林晓东专栏 LinXiaoDong column

　　

做具有跨文化交流能力的中国公民（二） Do transcultural communication skills of Chinese citizens（two）

　　

本期关键词：跨文化交流影响因素 Current keywords：Intercultural communication influence factors

　　

阅读链接：本报7月20日第八版《留学生亟需提高跨文化交流能力》　　 Reading link：On July 20, the eighth edition《Students need to improve the intercultural communication ability》

　　 近年来，每年中国人到国外参加各种活动大约2000万人次，中国人俨然成为了世界公民。中国在世界上的角色越来越重要，中国学生也必须激励自我，努力培养跨文化交流能力。

In recent years，Every year the Chinese to foreign countries take part in all kinds of activities about 20 million people，Chinese has become a citizen of the world。China is in the world is more and more important role，Chinese students must also motivate yourself，Cultivate intercultural communication ability。

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s作者 林晓东 翻译 李道全 The author LinXiaoDong LiDaoQuan translation

　　过去40年中关于人类动机的研究基本上达成了共识：在人类的学习和成长过程中，兴趣起到了关键作用。一般来说, 人们面对另一种全新的文化环境或多或少会遇到困难，那么，兴趣自然会影响人们在困难面前的行为。

Over the past 40 years about the research of the motives of human basically reached consensus：In human learning and growth process，Interest plays a key role。Generally speaking, People face another kind of new cultural environment more or less will encounter difficulties，so，Interest will naturally influence people in the face of difficulty behavior。

　　

在美国教授眼里中国留学生不喜欢交往 In the American professor eyes Chinese students don't like communication

　　我曾经和三位来自美国常春藤名校的国际学生办公室主任聊过关于近年来中国留学生的情况，他们无一例外地指出，中国留学生似乎对与人交流越来越不感兴趣，上世纪90年代来的中国学生中，至少有60%参加了"寄宿家庭"项目。这些项目的设置就是为了帮助他们接触美国人，进而深层理解美国文化。最近这些年，虽然美国大学一如既往地支持和鼓励中国留学生深度接触美国文化，但只有不到15%的中国留学生表示愿意参加。这些数据说明，中国学生变得不那么渴望接触美国文化了。

I once and three from the United States ivy league director of the office of the international students talked about in recent years Chinese students，They pointed out that without exception，Chinese students to communicate with people seem to be less and less interested in，In the 1990 s to Chinese students，At least 60% attended"Host family"project。The project is set up in order to help them to contact with people in the United States，Then the deep understanding of American culture。Recent years，Although the United States university, as always, support and encourage Chinese students depth contact American culture，But only less than 15% of Chinese students said they would like to attend。These data indicate that，Chinese students become less eager to contact the American culture。

　　哥伦比亚大学师范学院"教学实习"项目主任也曾经谈到，动员中国留学生参加系里活动是件非常困难的事儿。她说："我真的不知道该怎么做才能让中国学生参与系里面的公共活动。他们似乎只想着完成功课，然后跟自己人呆在一起。"她又说："唉，中国学生其实不明白参加系里活动会给他们带来好处。如果他们通过这些活动，深度接触美国文化，知道了如何运用这些文化规则与美国同事和领导打交道，他们就不会哭丧着脸来跟我说他们在教学实习中的种种不顺利了。"我非常同意她的观点，如果中国留学生想在美国从事教职或者类似这样与人交流的工作，就必须要学着跟美国文化深度互动。

Columbia University teachers college"Practice teaching"Project director also once talked about，Mobilize the Chinese foreign students to attend the activities is a very difficult thing。She said："I really don't know how to do ability to let China students to participate in the public activity department。They seem to want to finish his homework，And then with own stay together。"She said："alas，Chinese students in fact don't understand to participate in the activities would bring about some advantage for them。If they through these activities，Depth contact American culture，Know how to use these cultural rules and American colleagues and leaders with people，They won't came to me in sackcloth and ashes said they in the teaching practice of various don't go smoothly。"I really agree with her point of view，If Chinese students want to study in the United States is engaged in the teaching or similar such work to communicate with people，You must learn to get along with the American culture depth interaction。

