漫画：CFP供图 comic:CFP for map 少数人的游戏牵动大众神经 A minority of the game affects mass nerve

　　随着45名年轻人走入正在深圳筹建、尚未获准招生的南方科技大学，中国1977年恢复统一高考以来最为激进的高等学校招生探索在2011年开始了。

With 45 young man into is shenzhen preparation/Not allowed to recruit students of the university of science and technology of the south,China 1977 years since the recovery unified the university entrance exam is the most radical of higher school recruit students explore in 2011 began.

　　更为激进的故事发生在这年夏天。6月，这些男孩女孩拒绝参加权威的高考。此举使他们成为很多人眼中“抵制”国家考试制度的勇士，虽然一些学生甚至没有完成中学教育，原本就不具备高考报名资格。

More radical story happened in the summer this year.June,These boys and girls refused to attend the university entrance exam of authority.This makes them many people's eyes"boycott"The mighty men of the state examination system,Although some students didn't even finish high school education,Originally will not have the university entrance exam qualification.

　　他们自愿参加了南方科大创校校长朱清时院士设立的“实验”。入学时不参加高考，毕业时也不会获得政府认可的学位。在校方的设想中，他们将获得自设的学位证书。至于这本证书能否比良莠不齐的教育培训机构所授证书更具竞争力，取决于该校的教育是否会如创办人预期的那样美好。

They volunteer to participate in the south university and school principal academician zhu qingshi established"The experiment".When not to participate in college entrance examination admission,Graduate will not receive government approval degree.In the school in the idea of,They will get custom degree certificate.As for this certificate can be better than the good and bad are intermingled of education training institutions granted certificate more competitive,The school of education depends on whether such as founder of the expected as happy.

　　迎接他们的并不都是赞美。

To meet them all are not praise.

　　在放弃高考之前，一名学生发表了一封公开信，形容包括自己在内的这些人，“为中国的教育改革作出了最大的牺牲，放弃了一切，甘愿成为一些人眼中的小白鼠”。

In giving up before the college entrance examination,A student has published an open letter,Describe the people, including me,"For China's education reform has made the supreme sacrifice,Abandoned all,Willing to be some in the eyes of the little white rat".

　　朱清时校长也写过一封用于招生宣传的公开信，鼓励那些想成为“小白鼠”的学生及其家长，开篇即借用人类首次登月时的名言形容：“南科大迈出的一小步，将是我国高教改革的一大步。”这位校长承认，争取自主权的实验让他“如履薄冰”。

Zhu qingshi President also wrote a letter for recruitment of students propaganda open letter,Encourage those who want to become"mice"The students and their parents,The opening namely use human when first moon landing the words of description:"Take one small step south university,The reform of higher education in our country will be a big step."The President admitted that,Strive for independence experiment let him"On thin ice".

　　对于每年挤在“独木桥”上的千万高考考生来说，南方科技大学未获批准的“自主招生”只是一条遥不可及的羊肠小道。即便是教育部认可的正式大学的自主招生，用中国农业大学校长柯炳生的话来说，迄今为止“与99.9%以上的考生没有直接关系”。

Each year to squeeze in"bridge"The university entrance exam candidates do it,The south university of science and technology is not approved"Autonomous enrolment"Just a remote may not and the narrow meandering footpath.Even if is the ministry of education approved the formal university autonomous enrolment,With China agricultural university President KeBingSheng words,So far"And more than 99.9% of the candidates have no direct relation".

　　柯炳生的依据是，每年以自主招生形式录取的考生大约在1.5万人，其中的三分之二没有自主招生的优惠也可以进入同样的学校，真正享受到优惠的考生为5000人左右，占考生总量的0.05%。

KeBingSheng basis is,Each year in the independent recruitment of students admitted to form the examinee of about 15000 people,One of the two thirds no independent enrollment of preferential can also enter the same school,Really enjoy preferential examinee is about 5000 people,Accounted for 0.05% of the total candidates.

　　同样，自主招生也与绝大多数高校无关。在官方的语言体系中，并不存在“自主招生”这个词语。从2003年开始，教育部批准一些高校开展“自主选拔录取试点工作”，此后，这项工作一直处于“试点”状态，试点范围不过七八十所高校。

The same,Autonomous enrollment also and the vast majority of universities have nothing to do.In the official language system,Does not exist"Autonomous enrolment"The word.Begin from 2003,The ministry of education approved some universities"Independent selection admission pilot work",Since then,This work has been in"pilot"state,The scope but the universities.

