高考关注时代热点，注重价值导向，坚持能力立意，引领素质教育的基本精神值得肯定，但是如何处理知识学习与能力培养的关系，如何处理考试知识立意与能力立意的关系不仅仅需要理论的支持，更需要实践的逐步深入与社会的认同。

The university entrance exam hot attention era，Pay attention to the value orientation，Adhere to the ability purposive，Lead quality education of basic spirit is worth affirmation，But how to deal with knowledge learning and cultivating the ability of relationship，How to deal with the exam knowledge conception and the relationship between the purposive ability not only need the support of the theory，Need more practice deepens and social identity。

陈芳烁 覃红霞 Garrel dr QinGongXia experience

哲学家抑或应试者之辩 Philosophers or candidate debate

　　日前，一条有关法国高考（BAC）哲学考试的微博在网上引起热议。著名学者许纪霖发表微博认为，法国高考与中国高考折射出法国产生众多哲学家、而中国盛产应试者的原因。众多网友对法国哲学作文考试的开放性、思想性以及批判性大为推崇，进而批评我国高考的应试性。有网友更是列举了法国哲学作文与我国高考作文题目，指出与法国哲学作文如“在幸福与真理之间是否应该选择幸福？”、“什么是公众舆论能承受的真理”、“没有国家我们是否会更自由？”等题目相比，中国高考作文如“摔了一跤”、“有句话常挂在嘴边”、“提篮春光看妈妈”、“必须跨过这道坎”、“放下顾虑”等则显得肤浅而直白，缺乏思想性与人文关怀。

a，A about the French college entrance examination（Bac）Philosophical examination of micro bo in the online cause of hot debate。XuJiLin famous scholars published micro bo think，France the university entrance exam and Chinese college entrance examination reflects the French produce many philosophers、China is rich in the cause of the candidate。Many users to the French philosophy the openness of the composition examination、Ideological content and highly critical greatly，In our country and criticism of the university entrance exam takes an exam the sex。Have net friend also enumerated the French philosophy composition and the title of composition of the university entrance exam，Pointed out that with the French philosophy such as composition“In between happiness and the truth whether should choose happiness？”、“What is public opinion can withstand the truth”、“No country whether we will be more free？”Topic such as compared，China's college entrance examination composition such as“A fall”、“Have words often hung in the mouth”、“Basket spring to see mother”、“I had to cross the line”、“Down concerns”And then appears superficial and straightforward，Lack of ideological content and humanistic care。

　　法国的高中会考（BAC）属于全国性考试，考试内容依据国家规定的高三课程纲要而定。其中哲学是会考的第一门考试，考试时间从上午8点到12点共4个小时，内容一般为写一篇哲学作文，考生可以在3道题中任选其一。供选择的题中有一道是“语录评论题”，即给出一段哲人的语录，考生运用学过的哲学知识和观点来加以诠释和评论；还有两道是“观点论述题”，即给出某种哲学观点，由考生引经据典加以论述和发挥。在法国，哲学课是与法语、数学和物理这样的主课不相上下的必修课。其目的是“给学生进行哲学文化启蒙，培养他们批判性思考问题能力。哲学教育不是为了把知识和信息当作材料传递给学生，而是帮助学生理解他们所处的世界，最终让学生走向自由”。对于法国高三的许多学生而言，卢梭的《社会契约论》、弗洛伊德的《梦的解析》等名著是必读的著作，还需要从批判的角度学会表达自己的思考与观点。根据法国哲学作文的评分标准可以看出，虽然题目很开放，但测试的目的一目了然，主要通过概念解释、点题、引用经典作家论述、层次与逻辑以及结论5个方面，测试学生作文立论的广度、深度与逻辑，强调批判性与思想性，而这些都需要系统的哲学教育及思维训练。