　　

中国留学生不愿了解美国文化的几个原因 Chinese students don't want to know about American culture for several reasons

　　有很多原因可以解释为什么中国留学生渐渐失去深度了解美国文化的兴趣。

There are many reasons why may explain why Chinese students will gradually lose interest in deep understanding of American culture。

　　第一，互联网技术极大丰富了当代中国学生的知识面，他们对美国的了解和认识的渠道比以前要宽得多。这样一来，他们可能想当然地认为，对美国文化已经有了足够的认识。然而，研究发现，人们在真实环境中的学习效率和深度远远超过了从阅读和听课中得到的。

The first，Internet technology greatly enrich the students' knowledge in contemporary China，Their knowledge and understanding of the United States of the channel has a much wider than before。so，They may take it for granted that，For the American culture have enough understanding。however，The study found that，People in the real environment of learning efficiency and depth is far more than from the reading and listening to lectures get。

　　第二，在中国综合国力逐渐强大的过程中，我们的心态可能出现了微妙的变化。经过30多年的改革和发展，中国已经成为世界上主要的经济和政治力量之一。近年来，每年中国人到国外参加各种活动大约2000万人次，中国人俨然成为了世界公民。每个中国人都绝对有理由为国家的强大而自豪。然而，这种心态的变化可能或多或少地削减了我们对其他国家、其他文化的探知欲。正如中共中央对外宣传办公室（国务院新闻办公室）原主任赵启正先生所说的，"中国越强大，中国公民就越有必要了解世界。我们必须警惕，尽量避免狭义的国家主义情绪"。

The second，In China's comprehensive national strength in the process of gradually strong，Our attitude may appear a subtle change。After 30 years of reform and development，China has become the world's major economic and political powers。In recent years，Every year the Chinese to foreign countries take part in all kinds of activities about 20 million people，Chinese has become a citizen of the world。Every Chinese people are absolutely have reason for the country's strong and proud。however，This kind of mentality change may be more or less cut us to other countries、Other cultures to ascertain。As the international communication office of the CPC（The state council information office）The original director Mr. ZhaoQiZheng said，"The more powerful China，Chinese citizens is necessary to learn about the world。We must guard against，Try to avoid the narrow nationalism mood"。

　　我曾经做过这样一个跨文化交流的课题：把6年级的中国学生分为两组，安排一组学生与来自不同文化的学生合作完成一项作业，安排另一组学生与来自同种文化的学生合作完成同一项作业。前一组学生不仅在作业中表现得更具有创造性，而且更能够发现自己的缺点，更高效地指出自己应该改进的方向。该课题的结果从一个侧面印证了赵先生的观点。学生确实能够在跨文化合作中更好地了解自己。中国在世界上的角色越来越重要，中国学生也必须激励自我，努力培养跨文化交流能力。

I had such a cross-cultural communication topic：The six grade Chinese students divided into two groups，Arrange a group of students from different cultures and the students' cooperation to complete a task，Arrange another group of students from the same culture students' cooperation finish one and the same operation。Before a group of students not only in the operations behave more creative，And more able to find their own shortcomings，The more efficient points out that it should be the direction of improvement。The result of the subject from a side proved the point of view of Mr. Zhao。Students are able to in cross-cultural cooperation know yourself better。China is in the world is more and more important role，Chinese students must also motivate yourself，Cultivate intercultural communication ability。

　　第三，很多中国留学生认为自己身边有足够多的中国朋友，跟他们交流就足够了。通过问卷调查，我们发现留学生普遍觉得和中国朋友们在一起，心理上更容易获得满足感。有些人认为根本没有必要主动与美国人进行接触。在21世纪的今天，我们日常的学习，工作甚至娱乐都变得更加国际化了。有时，不同文化背景的人必须在一起高效地工作。这种趋势要求中国学生要尽量跳出自己"感觉舒适的心理空间"，去主动寻求跨文化交流的机会。