　　教育部最初允许每所试点高校的自主招生人数控制在该校招生总数的5%以内，这被视为打开了下放高校招生自主权的一个“口子”。截至目前，这个“口子”仍未扩大。过去几年，部分高校或多或少突破了5%的限制，对此，教育部2011年重申，“一般不超过”5%。

The ministry of education first allow each pilot college autonomous enrollment control in the school recruit students within 5% of the total,This is regarded as opened lower autonomy in college enrollment a"cut".So far,this"cut"Still not expand.In the past few years,Some universities more or less broke through the limitation of 5%,this,The ministry of education in 2011 reiterated,"Generally not more than"5%.

　　因此，与南方科技大学脱离高考制度、100%自主招生不同的是，北京大学、清华大学等拥有自主选拔录取权限的试点高校，只能在这5%的范围内，在高考的前提下，实现部分“自主”。它们事先选中的学生仍要凭借高考成绩升学，只不过可以享受一定的降分录取优惠。

therefore,And south university of science and technology from the university entrance exam system/100% own recruit students is different,Beijing university/Tsinghua university with independent selection admission permissions pilot college,Only in the 5% range,In the premise of the university entrance exam,Realize part of"independent".They advance the selected students are still to be on study of the university entrance exam,Just can enjoy certain drop points preferential admission.

　　高考前提下的自主招生，走得最远的莫过于复旦大学和上海交通大学。2006年以来，教育部批准这两所大学在上海等地开展了另一项试验：主要以面试的方式开展自主招生，学生仍要参加高考，但高考成绩仅供参考。

College entrance examination premise autonomous enrollment,Who have gone farthest way of fudan university and Shanghai jiaotong university.Since 2006,The ministry of education approved this two universities in Shanghai launched another test:Mainly by way of interview in the independent recruitment of students,Students are still to attend the university entrance exam,But the university entrance exam is only for reference.

　　

传统名校与南科大在龟兔赛跑吗？ The traditional school and south university in the hare and the tortoise?

　　但对于像朱清时那样渴望招生自主权，甚至希望脱离高考完全自主招生的大学校长来说，2011年这一年里，除了南方科大大着胆子迈了一步，自主招生方面没有太大的新闻。

But for like zhu qingshi so eager to recruit students autonomy,Even hope from the university entrance exam completely independent of recruit students for the President of the university,2011 this year,In addition to the south as they dared hkust taking a step,Autonomous enrollment has no too big news.

　　此前一年，北京大学11位教授联名给校长周其凤写信，希望北大率先打破“唯高考分数论”的羁绊，尝试“高考成绩与本校专家面试相结合”的招生选拔方式。

After a year,Beijing university and a professor joint to the principal ZhouJiFeng write,Hope north first break"And college entrance examination fraction theory"The fetters of,Try to"The university entrance exam and the combination of expert interview"Admissions to select the way.

　　11位教授指出，北大的“中学校长实名推荐制”等既有改革措施作用有限，分数线还是压倒性地超过面试成为招生录取的唯一依据与途径。他们建议在以中学学业和高考成绩为主要参考依据的基础上，增加多学科专家团队面试的环节，扩大教师在招生中的影响。

11 a professor pointed out that,North of the"High school principal real name recommend system"Both the reform measures such as a limited role,Fractional line or overwhelmingly more than interview enrollment become the only basis and way.They suggested that in the high school and university entrance exam as the main reference basis of,Increase the multi-disciplinary expert team interview link,To expand the influence of the teacher in the recruitment of students.

　　周其凤校长表示“完全同意这个建议”，但因招生改革事关重大，决定将信件公开，向师生、校友征求意见。

ZhouJiFeng President said"Totally agree with this suggestion",But because recruit students reform matters,Decided to open letters,To teachers and students/Alumni for advice.

　　而教育部屡次强调5%这个数字，在清华大学教授孙复初看来，是对北大教授公开信“针锋相对”的答复。

And the ministry of education often emphasize 5% this number,In tsinghua university professor SunFu at first sight,Is the professor of Peking University open letter"Tit for tat"reply.

