坚定不移推进“学生饮用奶计划” Unswervingly promote"Students drinking milk plan"

新疆学习借鉴日本学生营养餐与饮用奶推广工作综述 Learn from Japanese students in xinjiang nutrient food and drinking milk in promotion

　　为了更好地推动新疆维吾尔自治区“学生饮用奶计划”和营养餐工作的实施，学习和借鉴日本学生营养餐与学生饮用奶推广工作先进经验，新疆自治区日前组成了由自治区畜牧厅、教育厅、食品药品监督管理局、自治区奶业办公室有关同志参加的考察团，对日本学生营养餐与学生饮用奶实施情况进行了实地考察。在此，我们将所见所闻呈现出来，以期更多的同行和读者分享日本在推广学生营养餐和“学生饮用奶计划”中的经验和教训。

In order to better promote the xinjiang uygur autonomous region"Students drinking milk plan"And the implementation of its work,Learn from Japanese students nutrient food and drinking milk students promotion work advanced experience,Xinjiang autonomous region has formed by the autonomous regions ChuMuTing/provincial/The food and drug administration/Autonomous region office of dairy industry concerned comrades to participate in the study tour,Japanese students of nutrient food and student drinking milk enforcement on-the-spot investigation.In this,What we will appear,In order to more counterparts and readers share Japan in the promotion of students and nutrient food"Students drinking milk plan"The experience and lessons.

日本学生饮用奶的现状 The present situation of Japanese students drinking milk

　　根据安排，考察团实地考察了东京都多摩市立供餐中心学生营养餐加工配送情况和北海道聖个丘小学学生营养餐与饮用奶推行情况，对日本学生营养餐与饮用奶相关法律法规、管理体系、财政政策、推行效果等进行了深入的了解。

According to the arrangement,After field survey more delegation Tokyo the city for meal center students nutrient food processing and distribution situation and Hokkaido st a hill elementary school students nutrient food and drinking milk implementation,Japanese students of nutrient food and drinking milk relevant laws and regulations/Management system/Fiscal policy/Implementation of the effect of the deep understanding.

　　日本是世界上学生营养餐与饮用奶实施率最高的国家之一。第二次世界大战后，为解决中小学生营养不良问题，日本开始推行学校午餐，学生饮用奶作为学校午餐的一个重要组成部分，二者密切结合，同步运行。目前，日本全国中小学校34000所，实施学生营养午餐与饮用奶的学校为32000所，占全部学校的94.3%；中小学生1089万人，实施学生营养餐与饮用奶的学生为1004万人，占全部学生的92.2%。

Japan is the world's students nutrient food and drinking milk ShiShiLv one of the highest.The second world war,To solve the problem of small and medium-sized students malnutrition,Japan began to carrying out the school lunch,Students drinking milk as school lunch is an important part,Closely combining both,Synchronous operation.At present,Japan national small and medium-sized school 34000,Implementing students' nutritional lunch and drinking milk school for 32000,Accounted for 94.3% of the whole school;Primary and secondary school students 10.89 million people,Implementing students' nutrient food and drinking milk students for 10.04 million people,Accounted for 92.2% of all students.

日本推行学生营养餐与饮用奶的主要做法 Japan's implementation of its students and drinking milk main methods

　　国会和政府制定了一系列有关学生营养餐与饮用奶的法律和政策，并不断加以完善，保证了学生营养餐和饮用奶的稳定、持久运行。其中发挥主要作用的法律、法规有以下几部：一是《营养改善法》。该法1954年颁布，此后经过多次修改，主要作用是提高国民对改善营养的认识，这部法规也是推行学生营养餐和饮用奶的基础。二是《学生供餐法》。该法1954年颁布，2002年进行了修改，把学生营养餐作为日本义务教育的一项重要内容，由政府来推行，并提供一部分经费。该法律保障了日本学生营养餐和饮用奶计划持续开展。三是制定了有关奶业发展和学校供奶的法律。1959年日本颁布了《酪农振兴法》，1964年制定了《学校给食用牛奶的供给对策纲要》，为政府部门整合社会资源，推进学生营养餐和饮用奶提供了有力的支撑。