The third，Many Chinese students think that his side have enough Chinese friends，Communicate with them is enough。Through the questionnaire survey，We found that students generally feel and Chinese friends together，Mentally easier to obtain satisfaction。Some people think that there is no need to actively with the United States people contact。In the 21st century，Our daily study，Work even entertainment become more international。sometimes，People of different culture must be together to work efficiently。This trend for Chinese students to try to jump out of yourself"Feeling comfortable psychological space"，To actively seek intercultural communication opportunities。

　　第四，独生子女从小缺少与人沟通的机会。现在的中国留学生大部分是独生子女，从小到大，家长们为了让自己的孩子更"安全"地成长，往往帮助孩子解决与人交流中的问题。由于有人代劳，有些孩子根本想不到与人交流的重要性，在跨文化环境中也就缺少与人交流的兴趣了。

The fourth，Only children from the lack of communication opportunities。Now most of Chinese students are themselves only children，size，Parents in order to let their children more"safety"To grow，Often help children to solve problems in communication。Because someone help，Some children don't think and the importance of communication，In cross-cultural environment is lack of communicating with the interest。

　　第五，应试教育是降低留学生跨文化交流动机的原因之一。很多学生一直以来都是以考试为中心的，中国留学生在美国侧重于学业一点也不意外，因为他们并没有看到跨文化交流对自己学业的好处。

The fifth，Exam-oriented education is to reduce the students intercultural communication one of the reasons for the motivation。Many students have been based on examination as the center，China international students in the United States in academics on little surprise，Because they did not see the intercultural communication studies to their benefits。

　　我们都知道，美国的大学只用英语进行教学和课堂活动。成绩是否优秀取决于学生能否恰当地使用英语与老师和同学进行准确的思想沟通。我的一位博士生通过研究发现，除了课堂活动，英语优秀的比英语蹩脚的中国学生至少要多花45%的时间从事跨文化交流活动。我的研究进一步发现，在美国如果只注重英语语言的学习而忽略跨文化的交流，一般很难准确把握一些语言在特定语境中的含义。比如，我的一位美国同事说，她有一天急急忙忙赶去参加一个会议，路上恰巧碰到一个中国学生，她礼貌地问了句"how are you！"。这只是一句礼貌的问候，并不是想具体知道你的故事。而这位中国学生却滔滔不绝地讲起她的烦心事，全然没读懂对方急急忙忙的表情。假设能够在学习英语语言的同时，增加跨文化交流的机会，那么我们会出现这么低级的文化误解么？

We all know that，American university for English teaching and classroom activities。Whether grades excellent depends on whether students properly use English with teachers and students communicate accurate thought。One of my doctoral through the study found，In addition to the classroom activities，Good English than Chinese students of English poor at least spend 45% of their time engaged in cross-cultural communication activity。My research further found，In the United States if only pay attention to English language learning and ignores the cross-cultural communication，Generally it is difficult to grasp some language in particular in the context of meaning。For example，One of my American colleagues said，She has a day rush out to attend a meeting，The road happened to run into a Chinese students，She politely asked a sentence"How are you！"。This is just a polite greetings，And not to specific know your story。The Chinese students but spout up her troubles，Utterly didn't understand each other in a great hurry of expression。Hypothesis can in learning the English language at the same time，Increase the chance of intercultural communication，Then we will appear so low cultural misunderstanding yao？

　　

怎样激励自己主动与不同文化背景的人交流 How to motivate yourself actively with people of different culture exchange

　　我有一个女儿，从她很小的时候我就注意培养她主动与不同文化的人打交道的能力。在她刚刚两岁的时候，我就带她去社区游乐场玩耍，我要求她必须在20分钟内交到新朋友并且介绍给我，否则就立刻回家。第一次没有交到朋友，第二次也没有，可喜的是，第三次她做到了！现在她已经上小学了，老师都说她在与同学发生冲突时表现得非常成熟，而且能够极快地融入新环境。因此，我认为，培养学生跟不同文化背景的人打交道的能力应该从小做起。