The French high school examination（Bac）Belong to the national examination，Exam content according to the provisions of the state high school course outline and decide。The philosophy is will first exam，The test time from 8 a.m. to 12 point 4 hours，Content is commonly write a composition philosophy，The examinee can be in 3 problem of optional one。Choose in the topic of a is“Sayings review questions”，Given that a philosopher's sayings，The examinee use studied philosophy knowledge and opinions to interpreted and comments；There are two is“View discusses problem”，Given that some philosophical views，From the examinee chapter and verse are discussed and play。In France，Philosophy class is and French、Mathematics and physics such as the main subject of the required course。Its purpose is to“To the student to carry on the philosophy cultural enlightenment，Cultivate their critical thinking ability。Philosophy of education is not to put your knowledge and information as material transfer to students，But to help students understand them in place of the world，Finally let students toward freedom”。For many of the senior year France for students，Rousseau《Social contract theory》、Freud's《Dream analysis》Classic is a book such as required，From the point of view of critical still need to learn to express their thoughts and ideas。According to French philosophy the thesis score standard can see，Although the subject very open，But the purpose of the test be clear at a glance，Mainly through the concept to explain、Bring out the theme、This reference classical writers、Levels and logic and conclusion five aspects，To test students' composition make a point of the span、Depth and logic，Emphasis on the criticism and the ideological content，And these need system philosophy education and thinking training。

　　法国高考哲学作文反映的是法国哲学教育的基本价值取向，体现了法国教育制度的批判精神，以及对法国传统与文化的尊重与反思，从而也反映出法国高考制度的基本信仰与价值选择。

The French college entrance examination composition reflects the philosophy of French philosophy education basic value orientation，Reflect the French education system critical spirit，And to the French tradition and culture of the respect and reflection，Thus also reflects the French college entrance examination system basic beliefs and value choice。

中法高考作文立意比较 In the composition of entrance examination method were compared

　　比较而言，我国的高考作文更多的则是选拔性考试对学生基本写作能力的考查，强调学生能从多角度切入，根据自己的兴趣和强项选择自由的文体，强调实用性。从限定主题作文到无主题作文、开放主体作文，体现出高考作文倾向于更加灵活、更注重学生的个性与选择的价值取向。但总体来看，我国高考作文的立意多强调审美、诗意，而较少关注理性思辨与深刻的思索，正如孙绍振教授所指出的“即使蕴含着某种智性的内涵，也总是竭力以感性语言和生活现象为题干”。

In comparison，China's college entrance examination composition more is the recruitment exam on students' basic writing ability examination，Emphasizes students can cut from various angles，According to their interests and strengths the style of freedom of choice，Emphasize practical。In the limited theme composition to no theme composition、Open main body composition，Reflect the college entrance examination composition tend to be more flexible、Pay more attention to students' individual character and the choice of the value orientation。But overall，Our country college entrance examination composition conception more emphasis on aesthetic、poetic，And less on the rational speculative and profound thinking，As SunShaoZhen professor pointed out“Even if contains a certain intellectually connotation，Always endeavor to perceptual language and life phenomenon under dry”。

　　不过，让千差万别的考生围绕同一命题作文本身就意味着个性的束缚，这是考试本身无法避免的缺陷。其实即使在法国，公众对哲学作文也褒贬不一。同样，中国的作文考题年年都是争论的热点。中国的高考作文走到今天其实是社会舆论与考试目标共同选择的结果。可以想象，如果援引法国哲学作文考试题目于我国高考作文中，必然也会引发“八股文”、“空疏无用”、“加重考生负担”、“不利于农村学生”种种言论。就此而言，法国高考哲学作文与我国高考作文并没有太大的可比性。两者在考试类型、考试文体、考试目的、评分标准等方面都存在很大不同（见右表）。

but，Let the examinee of differ in thousands ways around the same proposition composition itself means the bondage of personality，This is the test itself can't avoid defects。Even in France，The public philosophy composition also mixed。The same，Chinese composition examination questions from year to year is the focus of debate。China's college entrance examination composition go today actually is the social public opinion and the test objectives common choice results。Can imagine，If quoted French philosophy composition examination questions in our country in the college entrance examination composition，Inevitable can also cause“Eight-part essays”、“Weaknesses useless”、“Aggravate the burden”、“Against the countryside student”Various speech。For that matter，The French college entrance examination composition and philosophy in college entrance examination composition and not too much comparability。Both types of the exam、Examination style、Test purpose、Score standard there is very different（See right table）。

逐步摸索提升考试立意 Gradually grope for ascension examination purposive

　　只要有考试必然产生应试问题。法国哲学作文考试也会专门训练学生如何答题、如何写哲学作文。而哲学作文题一出来也会成为社会新闻关注的焦点，哲学家与作家被邀请答题，出版社专门出版高分作文以及如何写哲学作文的应试技巧书籍，这与中国如出一辙。

As long as there is the exam must produce examination questions。The French philosophy composition examination will also specialized training students how to answer、How to write a composition philosophy。And philosophy thesis topic a come out will also become the focus of social news，Philosophers and writers were invited to answer，Press special publishing high marks composition and how to write a composition philosophy of examination-oriented skills books，This and China be exactly the same。