Congress and the government has formulated a series of related nutrient food and drinking milk students laws and policies,And constantly improved,To ensure the students nutrient food and drinking milk stability/Lasting operation.Play the main role of the law/Laws and regulations have the following several:One is[Nutrition improvement method].The law promulgated in 1954,Then after several times of modification,Main function is to improve the national to improve the understanding of nutrition,This regulations is also carrying out students nutrient food and drinking milk foundation.The second is[Students for meal method].The law promulgated in 1954,2002 years have been modified,The students as its obligation of Japanese education is an important content,By the government to implement,And provide part of the funds.The law guarantees the Japanese students nutrient food and drinking milk plan sustained development.The third is made about the development of dairy industry and school for milk laws.In 1959 Japan promulgated[Dairy farming the method],1964 formulated the[The school to edible milk supply countermeasures outline],For government departments to integrate social resources,Promote students nutrient food and drinking milk provides a strong support.

　　建立了较为完善的管理体系，保障学生营养餐和饮用奶推行工作的有序开展。日本对学生营养餐与饮用奶的管理总体可归纳为“政府审批、逐级管理、多方协作、民间参与”。学生营养餐由教育部门组织实施，其他主管部门按照各自职责，给予配合和协助。在中央一级由文部科学省负责学生营养餐的宏观管理，制定总体规划和计划，厚生劳动省从卫生高度进行指导监督和检查，农林水产省按照学生营养餐的目标和供应学生饮用奶数量，同文部科学省商定向学校提供国产牛奶的数量。

To establish a more perfect management system,Ensuring the students nutrient food and drinking milk implementation of the work carried out orderly.Japan to its students and drinking milk management overall can be summed up as follows"Government approval/Step management/collaborative/Of private participation in".Its students by education department organization to implement,Other competent departments shall, according to their respective duties,To cooperate with and assist.In the central level by WenBu science province responsible for its students the macroscopic management,Formulate overall plan and plan,The Labour ministry from health height in the supervision and guidance inspection,Agriculture and forestry aquatic province according to the goal of its students and supply students drinking milk quantity,With WenBu science province agreed to the school provide the number of domestic milk.

　　高度重视食品卫生监督工作。经过长期实践，日本制定了学生营养餐和饮用奶卫生管理标准，建立了管理指导体制，形成了一套完整的管理办法。日本每天向全国中小学生千万人供餐供奶，每年都有食物中毒的个别案例，但比例很低，且及时采取了应对措施，因此并未引起社会问题，也未见媒体炒作。这主要得益于日本政府和民众对学生营养餐和饮用奶的认识和态度，在学生营养餐和饮用奶安全上，日本政府既强调危机观，在管理上和应急处理上不掉以轻心，但也不因噎废食，因一些个别问题而否定学生营养餐和饮用奶的作用。

Attaches great importance to food hygiene supervision.Through long-term practice,Japan has formulated the students nutrient food and drinking milk hygiene management standard,To establish the management guidance system,It formed a complete set of management measures.Japan to the primary and middle school students every day ten million people meals for milk,Every year there are food poisoning of individual case,But the proportion is very low,And take timely measures the,So did not cause social problems,Nor has he seen media hype.The main benefit from the Japanese government and people to the student nutrient food and drinking milk the recognition and attitude,In the student nutrient food and drinking milk security,The Japanese government not only emphasizes on the crisis,In the management and emergency processing don't treat STH lightly,But also don't of,For some individual students and negative nutrient food and drinking milk role.