　　孙复初认为，人们将会看到一场龟兔赛跑式的竞赛：国内一批百年名校与新建的南方科技大学的招生和办学自主性不同，但都揣着建设世界一流大学的目标。

SunFu initial think,People will see a slow but sure type competition:Domestic a batch of one hundred school and the new south the enrollment of university of science and technology and the school autonomy different,But all chuai wear build a world class university goal.

　　一位老教师对孙复初说过，要告诉儿孙，如果2050年中国出现了几所世界一流大学，就把这场赛跑的结果写在纸上，拿到自己的墓前烧掉。

An old teacher to SunFu initial said,Want to tell children,If 2050 China appeared several world first-class university,Put the race results written on paper,To their grave burn up.

　　然而，在中国这个人情社会里，南方科大式的招生会是自主招生的方向吗？华中科技大学教育科学研究院博士生刘进对1993年至2007年自主招生研究的词频、篇频、内容作过分析，发现词频出现次数最多、增幅最快、讨论最持久的是自主招生公平问题。

however,In China, the human society,The south university type admissions will be the direction of the autonomous enrolment?Central China university of science and technology education academy of sciences doctoral LiuJin on 1993-2007 autonomous enrolment of word study/Article frequency/Content have been analyzed,Find word appear most times/Fastest growth/Discuss the most lasting is autonomous enrollment fair question.

　　他概括的矛盾首先是教育分权与教育公平的矛盾一方面，招生权限由政府向高校和中学转移，可能产生大量制度性寻租甚至腐败行为；另一方面，各高校的一些具体做法，可能存在去教育公平倾向，可能不利于农村和弱势群体学生参与。

He summarized the contradiction is first education decentralized and education fair contradictions on one hand,Recruit students access by the government to college and middle school transfer,May produce a large number of institutional rent-seeking corruption even;On the other hand,Universities and colleges in some particular way,There may be to education fair tendency,May go against the vulnerable groups in rural areas and students to participate in.

　　刘进还指出，自主招生制度实施后，由于高校专业招生人员的欠缺，命题和面试组织经验的欠缺，自主招生试题的科学性引起社会广泛讨论。比如，自主招生命题大多基于城市话语，对于因埋头读书而知识面欠缺、因经济原因无法培养某些方面的兴趣特长、因教育开放程度低而导致表达能力落后的农村学生极为不利。

LiuJin also pointed out that,Autonomous enrollment system after implementation,Due to the lack of professional college admissions officers,Proposition and interview organization the lack of experience,Independent recruitment of students test question scientific cause social widely discussed.For example,Autonomous enrollment proposition based on city most words,For nose to the grindstone and lack of knowledge/Because of economic reasons can't cultivate interest in some aspects of the specialty/Because of the low degree of education and opening up to ability of expression backward rural students extremely adverse.

　　教育部及试点高校在2011年明确回应了农村生源问题。清华大学推出“自强计划”，主要面向国家级贫困县的县级及以下中学选才，要求考生本人长期学习、生活在农村地区、边远贫困地区或民族地区，自强不息、德才兼备。该计划得到多所高校的响应。教育部也提出，试点高校应兼顾生源质量与区域分布的合理性，向在学科专业方面表现突出的申请考生、向扎实推进素质教育的地区或中学、向农村地区中学或申请考生适当倾斜。

The ministry of education and pilot college in 2011 rural students clear responded to questions.Tsinghua university launched"Self-improvement plan",Mainly to the state-level counties at the county level and below middle school to choose,Requests the examinee I long-term learning/Live in rural areas/Outlying and poverty-stricken areas and ethnic minority areas,Strive constantly for self-improvement/Having both ability and political integrity.The plan to get a lot of universities response.The ministry of education also puts forward,Pilot college consideration should be given to both the students' quality and regional distribution of rationality,To subject stands out application the examinee/To promote the quality education of the solid region or middle school/To the rural area middle school or appropriately apply for the examinee.

　　不过总体来说，刘进认为，在2006年复旦、上海交大改革之后，除了规模稳步增加外，自主招生制度并无大的变化，“诸多矛盾仍尖锐存在，自主招生制度仍在改革的路口徘徊”。

But overall,LiuJin think,In 2006 fudan/Shanghai jiaotong university after reform,In addition to scale the increased steadily,Autonomous enrollment system and no big changes,"There are still many contradictions sharp,Autonomous enrollment system reform is still in the intersection wandering".

