绘图：禹天建

drawing:Yu day built

　　我们为什么培养不出创新人才？“应试教育误人子弟”，这是我们社会的另一条共识。要纠正应试教育的错误，首先须认清应试教育错在何处，这是我们喊出正确的教育改革口号的前提。然而，应试教育到底错在哪儿？难道考满分的还不如考鸭蛋的？对此我们必须做出解释。

Why do we cultivate the innovation talented person?"Exam-oriented education harm the younger generation",This is our social another a consensus.To rectify exam-oriented education mistakes,First must recognize exam-oriented education is wrong where,This is what we called out the correct education reform the premise of the slogan.however,Exam-oriented education exactly wrong where?Don't take an examination of full marks as well as test the duck's egg?So we must make the interpretation.

　　应试教育首先错就错在教学目标上了，这大概是其最易被觉察的错误。学校的知识教学，其根本目的是要使我们的学生理解和掌握科学知识、科学原理和正确的价值观等等，进而形成运用这些知识、原理和价值观进行创造活动的能力，而不只是记住表述这些知识、原理和价值观的符号和字句。用我在《泛教育论》一书中提出的交往的教育主客体关系模型来解释，作为一完整教育过程的教学，应当是作为教育活动主体的教师运用语言文字、图形、表情等等各种工具，以他认为他的学生容易理解的方式，正确地表达他希望学生理解和掌握的知识、原理和价值观等，接着他的学生们要作为教育活动的主体，通过对教师的语言文字、图形、表情等等进行解释，从而获得相应的认识，形成相应的能力。应试教育大多只完成了这个过程的一半，即教师把表达知识、原理和价值观的文字符号等呈现给学生，学生记住这些文字符号以备考试时复述之需，而对这些文字符号表述的知识、原理和价值观本身却往往并未很好地理解和掌握。一种连知识和原理也没有真正交给学生的教学，又如何能够指望学生在这种教学过程中形成创造能力呢？

Exam-oriented education first is wrong in the teaching goal on the,This is probably the most likely to be perceived mistakes.The school knowledge teaching,The fundamental purpose is to make our students to understand and grasp the scientific knowledge/Scientific principle and correct values, etc,Then forms use the knowledge/Principles and values the ability to create activities,And not just remember these knowledge expression/Principles and values of the symbols and words.in[Flood so]The book puts forward communication education object relational model to explain,As a complete education process teaching,Should be as education activity subject teachers use the language text/graphics/Expressions and so on all kinds of tools,He thought his students easy to understand way,Correctly expressed his hope that students understand and master knowledge/Principles and values, etc,Then his students as the main body of education activities,Through the teachers' language/graphics/Expressions and so on to explain,To get the corresponding understanding,Form the corresponding ability.Exam-oriented education only mostly completed the process of the half,That is the teacher knowledge expression/Principles and values of the text symbols and presented to students,Students remember these words symbol for exams if need,The letter symbol expression of knowledge/Principles and values itself is often not very good understanding and mastering.A kind of even the knowledge and principles can not really to students' teaching,How can expect students in the teaching process creation ability?

　　应试教育错还错在其教学方式上，它把讲授与记诵作为其最重要的甚至有时是唯一的教学方式，而将思考、研讨、反省、探索等在主体掌握、理解和建构知识、原理和价值观过程中起着关键作用的环节，却置于次要的乃至忽视的地位。它将其着力点主要放在让学生记住考试时需要复述的字句和需要用到的符号上，而那些符号所表达的原理、观念等却被放在次要位置，只要学生考试时能复述这些符号或能够用这些符号复演某个运算过程，就被这种教育理论视为教育的成功。不仅如此，应试教育还用“讲——记——练——考”这样一系列机械的过程严重挤压了学生自由思考和探索的空间。在这类教育过程中，学习者运用所学知识综合解决问题和创造产品的动手机会几乎被完全剥夺，甚至连教学过程中一些基本的实验演示也用录像取代了。所有这些，都严重阻碍了学生解决或解释问题的能力的发展。

Exam-oriented education wrong is wrong in its teaching methods,It teach and learn by heart as its most important even sometimes is the only way of teaching,And thinking/discussion/reflection/To explore the subject such as master/To understand and construct knowledge/Principle and values plays a key role in the process of the link,But in secondary and even ignored position.It will focus mainly on the for the students to remember that when the exam need to repeat words and need to use the symbol,And those symbols to express the principle/Concepts and so on was on the secondary position,As long as the students when the exam can retell these symbols or to be able to use these symbols playback a operation process,Is this kind of education theory as the success of education.Not only that,Exam-oriented education still use"Speak -- -- - written practice examination"This series of mechanical process serious extrusion students free thinking and exploration of space.In this kind of education process,Learners use knowledge to solve problems and the creation of integrated product begins the opportunity was almost completely deprived of,Even the teaching process some basic experimental demonstration also use video replaced.All of these,All seriously hindered the students solve or explain the question ability development.