　　充分发挥学校在学生营养餐和饮用奶推行工作中的作用。日本的每所学校都建立了以校长为中心，供餐主任、班主任和营养职员为骨干，各司其责、密切配合的工作班子。学校配餐室供餐人数550人以上的学校，配备营养职员一人，供餐人数549人以下，每4所学校配备一人。而供餐中心供餐1501人以上配备2人，6001人以上为3人。以东京都多摩市立供餐中心为例，日供餐5100份，供餐中心工作人员32名。其中教育委员会固定人员10人、聘用18人、运餐司机4人，负责供应15所学校的营养午餐。

Give full play to the school in the student nutrient food and drinking milk implementation of the function of the work.Japan's every school are set up with the principal as the center,Meals director/The teacher in charge and nutrition staff as the backbone,Each department is responsible for/Closely cooperate with team work.School pantries for meal number more than 550 schools,Equipped with nutrition staff one,The number of meals under 549 people,Every four schools equipped with one person.And for meal center for more than 1501 people meals with 2 people,More than 6001 people for three people.With the city more than Tokyo for meal center as an example,For dinner, 5100 copies,Feeding center staff and name.The education commission permanent staff 10 people/Hire 18 people/Luck meal driver four people,Responsible for the supply of 15 school nutritional lunch.

　　在推行学生营养餐和饮用奶的过程中，日本十分重视营养师的培养，全国现有为学校供餐配备的营养师1万多名，保障学校午餐的营养需求和质量安全。在日本的学校午餐中，牛奶是主要食品之一，是蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素尤其是钙的重要来源。日本政府要求学生午餐要用100%的国产鲜奶做学生饮用奶，小学生每日供奶200毫升，中学生300毫升，年供奶为195天。此外，日本还非常重视学生的营养教育，在中小学校设立营养教员，针对中小学生饮食生活中的主要问题，开展健康教育和饮食教育，对学生的教育科目和有关活动进行指导。东京都多摩市立聖个丘小学在校学生280名，正式教师19名，与其他两所学校一起配备营养教师1名，负责学生的“食育”教育。

In carrying out its students and drinking milk in the process,Japan attaches great importance to the cultivation of dieticians,For the existing school feeding the nutritionists equipped with more than 10000,Security of the school lunch nutrition demand, safety and quality.In Japan the school lunch,Milk is one of the main food,Is protein/fat/minerals/Vitamin especially important source of calcium.The Japanese government required students to lunch to use 100% of the domestic milk do students drinking milk,Primary school students daily for milk 200 ml,Middle school students 300 ml,Years for milk for 195 days.In addition,Japan also attaches great importance to the students' nutrition education,In primary and secondary schools teachers set up nutrition,According to the primary and middle school students diet main troubles in life,To carry out health education and dietary education,To student's education course and relevant activities for guidance.The Tokyo city more holy a hill elementary school students is 280,Formal teacher 19,Together with other two schools equipped with nutrition teacher one,Responsible for the students'"Food brood"education.

　　实行政府补贴政策。日本学校营养餐支出由三部分组成，即地方政府支付，中央政府补贴和家长支付。地方政府支付约占50%，中央政府补贴约占6%，家长支付约占44%。中央政府补贴主要用于午餐补贴费，占10%；食物支出，占32.6%(牛奶价格补贴占20.7%)，厨房设施与设备补助，占9.0%，营养人员工资，占47.6%。多摩市供餐中心的一份营养午餐，在餐馆制作费用需600日元，在家庭需480日元，而家长每份只需支付220-278日元。对学生饮用奶，日本政府根据不同地域条件进行补贴，2012年日本政府财政提供学生饮用奶补助达到了864亿日元。

A government subsidy policy.Japan school nutrient food expenditure consists of three parts,That is the local government pay,The central government subsidies and parents pay.Local government for about 50%,The central government subsidy accounts for about 6%,Parents pay for about 44%.The central government subsidy is mainly used for lunch subsidy,10%;Food expenditure,Accounted for 32.6%(Milk price subsidies accounted for 20.7%),The kitchen facilities and equipment subsidies,9.0%,Nutrition personnel salary,Accounted for 47.6%.The city more than for the center of the meal a nutritional lunch,In the restaurant to make cost 600 yen,In the family need to 480 yen,And parents each to pay 220-278 yen.Drinking milk for the students,The Japanese government according to different regional conditions for subsidies,In 2012 the Japanese government fiscal provide students drinking milk subsidies to 86.4 billion yen.