I have a daughter，From her when I was a her attention to the cultivation of initiative and different culture the ability of dealing with people。In her just two years old，I will take her to the community park to play，I asked her to must be in 20 minutes after the new friends and introduce to me，Otherwise, they go home at once。The first not have trouble making friends，The second also have no，The good news is that，The third time she did it！Now she had on the primary school，The teacher said that she was a conflict with classmates played very mature，And can very quickly into the new environment。therefore，I think，To cultivate students with different cultural background of the ability of dealing with people should start small。

　　作为哥伦比亚大学师范学院中国学生会的名誉导师，我经常会与中国留学生们讨论他们遇到的各种各样的问题。我曾问他们，有什么办法可以激励中国留学生主动与美国文化接触。有人说，这种主动接触美国文化的积极性基本上是与生俱来的，有的人天生就很积极，有的人就是对此不太敢兴趣。看来，这不仅仅是缺少跨文化交流策略的问题，而是一种态度问题。这样的学生往往喜欢说："我根本不觉得与美国人交流比自己看书能学到更多"，"反正我是要回国的，与其花时间在跨文化交流上，还不如多交几个中国朋友"。

As Columbia University teachers college students in China's reputation tutor，I often discuss with Chinese students they encounter all kinds of questions。I have asked them，What method can motivate Chinese students active and American culture contact。Some say，This active contact American culture enthusiasm basically is innate，Some people are very positive，Some people are wasn't dare to interest。It seems，It is not only the lack of intercultural communication strategy，It is a question of attitude。Such students often like to say："I don't think and American communication than oneself read a book to learn more"，"Anyway I am you will come back to China，And spend time in cross-cultural communication，Return not equal to make some Chinese friends"。

　　

在此，我提出三种提高跨文化交流主动性的方法。 In this，I put forward three kinds of improving intercultural communication method of the initiative。

　　第一，通过案例分析让学生了解跨文化交流对自身发展的好处，比如通过视频或者故事来对比文化交流中成功和失败的例子。

The first，Through the case analysis let students understand the intercultural communication to the development of their own benefits，Such as through the video or story to contrast the cultural exchange success and failure。

　　第二，通过实践互动让学生体会跨文化交流对自身发展的好处。如，我们可以让不同文化背景的人评价学生的作业。

The second，Through the practice interactive let students experience cross-cultural communication to the development of their own benefits。if，We can let people of different culture evaluation of students' homework。

　　第三，给学生介绍"改变环境"的自我激励策略。具体来说，学生向老师提出一种奖励制度来刺激他们跨文化交流的实践活动，然后老师根据学生的表现进行褒奖和惩戒。如果学生得到奖励，那么他们将会把自己的进步归功于"改变环境"的尝试，这样形成一种良性循环，学生会逐渐培养出对跨文化交流的兴趣。

The third，To introduce students"Change environment"Self motivation strategy。specifically，The students to the teacher put forward a kind of incentive system to stimulate their intercultural communication practice，Then the teacher according to the students' performance in rewards and punishment。If students obtain the reward，So they will put their progress due to"Change environment"attempt，Such form a benign circulation，Students gradually cultivate interest in intercultural communication。

　　总之，如果学生能够把自己的成功归功于跨文化交流的能力，那么他们就会更愿意主动寻求跨文化交流的机会。

In a word，If students can put their success to intercultural communication ability，So they will be more willing to seek intercultural communication opportunities。

　　

（作者系美国哥伦比亚大学教育学院终身教授，email:xlin@exchange.tc.columbia.edu） （The author is American Columbia University education college lifetime professor，email:xlin@exchange.tc.columbia.edu）

(来源:中国教育报) (Source: China education report)