长期以来，高校教材的编写意图与模式总是以教师传授知识的程序和以学科知识体系建构为核心来规划编写。随着学习型社会的到来，终身学习的必要性也日益凸显。而且，高校为了给学生增加学习其他专业课程的机会，需要采用弹性学习制度（如学分制、选课制等），同时培养大学生的终身学习能力。因此，需要编写适合大学生自主学习的教材。高校自主学习型教材的研制和编写，近年来日益受到一些发达国家和地区的高度重视，是发达国家高校教材革新的一种国际趋势。就我们国内而言，对普通高校的自主学习型教材的建设和研究则几近空白。

For a long time，University of compiling the teaching material of intention and pattern is always to teachers to impart knowledge programs and to discipline knowledge system construction as the core to planning to write。Along with the arrival of the learning society，Lifelong learning is the necessity of the increasingly prominent。and，In order to increase the students' study other professional course opportunities，Need to adopt flexible learning system（If the credit system、Elective system, etc），At the same time, cultivate students life-long learning ability。therefore，Need to write for college students' autonomous learning teaching materials。The autonomous learning teaching material development and writing，In recent years has been some developed countries and regions attach great importance，Is the developed countries university teaching innovation an international trend。We in China，In ordinary universities autonomous learning teaching material construction and research is almost blank。

　　所谓自主学习型教材是借助本身的设计，把教学者对学习者的指导建构于教材之中，发挥自我学习的效能。自学式教材最典型的特质是在教材中有机地加入教师的教学和辅导，使学生在阅读和使用教材时达到与教师虚拟互动的最佳学习效果。与高校传统教材相比较，自主学习型教材主要有以下几个典型的特点：

The so-called autonomous learning teaching material is with the design of itself，The teaching of the learners' guidance in the teaching material of construction，Play to the efficiency of self learning。Self-study type teaching material the most typical trait is in the textbook organically to teachers' teaching and counseling，To make the students in reading and use of the present teaching material and teacher to achieve the best learning effect virtual interaction。And the traditional teaching material phase comparison，Autonomous learning teaching materials mainly has the following several typical characteristics：

以学习者为中心。 With learners as the center。

　　自主学习型教材强调“学习者取向”，即从以学科的知识体系为核心，列举知识大纲及其附属的条目，并依据对学习者及资源分析的结果来转换、调整成为学习目标的设计，转向以满足或解决学习者所面临的需求与问题为目标，依据对需要或问题的了解，再来规划教材所要实现的目的。学习者有什么需要、学习中可能遇到哪些困难、怎样帮助他们克服困难、怎样利用他们已有的知识经验等，都是自主学习型教材所考虑的核心问题。

Autonomous learning teaching material stressed“Learners orientation”，That is, from subject to knowledge system as the core，List knowledge outline and affiliated entries，And on the basis of learners and resource analysis result to conversion、Adjustment become learning target design，To solve the learners to meet or facing the demand and problems as the goal，On the basis of need or understanding of the problem，Come again planning teaching materials to achieve the purpose。Learners what do you need、Learning may be met in what difficulties、How to help them overcome the difficulties、How to use their existing knowledge and experience, etc.，Autonomous learning teaching material is considered the core problem。

突出可自学性。 Outstanding can self-study sex。

　　自主学习型教材是以适合学生自学并达成有效学习为目的，即要发挥“以书为师、无师自通”的作用。在学习过程中，学习者的学习指导和控制问题，很大程度上要依靠教材来解决。因此，自主学习型教材强调有较好的可读性，即清楚鲜明的教材结构，简单的语法、词句，较短的课程片断，使用大量的范例、图表，更多的实例和具体的分析，必要的背景资料和参考材料，精选的练习题和思考题等，以适于学习者自学。另一方面，自主学习型教材强调有效的学习，重视协助学习者掌握学习方向、完成学习目的。

Autonomous learning teaching material is suitable for the student to study independently and reached for the purpose of effective learning，I.e. to play“With the book for the teacher、Self taught”role。In the learning process，Learners' learning guidance and control problem，To a large extent depends on teaching material to solve。therefore，Autonomous learning teaching materials to emphasize the good readability，That is clearly distinct structure of subject matter，Simple syntax、words，Short course fragments，Use a large number of examples、chart，More examples and specific analysis，The necessary background information and reference materials，Select exercises and education, etc，Suitable for learners to self-study。On the other hand，Autonomous learning teaching emphasis on effective learning，Pay attention to help learners master study direction、To complete the study purpose。

是一种“纸上教学型的设计”。 Is a kind of“Paper teaching design”。

　　自主学习型教材的主要特色在于兼负起教师的职责。因此，在自主学习型教材设计中，不但内容要清楚、精确、符合专业要求，而且教材中还要有教师教学的功能，包括指导、激励、询问、讨论、提示、解释等活动。英国开放大学的教育技术研究中心在编制自主学习型教材时，经常告诫课程书籍的作者：就像是上课对学习者说话一样，把每句话、每个活动转化为文字。所以有些学者称它为“纸上教学型的设计”。提倡纸上教学型的设计，即将学习指导以及教师的教法适当融入课程内容中，这样，在学习过程中，设计一个无形、虚拟的教师，在旁不断提示、引导学习者去了解、吸收教材。