　　通过50多年学生营养餐和饮用奶的推行，日本中小学生的健康水平、身高与体重发生了巨大的变化。据统计，从1950年至2000年，日本6岁男儿童、14岁男中学生身高分别增长8.1厘米和18.2厘米，体重分别增长3.3公斤和15.8公斤；6岁女儿童、14岁女中学生身高分别增长8厘米和10.2厘米，体重分别增长3.4公斤和9.5公斤。昔日“矮小日本人”的形象得到根本改变。同时，促进了奶业的发展。目前，学生奶约占全国液体奶市场的9%。

Through more than 50 years students nutrient food and drinking milk implementation,Japan's primary and middle school students health level/Height and weight great changes have taken place.According to the statistics,From 1950 to 2000,Japan 6 years old male children/14 years old NanZhong students height growth respectively 8.1 cm and 18.2 cm,Weight growth respectively 3.3 kg and 15.8 kg;6 years old female children/14 years old female students respectively height growth 8 cm and 10.2 cm,Weight growth respectively 3.4 kg and 9.5 kg.former"Small Japanese"Image get fundamental change.At the same time,To promote the development of the dairy industry.At present,Students milk accounts for about 9% of the liquid milk market.

对新疆推行“学生饮用奶计划”工作的启示 Implementation of xinjiang"Students drinking milk plan"Work enlightenment

　　新疆自治区“学生饮用奶计划”始于2002年，按照国家“学生饮用奶计划”部际协调小组的要求和自治区人民政府安排，首先在库尔勒、克拉玛依和昌吉等城市进行了试点。

Xinjiang autonomous region"Students drinking milk plan"Started in 2002,According to the national"Students drinking milk plan"BuJi coordination group requirements and autonomous region people's government arrangement,First in korla/Karamay and changji city, such as the pilot.

　　2009年，自治区人民政府《关于稳定奶业发展的意见》(新政发［2009］29号)出台后，正式拉开了新疆学生饮用奶大规模推行的序幕。从2009年6月1日起，自治区采取财政补贴的办法，在全区15个地州(市)22个县(市)城镇九年义务教育阶段的中小学中全面推行“学生饮用奶计划”。目前，享受这一政府财政补贴政策的中小学生794112人，占全区义务教育阶段在校中小学生的26.3%。

In 2009,,The people's government of the autonomous region[About the opinions of the stable development of dairy industry](The new ZhengFa [2009] no. 29)Issued after,Officially opened xinjiang students drinking milk is the prelude of large-scale implementation.From 2009 June 1,Autonomous regions to take fiscal subsidy way,In the 15 ground state(city)22 counties(city)Town nine years of compulsory education stage in the full implementation of the primary and secondary schools"Students drinking milk plan".At present,Enjoy the government financial subsidy policy of small and medium-sized student 794112 people,The obligation of education stage 26.3% of elementary and middle school students.

　　2012年3月，自治区农村义务教育“学生营养改善计划”试点工作在南疆三地州24个县(市)和伊犁、塔城、阿勒泰、博州7县市启动，通过这一政策享受学生饮用牛奶的中小学生637685人。两项“计划”享受政府财政补贴饮用牛奶的中小学生1431797人，占全疆义务教育阶段在校中小学生的47.4%。

In march of 2012,Autonomous regions of rural compulsory education"Students nutrition improvement plan"Pilot work in southern three ground state 24 counties(city)Ili and/tacheng/altay/BoZhou 7 counties start,Through this policy to enjoy drinking milk students of primary and middle school students 637685 people.two"plan"Enjoy government financial subsidies drinking milk primary and secondary school students 1431797 people,Account for the additional obligation education stage 47.4% of elementary and middle school students.