　　社会公众的批评更多集中在应试教育以及考试内容过分重视知识的传授，强调唯一正确答案等问题上。强调知识的学习，注重知识体系的结构性与逻辑性，重视基础知识和基本技能的掌握，注重学习过程的规范性和知识掌握的熟练程度是知识教育的主要特征。但知识立意的考试并非一无是处，知识立意的考试强调衡量知识的客观尺度，注重对知识掌握的客观评价，易于操作而且相对比较公平。近年来，强调能力立意与素质立意的考试改革逐渐提上日程。能力立意的考试强调知识的运用与迁移，从而达到解决问题的目的，强调知识的发展与创新，注重能力的培养。其主要体现在应用型、能力型考试题目的增加、考试难度与区分度的增加以及增加开放性题型，鼓励富有个性的回答，但这种考试对出题者提出了更高的要求，开放性题型的增加也必然带来对公平的质疑。素质立意强调人的完整性，人的身体、文化、道德、心理等素质的发展与完善，素质立意的考试关注人的潜能开发与发展，关注创新与人性，强调考试对人的素质的区分从而实现人尽其材的目标。

The social public criticism more concentrated in the exam-oriented education and exam content too much attention to knowledge，Emphasize only the correct answer and so on。Emphasize knowledge learning，Pay attention to knowledge system structural and logical，Pay attention to basic knowledge and basic skills of the master，Pay attention to the learning process of normative and mastery of knowledge proficiency is the main characteristics of the knowledge education。But knowledge purposive exam is not good for nothing，Knowledge purposive exam emphasizes the objective scale to measure knowledge，Pays great attention to the mastery of knowledge of the objective evaluation，Easy to operate and relatively fair。In recent years，Emphasize ability purposive and quality purposive exam reform gradually put on the agenda。Ability of purposive exam emphasize knowledge and application of migration，So as to achieve the purpose of problem solving，Emphasis on the development and innovation of knowledge，Pay attention to the cultivation of students' ability。Its main features in application、NengLiXing increase examination purpose、The difficulty of the examination with the increase of the degrees of distinction and increase the open questions，Encourage rich individual character answer，But this kind of test paper-constituting to put forward a higher request，The increase of open questions will bring the fair question。Quality purposive emphasize the integrity of the people，Human body、culture、moral、The quality of the psychology development and perfection，Quality purposive exam pay more attention to person's potential development and development，Focus on innovation and human nature，Emphasis on examinations on the quality of people distinguish so as to realize the goal of our materials。

　　近年来，我国高考秉承关注时代热点，注重价值导向；坚持能力立意，引领素质教育的基本精神，逐渐加强了从注重知识立意向能力立意、素质立意的转变，由过去重视考查记忆能力向综合应用能力、创新能力、人的全面发展的转变。但基础知识的学习与基本能力的培养仍将成为我国教育的重要目标与考试的重要组成部分。如何处理知识学习与能力培养的关系，如何处理考试知识立意与能力立意的关系不仅仅需要理论的支持，更需要实践的逐步深入与社会的认同。

In recent years，Our country the university entrance exam adhering to the attention hot spot era，Pay attention to the value orientation；Adhere to the ability purposive，Lead quality education of basic spirit，Gradually to strengthen the focus from knowledge to ability were conception、The change of idea quality，From the past attention test memory ability to comprehensive application ability、Innovation ability、The change of people's all-round development。But the basic knowledge of learning and basic ability training will become China's education and examination is an important goal of an important part。How to deal with knowledge learning and cultivating the ability of relationship，How to deal with the exam knowledge conception and the relationship between the purposive ability not only need the support of the theory，Need more practice deepens and social identity。

　　高考改革，特别是考试立意变革需要发挥考试的引导作用，让教育回归其本身的意义。重视培养学生的逻辑思维、批判性思维以及独立思考的能力，注重方法论学习，强调批判能力与创新能力的培养，引导学生关注人生、关注生活、关注社会。

College entrance examination reform，Especially the exam purposive change need to play the exam guide role，Let education return to its own meaning。Pay attention to cultivate students' logical thinking、Critical thinking and independent thinking ability，Pay attention to methodology study，Emphasize critical ability and innovation ability training，Lead the students pay close attention to life、Pay close attention to life、Pay attention to the social。

　　(来源:中国教育报)

(Source: China education report)