　　

名校结盟掩不住暗战的火药味 School alliances can not cover dark war strong

　　在2011年，自主招生的公众关注度空前提高。这与众多名牌大学火药味十足的“结盟”和“退盟”有关。

In 2011,Autonomous enrollment public attention unprecedented increase.This and many famous university the smell of gunpowder dye-in-the-wood"alliance"and"Back union"relevant.

　　2006年，北京交通大学、北京邮电大学等5所在京高校实行自主招生笔试的联合考试。在当时并未引起多大关注。但2011年，清华大学联合上海交通大学、中国科技大学等高校参与的7校联考，北京大学联合北京航空航天大学、香港大学等高校的13校联考，让联考升温成为公共话题。

In 2006,,Beijing jiaotong university/Beijing university of post and telecommunications university in Beijing five independent recruitment written joint examination.At that time did not cause much attention.But in 2011,Tsinghua university joint Shanghai jiaotong university/University of science and technology of China to participate in the 7 school entrance exam,Beijing university joint Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics/The university of Hong Kong university, such as 13 school entrance exam,Let the entrance exam warming become public topic.

　　两大联考组织分别被称为“华约”和“北约”。随后，天津大学、同济大学、哈尔滨工业大学等9所以工科见长的学校组建起“卓越联盟”，将两大阵营对峙变为“三国杀”局面。

Two big entrance exam organization were called"Warsaw pact treaty"and"NATO".then,Tianjin university/Tongji university/Harbin industrial university, therefore in the engineering school set up"Excellence alliance",Will two camps confrontation into"Triple kill"situation.

　　这一年春季，三大联盟分别举行了自主招生笔试。过程并不像它们公开声称的那样完美。联考确实减轻了考生的成本，但一些中学校长和考生抱怨，联考不是高考前针对尖子生的一次小高考吗？就连考场的画面都与高考相似。

This year the spring,Three major league held respectively independent recruitment written examination.Process is not as they professed that perfect.Entrance exam really reduce the cost of the examinee,But some high school principal and the examinee complain,Entrance exam is not the university entrance exam for top student before a small college entrance examination?Even the examination room picture with the university entrance exam is similar.

　　即使在联盟内部，也有一些高校是“迫于形势”被动加入的。有高校招生办公室主任对中国青年报记者表示，不加入则可能被边缘化，一所学校对考生的吸引力很难与捆绑在一起的多校相比。另一方面，教育部鼓励试点高校探索多元的选拔方式，高校统一出题考试，算不算一种倒退？

Even in the union,There are also some colleges and universities are"Under the situation"Passive join.Have college admissions office director of the China youth daily reporters,Don't join is likely to be marginalized,A school of examinee's attraction is difficult to bind together with more than the school.On the other hand,The ministry of education to encourage pilot college explore diverse selection mode,The unified on the exam,Calculate do not calculate a step backward?

　　更为戏剧性的一幕出现在年底。12月1日、2日，南开大学和复旦大学相继宣布，2012年不会参加联考。根据两校的解释，并非联盟内部产生矛盾，而是两校根据各自的人才培养方案，推出了新的招生改革方案，希望通过自主选拔，招到真正符合本校理念的学生。

More dramatic scene appeared in the end of the year.On December 1,/2,,Nankai university and fudan university announced one after another,2012 not attend the entrance exam.According to the explanation of the two schools,Not union internal contradiction,But the two schools in accordance with their respective the cultivation plan for the talented people,Introduced a new recruit students reform plan,Hope that through independent selection,Recruit to accord with the real idea of students.

　　复旦大学校方表示，反对围绕分数线做文章，甚至把招生政策作为争取高分生源的手段。该校还表示要“真正用好自主权”。

Fudan university officials said,Against a fractional line around,Even the admissions policy for high marks as a means of students.The school also said to"With good real autonomy".

　　2011年下半年，由于教育部批复较迟，各大高校迟迟未能公布自主招生方案。这引起了很多猜测。一个流传的消息称，教育部可能会拆散自主招生联考。

The second half of 2011,Due to the ministry of education approval late,Universities released delayed autonomous enrollment plan.This caused a lot of speculation.A popular news said,The ministry of education may unravel autonomous enrollment entrance exam.