　　但总体上，新疆“学生饮用奶计划”还处在起步阶段，覆盖面和水平还相对较低，制度上、机制上还有很多方面需要完善。而日本学生营养餐与饮用奶推行的很多理念、做法和经验不仅值得我们学习和借鉴，也给我们以启示。

But on the whole,xinjiang"Students drinking milk plan"Still at the beginning stage,Coverage and level is relatively low,system/Mechanism and many aspects need to be improved.And Japanese students nutrient food and drinking milk carried out a lot of ideas/Practice and experience not only worth our studying and drawing lessons from,Also impress us.

　　提高思想认识，坚定不移地推进学生饮用奶计划。日本的成功经验和新疆近年来学生饮用奶推广工作取得的成效表明：“学生饮用奶计划”是改善中小学生营养水平，提高人口素质的有效措施。当前，我国经济社会快速发展，广大人民群众生活水平日益提高，要进一步坚定不移地推动学生饮用奶计划，扩大普及面，让更多的学生受益。决不能因为一时问题和挫折而因噎废食、停滞不前。

Improve ideological recognition,Unswervingly promote students drinking milk plan.The successful experience of Japan and xinjiang in recent years students drinking milk promotion results show that:"Students drinking milk plan"Primary and middle school students is to improve the level of nutrition,Improve the quality of the population effective measures.The current,The rapid development of our country's economy and society,The people living level is increasing day by day,To further unswervingly promote students' drinking milk plan,Expand popularization,Let more students benefit.Must not because a problem and frustration of and/stagnant.

　　推进学生饮用奶立法进程，为中小学生营养改善提供法律保障。近年来，国家和自治区在实施“学生饮用奶计划”中，相应建立了一系列规章制度，对促进和保障“学生饮用奶计划”的实施起到了重要作用。但还应进一步制定促进和提高学生营养水平的相关法律，把“学生饮用奶计划”的推行用法律的形式固定下来，保障“学生饮用奶计划”的推广和普及。

Promote students drinking milk legislation process,For primary and middle school students to improve nutrition to provide legal guarantee.In recent years,Countries and autonomous regions in the implementation"Students drinking milk plan"in,The corresponding established a series of rules and regulations,To promote and guarantee"Students drinking milk plan"Implementation played an important role.But should also be further for promoting and improving students' nutrition level of relevant laws,the"Students drinking milk plan"With the implementation of the law in the form of fixed down,security"Students drinking milk plan"In the promotion and popularization.

　　加强奶源基地建设，保护和促进我区奶业健康发展。近年来，世界各国奶业巨头抢滩我国，尤其是进口奶粉对国产奶粉造成了巨大的冲击。在实施“学生饮用奶计划”过程中，我们应学习日本，强调利用生鲜牛奶生产学生奶，引导和鼓励人们饮用国产鲜奶，为国内、区内奶业的发展提供必要的支持和保护。同时，加强奶源基地建设，规范奶牛养殖小区建设管理，确保原料奶的质量。

To strengthen the construction of the base mange,Protect and promote the healthy development of the dairy industry of our.In recent years,The countries all over the world in our country dairy giant beaching,Especially on domestic milk powder imported milk powder caused a huge impact.In the implementation of"Students drinking milk plan"process,We should learn Japanese,Emphasizes using fresh milk production students with milk,Guide and encourage people to drink domestic milk,For the domestic/The development of the dairy industry to provide the necessary support and protection.At the same time,To strengthen the construction of the base mange,Standard dairy plot, construction management,To ensure the quality of raw milk.

