order to work，Some teachers even put education as an additional task。By the way of teachers holding classroom will appear“Teacher is very smooth，The student is very disappointed”situation。

2.对专业课教师主要应加强实践教学能力的培养。 2. The main professional teachers should strengthen practice teaching ability training。

　　专业课教师也需要提高育人能力，这是毋庸置疑的。但专业课教师的育人主要是通过实践教学环节来实现的，因此提高专业课教师的实践教学能力显得尤为重要。一个浅而易见的道理是，没有高技能的教师，就培养不出高技能的学生。而高技能的教师队伍恰恰是职业学校所匮乏的。近年来，为了弥补这一“短板”，教育行政部门出台了一系列政策规定，要求职业学校专业教师每两年要有两个月进企业实践的经历，并把这一经历作为教师晋升专业技术职务以及教师考核的必备条件。应该说，这些政策规定的出台是切中时弊的。但从实际执行情况来看，效果并不理想。

Professional teachers also need to improve the education ability，This is beyond doubt。But the professional teachers education mainly through the practice teaching link to achieve，Therefore improving the practice of professional teachers teaching ability is especially important。A light and easy to see the truth is，Not high skills of teachers，Will cultivate a high skill of students。But high skills teachers just is the lack of professional schools。In recent years，In order to make up for this“Short plate”，Education administrative department issued a series of policies，Vocational school teachers for professional every two years to have two months into the enterprise practice experience，And put the experience as a teacher promotion professional technical position and the necessary conditions of the teacher evaluation。Should say，These policies rulings is hit the malpractices。But in the actual execution situation，Effect is not ideal。

　　教师为什么不愿意下企业？个中原因错综复杂，教师怕暴露自己的短处，恐怕是主要原因之一。余祖光先生曾说“就是要把他（指职业学校教师）扔到校企结合里面去，扔到企业里面去，出一身冷汗，产生努力的动力”，可谓一语中的。多年来，一些职业学校专业教师习惯了学科教学、习惯了灌输理论知识、习惯了在“黑板上开机器”，距离实践技能实在太远了些。教师在课堂上不会出冷汗，因为那是教师的拿手好戏。为什么到了企业就会出冷汗？那是因为理论和实践没有结合。正像一位职教工作者说过的那样：有些教师是假鲁班，培养不出真木匠，假鲁班只会讲木材理论，但自己没做过家具。依靠这样的假鲁班，怎么可能培养出能打出漂亮家具的学生呢？

The teacher why not willing to the enterprise？Some reason is complex，Teachers fear exposed his own shortcomings，I'm afraid is one of the main reasons。Mr. YuZuGuang said“Is to put him（Refers to the vocational school teachers）Into the combination between inside，Into the enterprise inside，Out in a cold sweat，Produce hard power”，Accumulate funds is。For many years，Some vocational school professional teachers accustomed to the subject teaching、Accustomed to instill theory knowledge、Accustomed to in“The blackboard a machine”，Distance is too far away some practical skills。The teacher in the classroom will not give cold sweat，Because that is the teachers' specialty。Why to enterprise will give cold sweat？That's because no combined with theory and practice。As a vocational education workers said that：Some teachers are false ruban，Cultivate a true carpenter，False ruban only speak wood theory，But he had done furniture。Rely on such false ruban，How can cultivate students can hit beautiful furniture？

　　现在的问题是，学生终归要毕业，终归要到社会实践中去，所以学生终归要“出冷汗”的；而如果没有一定的措施，教师则可以不必“出冷汗”，一直流畅地把“木材理论”教下去。因此，教师“出不出冷汗”、“出冷汗”的多少和学生恰好成反比关系。

The question now is，Students will graduate，Will to practice in the society，So students will eventually“Give cold sweat”of；And if there is no certain measures，The teacher may not be“Give cold sweat”，Has been the smoothly“Wood theory”Teach down。therefore，The teacher“Don't give cold sweat out”、“Give cold sweat”How many students and inversely proportional to the relationship。

　　优秀的职业学校教师是怎样“炼”成的？是通过较高的门槛遴选出来的，是通过提高教师的育人能力培养出来的，是通过让专业教师到企业“出一身冷汗”磨炼出来的，是通过职业学校教师个人不懈追求修炼出来的。

Excellent vocational school teachers is how“refined”into？Is through the high threshold selection by the，Through the improvement of teachers' education ability training out，Is by making professional teachers to enterprise“Out in a cold sweat”Trial out of the，Is through the vocational school teachers' personal unremitting pursuit of uniting the out。

　　(来源:中国教育报)

(Source: China education report)