　　这个传闻随着教育部官方通知的下发不攻自破。通知中的一句表态让几个联盟松了一口气，“继续探索部分试点高校联考”。

The rumours with the ministry of education official notice issued by the collapse of itself.Notice of a comment let several league breathed a sigh of relief,"Continue to explore part pilot college entrance exam".

　　即使在联考高校内部，关于联考变相垄断生源、抢夺尖子生的批评也不鲜见。由于中学推荐自主招生的生源与高考尖子生的重合度极高，高校事实上是在高考前预先“筛选”一遍尖子生。北大和清华几乎垄断了联考能招到的成绩最好的学生，其他学校只能退而求其次。

Even in the internal entrance exam,About the entrance exam in disguised form monopoly germ/Rob top student criticism is not rare.Due to the high school students and the recommended independent recruit students of the university entrance exam top student high contact ratio,Universities are in fact the university entrance exam in advance before"screening"Again top student.Peking University and tsinghua university is almost a monopoly of entrance exam to recruit the best student achievement,Other schools can only settle for second best.

　　在南开大学和复旦大学“单飞”之后，也有高校招生负责人私下表示，后悔没有退出联考。

In nankai university and fudan university"solo"after,Also have college admissions officers privately said,Regret not exit entrance exam.

　　

质疑自主招生不等于反对高考改革 Question autonomous enrollment is not equal to against the university entrance exam reform

　　更重要的是，自主招生联考在“自主”探索方面没有明显进步。用北大11位教授的话来说，始终还是一种“唯高考分数论”的招生体制。在这种体制下，即便是北大也只能被动地接受数量有限的高分考生的挑选。为了所谓“社会声誉”和生源分数线排名，各高校招生不是各取所需、量才录用，而是演变为一场拉高分考生和抢“状元”，比分数线高低，甚至比奖学金数额的混战。“我们对此十分忧虑。”

More important is,Autonomous enrolment in the entrance exam"independent"There were no significant exploration progress.With Peking University and a professor words,Still a"And college entrance examination fraction theory"Enrollment system.In such a system,Even north can only passively accept a limited number of high scores the examinee selection.For the sake of so-called"Social reputation"Student score and ranking,Each college enrollment is not what they really need/LiangCaiLuYong,But evolution as a pitch up points the examinee and rob"champions",Height than fractional line,Even more than the scholarship amount of scrimmage."We are a very worrying."

　　2011年高考过后，复旦大学和上海交大的隔空骂战多少反映了这一现状。复旦大学首先指责“上海某理工类高校”冒充复旦招办致电考生，称学校与该学生签订的招生协议已被取消，并劝说学生更改志愿选择其他学校。上海交大则回应，“有高校招生老师在招生宣传中肆意贬低上海交大”。

2011 years after the college entrance examination,Fudan university and Shanghai jiaotong university's telekinesis scold war many reflects the current situation.Fudan university first of all blame"Shanghai some universities of science and engineering"Pretend to be fudan manages the call,Says the school and the student enrollment signed agreement has been cancelled,And persuade students change volunteer choose other schools.Shanghai jiaotong university is response,"A teacher in college enrollment in the recruitment of students propaganda wanton detract from Shanghai jiaotong university".

　　火药味还体现在“华约”、“北约”的联考时间上它们宣布，2012年的笔试都在2月11日，考生只能“非此即彼”。

The smell of gunpowder also reflected in"Warsaw pact treaty"/"NATO"The entrance exam time they announced,2012 years of written examination in February 11,,Examinee can only"alternatively".

　　既然自主选拔录取是高考制度的“重要补充”，就像针对高考一样，2011年，“市场”已经学会从自主招生中掘金。清华大学招生办公室不得不声明，清华从未举办任何形式的自主招生培训班。原因是，该校多次接到学生举报，有公司在学校附近以清华名义举办自主招生培训班。

Since the independent selection admission is the university entrance exam system"Important supplement",As for the university entrance exam,In 2011,,"market"Learned from the autonomous enrolment the Denver nuggets.Tsinghua university admissions office have to declare,Tsinghua never held any form of independent recruitment of students training.Reason is,The school received many students to report,The company near the school to tsinghua nominal hold independent recruitment of students training.