　　加强质量监管，提高学生饮用奶质量安全水平。目前，我国奶业市场还存在一定不规范的现象。在今后“学生饮用奶计划”推行工作中，要进一步严格卫生和质量标准，落实好学生饮用奶定点生产企业以及奶源基地认定制度和招投标制度。建立卫生、质量、工商、农业等联合执法监督的工作机制，从生产、加工、流通、食用等各环节确保学生饮用奶质量安全。

Enhancing the quality control,Improve the students' drinking milk quality security level.At present,Dairy market in our country still, there are some nonstandard phenomenon.In the future"Students drinking milk plan"Implementation in the work,To further strict health and quality standard,Implement good student drinking milk sentinel production enterprises and mange base identification system and bidding system.Establish health/quality/commerce/Agriculture and so on joint law enforcement supervision work mechanism,From the production/processing/circulation/Edible and so on various links to ensure that students drinking milk quality security.

　　加大政策扶持力度。日本学生奶计划之所以取得了较大成绩，重要的因素就是政府财政给予了大力支持。当前，新疆应在进一步强化和完善学生饮用奶政府直补政策的同时，从政策上、资金上对奶源基地建设、畜产品的质量监督检测、饮奶知识的宣传教育、新产品的研发和包装容器的改善等予以扶持，并积极探讨学生饮用奶生产企业的税收减免政策，充分调动社会各方面关注和支持“学生饮用奶计划”的积极性。

Strengthening policy support strength.Japanese students milk program is made great achievement,The important factor is government financial given strong support.The current,In xinjiang should further strengthen and perfect the students drinking milk government direct subsidy policy at the same time,From the policy/The funds to mange base construction/Animal product quality supervision and inspection/Drink milk knowledge propaganda education/New product research and development and the improvement of the container should be supported, etc,And actively explore students' drinking milk production enterprise's policy of tax reduction or exemption,Give full play to the social various aspects concern and support"Students drinking milk plan"enthusiasm.

　　加大中小学生营养教育和学生饮用奶宣传力度。新疆的学生奶计划发展时间较短，学校老师、学生家长以及学生自己对饮用牛奶的重要性、好处认识不足，普遍缺乏营养健康知识以及科学饮奶知识。应积极吸取日本在宣传教育工作中适合我国、新疆自治区实际的方法措施，完善“学生饮用奶计划”推广模式。

Increase the primary and middle school students nutrition education and students' drinking milk propaganda.Xinjiang students milk plan development time is short,School teacher/The parents of the students and the students themselves to the importance of drinking milk/Good understanding insufficiency,A general lack of nutrition and health knowledge and scientific knowledge to drink milk.Should actively learn from Japan in the propaganda education work is suitable for our country/Xinjiang autonomous region practical measures,perfect"Students drinking milk plan"Promotion mode.

　　完善危机处理机制，提高学校企业参与“学生饮用奶计划”推行工作的积极性。日本通过引入社会保险机制，建立危机管理体系，尽可以减小学生奶中毒事件的发生，是学校和企业积极参与学生饮用奶推行工作的重要原因。今后，新疆自治区应建立健全学生奶中毒应急预案，鼓励学生购买保险，降低学校、企业、家长以及学生推行和使用学生饮用奶风险压力。同时，明确学校和企业在推行学生饮用奶中的责任和权益。

Improve crisis management mechanism,Improve school enterprise participation"Students drinking milk plan"Carrying out work enthusiasm.Japan by introducing social insurance mechanism,Establish the crisis management system,Can reduce students' milk poisoning incident happened,Is the school and enterprise actively participates in the student drinking milk is an important reason for the implementation of the work.In the future,Xinjiang autonomous region shall establish perfect students milk poisoning emergency plan,Encourage students to buy insurance,Reduce school/enterprise/Parents and students' implementation and use of students' drinking milk risk pressure.At the same time,Clear schools and enterprises in the implementation of the students of drinking milk responsibility and rights.

　　(学生营养与健康特别报道 主办：教育部体育卫生与艺术教育司 国家“学生饮用奶计划”部际协调小组办公室 张志恒 安尼瓦尔·乌斯曼 李 晋 向天江)

(Students nutrition and health sponsored by the special report:The ministry of education sports health and art JiaoYuSi countries"Students drinking milk plan"BuJi coordination team office ZhangZhiHeng AnNiWaEr · monkshood weisman lee jin toward the river)