Autonomous learning is the main features of teaching materials and take responsibility of the teacher。therefore，In the autonomous learning teaching material design，Not only the content must be clear、accurate、Conform to the professional requirements，And in the teaching material and teacher's teaching function，Including guidance、incentive、ask、discuss、tip、Explain activities。The UK's Open University education technology research center in the establishment independent learning the present teaching material，Often told the author of the course books：As for learners to speak in class，Every sentence、Each activity into text。So some scholars call it“Paper teaching design”。Advocate of paper teaching design，The learning guide and teacher's teaching in the appropriate course content，this，In the learning process，Design a intangible、Virtual teacher，In the side prompts、Guide the learners to understand、Absorption materials。

提倡文中学习活动。 Advocate the learning activities。

　　自主学习型教材特别注重学习者在教材学习中的主体地位，并提倡文中学习活动，即强调在静态的教材中，揉入教师那种指导、激励、询问、回馈、讨论、补充、提示、解释等方法，并具体转化为各种教材中的学习活动。从教育心理学的动机理论来看，教材中包含“多样化”的学习活动，阅读、讨论、测验、观察、操作等活动，也比较更能维持学习的兴趣。同时，让学习者能“主动参与”学习的过程，也比只是单纯被动阅读或听讲好。

Autonomous learning teaching materials pay special attention to learners in the teaching material study the main body status，And advocate the learning activities，Stressed in the static in the teaching material，Massage into the guidance of teachers、incentive、ask、feedback、discuss、added、tip、Interpretation methods，And specific into all kinds of teaching materials of the learning activities。From the education psychology theory of motivation to see，Textbook contains“diversification”Learning activities，reading、discuss、test、observation、Operation activities，Also more to be able to sustain the interest in learning。At the same time，Let learners can“Active participation”The process of learning，Than just simply passive reading or listening well。

强调自我评估活动。 Stressed self assessment activities。

　　评估与回馈活动，是教学专家，特别是行为主义者所强调的教学策略。评估是用来协助学习者确认学习成果的。没有适当的评估，学习者很难去掌握自己学习的成效，更不用提检核学习的困难了。而适当地在教材中实施自我评估，可以达成确定学习的起点；借测验来引导、鼓舞学习的动机；诊断出学习的困难与问题；鉴定学习的效果，协助学习者建立良好的学习策略；让学习者充分了解自己对教材掌握的程度。

Evaluation and feedback activity，Is teaching experts，Especially behaviorists emphasize the teaching strategy。Evaluation is used to assist learners to confirm the results of learning。Without the proper evaluation，It's hard to learners in their own learning results，Not to mention check learning difficulty。And appropriately in textbook implementing self-assessment，Can achieve determine the starting point of the study；Borrow test to guide、Encouraging motivation to learn；Diagnosed with learning difficulties and problems；Identification of the learning effect，Assist learners to build good learning strategy；Let learners fully understand itself to teaching material master degree。

朝多元媒体的形式发展。 In the form of multiple media development。

　　科学研究表明，利用人类不同的知觉渠道和多元智能来学习，不仅可以维系学习者的兴趣，而且可以提高学习效率。因此，自主学习型教材提倡“套装教材，或称为学习包”，即以“教科书”为平台，配合课程内容的特性，采用多种不同的媒体，以解释、示范、操作文字教材的内容，并将这些多元媒体以组合的方式，完整包装而成，从而方便学习者使用与携带。显然，运用多媒体可以增强表达的意义与沟通的效力，但各种媒体各有其特色与优点，同时也相对有其限制与困难。

A scientific research shows that，To use the human different perceptual channels and multiple intelligence to study，Not only can sustain learners' interest，And can improve the learning efficiency。therefore，Autonomous learning teaching material advocate“Suit teaching material，Or called learning package”，Namely to“textbooks”As a platform，With the characteristics of the course content，Use a variety of different media，To explain、demonstration、The manipulation of words the content of the material，And will these multiple media to combination way，Complete packaging and become，Which makes it easy to use and carry learners。obviously，Using multimedia can enhance the significance of expression and communication effectiveness，But all kinds of media each have their characteristics and advantages，At the same time also relative has its limitations and difficulties。

　　总之，在知识经济社会和学习型社会到来的教育环境下，采用自主学习型教材的设计，是世界各国推动终身学习的重要策略，也是教育改革成功的关键，更是实现学习型社会理想的必经之路。教材全面由“学科知识取向”的观点走向引导“学习者取向”的方向，走向自主学习型设计及多元媒体套装化包装，将是我国高校教材改革的重要趋势之一。为了适应国际社会发展和教育改革的需要，国家应当加强对编写和设计自主学习型教材的科学研究和实践探索。

In a word，In the knowledge economy society and the arrival of learning society education environment，The autonomous learning teaching material design，The countries all over the world is an important strategy to promote lifelong learning，Education reform is the key to success，A learning society is to realize the ideal only way。Materials by comprehensive“Discipline knowledge orientation”Point of view to guide“Learners orientation”direction，To autonomous learning design and rich media suit chemical packing，Will be in universities is one of the important teaching materials reform trend。In order to adapt to the international social development and education reform need，Countries should strengthen the independent learning materials to write and design of scientific research and the practice exploration。

　　(来源:中国教育报)

(Source: China education report)