　　而关于高考改革，教育部考试中心主任戴家干2011年发表了一篇引人关注的文章。他列举了两派极端观点：有人建议取消全国统一考试，代之以各高校完全的自主招生。有人则呼吁取消自主招生等高考政策，使高考回归“唯分数论”，实行全国统一命题、评卷、录取的绝对“大一统”。

And about the university entrance exam reform,The ministry of education test center director wear home dry 2011 published an article of public attention.He lists the sent two extreme views:It is suggested that cancel the unified national examination,Replaced with various universities fully autonomous enrollment.Someone is calling for autonomous enrolment cancel such as the university entrance exam policy,Make the university entrance exam regression"Only fraction theory",Implement the national unified proposition/quandary/Admission absolute"united".

　　他说，两派都存在显而易见的弊端。教育相对发达的英、美、俄、日、韩等国家，纷纷改革和完善考试制度，总体上呈现出“统一考试和多元评价相结合”的发展方向。这也是当今世界考试制度改革发展的总体趋势。

He said,Two groups have obvious disadvantages.Education is relatively developed British/beauty/Russia/day/Korea and other countries,Have to reform and perfect examination system,On the whole show"Unified exam and multiple evaluation based on"The development direction of the.This is also the world today examination system reform and development trends.

　　在“985”工程重点建设大学中，中国农业大学是少有的不申请开展自主招生的学校。该校校长柯炳生2010年、2011年两次在该校网站撰写长文，阐述自己的观点。

in"985"Key construction project in the university,China agricultural university is one of the few don't apply to carry out independent recruitment of students school.The school's headmaster, KeBingSheng in 2010/In 2011 two times in this school website deregulation plan to write,Expounds his views.

　　在柯炳生看来，现在的自主招生实践，仍然同当初的期望相差甚远。有关高考改革，似乎形成了一种氛围，“对自主招生提出疑问，就有反对改革之嫌，就是保守”。他强调，自己并不是要否定高校的自主招生权力，更不是反对自主招生所要实现的目标，而是认为现在的做法需要改进和改革。

In KeBingSheng seems,Now the independent recruit students practice,With still was a far cry from what expected.Relevant college entrance examination reform,Seems to form a kind of atmosphere,"To question autonomous enrolment,There is opposition to reform too,Is conservative".He stressed that,His is not to deny the independent college admissions power,More is not against the independent recruit students to achieve the objectives,But it now needs to be improved and the practice of the reform.

　　他说，如果每个大学都自己组织考试，成本巨大，技术上也无法实现。因此，国家必须介入，这就是全国统考制度产生的原因，美国等国家都存在一定形式的国家统一高考。“这些考试的结果，尽管不一定是唯一的录取根据，却都是最重要的根据。高分不是上名校的充分条件，但却是必要条件。”

He said,If each university themselves organization examination,Cost huge,Technology also is unable to realize.therefore,Countries must be involved in,This is the national unified examination system causes,The United States and other countries have some form of national unity the university entrance exam."These the result of the exam,Although not necessarily is the only admit according to,They are the most important according to.High marks in school is not sufficient condition,But it is necessary condition."

　　这位校长不断提醒说，如果不对现行的高考制度的合理性有清醒的认识，就有可能提出一些方案，不仅不能解决高考制度现有的局限性，而且效果比现在的高考还不如；不仅不能弥补高考的短处，而且还会损害高考的长处公平性。这是值得警觉的。

The headmaster constantly reminds said,If not the rationality of the system of active the university entrance exam a clear understanding,It is possible to put forward some solutions,Not only can't solve the university entrance exam system existing limitations,And the effect of the university entrance exam than now as well;Not only can make up for the university entrance exam shortcoming,But also will damage the university entrance exam strengths fairness.This is worth alert.

　　从2001年南京6所高校的试点算起，自主招生研究者刘进将2011年算作我国当前自主招生模式的第十个年头。在他看来，十年后的高校自主招生制度“走到了一个十字路口”局中人必须在改与不改、大改或小改、往何处改的战略性问题上作出抉择。

From 2001 nanjing 6 universities of pilot count,The researchers LiuJin autonomous enrolment will be 2011 years as the current model of autonomous enrolment in the first ten years.In his view,After ten years of university autonomous enrollment system"Came to a crossroads"Player must change and do not change/Big change or major/Where the change of strategic issues of making a choice.