　　应试教育的主要错误还在于它对师生关系的错误解释上，它不是用上文提及的主体际交往关系来解释教育过程中的师生关系，而是把教育教学过程解释为教师通过自己的教育教学活动改变和塑造学生的过程，因而还提出“没有教不会的学生，只有不会教的老师”之类的口号。与这类教育相适应的教育理论，有意无意地把解释教育活动中人与人之间关系的主体际交往的理论模型曲解为“教师主导、学生主体”这类似是而非的口号，实际上贬低甚至抹煞了学生在教育活动中的主体地位。在这样的教育理论指导下，应试教育已经蜕变成为某种类似于动物训练的过程。在这种教育过程中，人的自主性和能动性遭到忽视，我们又怎能期待人的创造力在其中得到大发展呢？

Exam-oriented education major mistakes but also because of its relationship between teachers and students and explains the error,It is not mentioned above with the inter-subjective acquaintanceship to explain the relationship between teachers and students in the process of education,But the education teaching for teachers to explain through their education teaching activities change and shaping process of students,Therefore also puts forward"Does not teach not students,Only don't teach teacher"Slogans like.And this kind of education adapt to the education theory,Intentionally or unintentionally to explain education activity relationships of inter-subjective communication theory model for distortion"Teacher's dominant/The student main body"This is the slogan of the similar instead,Actually experienced down even the students in the education activities of the subject position.In this education under the guidance of theory,Exam-oriented education has become a similar to the animal training process.In the education process,People's autonomy and initiative was ignored,How can we expect people's creativity in which get great development??

　　从根本上说，应试教育错就错在其对教育过程本身的理解是错误的，它把教育理解为一种教师通过自己的活动使学生思想和行为发生某种变化的过程，而不是人作为主体在共同的社会生活中创造自身的过程。前苏联凯洛夫教育学理论自20世纪50年代初传入我国，在我国教育界长期占据统治地位。这种理论非常强调教学过程中的所谓“间接经验”，忽视了所有经验的获得都离不开主体自身的活动（包括思维活动）这一真理。凯洛夫在其《教育学》中还特别指出：教学就是通过教科书的学习使“学生领受既知的、为人类所获得的真理（知识）”，学生“并不负有发现新的真理的任务”。另一方面，由于深受行为主义心理学理论的浸染，应试教育还在“塑造”的教育观基础之上发展出一套所谓“灌输式教学法”。在这类教学过程中，教师多采用宣讲真理的态度来进行教学。实际上，知识的形成离不开人作为主体的活动，离不开主体的建构过程，哪怕是睁开眼睛看见东西这样简单的事情，也离不开人在大脑中根据眼睛接收某物体的光线刺激信号建构起该物体图像的过程。所谓“灌输式”的教学是不可能真正实现的，如果没有学习者能动的活动，就像古希腊苏格拉底说的那样，没有人能把知识灌输到别人的灵魂里去，正如没人能把视力放进瞎子眼睛里一样。应试教育迫使学生记住了一大堆符号，却没能让学生形成和发展自己的认识和能力，它又怎么可能培养出有创造力的人才呢？

fundamentally,Exam-oriented education is wrong in the education process itself understanding is wrong,It education understanding as a teacher through their own activities so that the students thought and behavior a change process,Not as main body in common social life to create their own process.The former Soviet union kay love pedagogy theory was introduced into China since the 1950 s,In our education long-term dominant.This theory is emphasized in the teaching process of the so-called"Indirect experience",Ignore all experience is inseparable from the main body for their own activities(Including thinking activity)This is a truth.Kiah love in its[pedagogy]Also specifically:Teaching is through the textbook learning"Students receive is known/For that man acquires the truth(knowledge)",students"Does not have the task of discovering new truth".On the other hand,Because deeply behaviorism psychology theory disseminated,Exam-oriented education is still in"shaping"Based on the education to develop a so-called"Force-feeding teaching method".In this kind of teaching process,Teachers use more preach truth attitude to teaching.In fact,The formation of knowledge from people as the main body activity,From the main body construction process,Even open your eyes to see things such simple things,Also can not get away from people in the brain eyes according to receive something light stimulates signal construct the object image process.The so-called"force-feeding"Teaching is impossible to implement truly,If does not have the learner active activities,Just like the ancient Greek Socrates said that,No one can put the knowledge into the other people's soul to,Just as no one can put the vision in the blind eyes the same.Exam-oriented education forcing students to remember a lot of symbol,But has not been able to let students form and develop their own knowledge and ability,It how could cultivate creative talents?

　　我们的教育如何才能培养出杰出的创新人才？我们应当从理论到实践彻底地变革现行的教育模式，让学生真正成为学习过程的主体。同时，我们还要在社会观念上破除考试崇拜，真正把人解决问题和解释问题的实际能力作为衡量人才的标准，为每一位社会成员开辟多种多样取得成功的路径，不拘一格降人才。

Our education how to cultivate outstanding innovation talented person?We should from theory to practice thoroughly to reform the current education model,Let the students become the main body of the learning process.At the same time,We have in the social ideas break examination worship,The real people solve problems and explain the problem of practical ability as a measure of talented person's standard,For each member of society open up variety of success path,Not stick to one pattern drop talents.

　　我们的教育如何才能培养出杰出的创新人才？我们每一个教育工作者都应当认真地加以思考和探索，我们社会每一个成员都有责任为此做出应有的努力，因为那直接关系着我们的未来。项贤明 （作者系中国人民大学教授）

Our education how to cultivate outstanding innovation talented person?Each of us education workers should be seriously to thinking and exploration,Our social each member has the responsibility to make due efforts,Because it has a close relationship with our future.Item wise (The author is the Chinese people's university professor)