看应试教育“后遗症”在大学爆发“新生综合征”调查 See exam-oriented education"sequela"In the university outbreak"New syndrome"survey

　　大学开学已有两月，很多大一学生恐怕还没完全摆脱“新生综合征”

The university for two months,Many a freshman I'm afraid I haven't completely get rid of"New syndrome"

　　有人仍然迷茫，千方百计上了大学，如今找不到前进的动力和方向；有人感觉“失重”，原来大学生活全然不像中学老师所描绘的那样精彩；也有人正在压抑中，因为班级里“牛人”太多，自己黯然失色，或者和寝室的同学处得很不愉快，正打算提出更换室友……

Someone still confused,Leave no stone unturned to the university,Now find motivation and direction;Some people feel"weightlessness",The original university life completely don't like high school teacher painted as wonderful;Also someone is depressive,,Because in the class"Cattle people"Too much,Overshadowed by his,Or and bedroom classmates very unpleasant,Is going to replace roommate put forward...

　　几乎每一年，几乎所有大学，新生们入学总伴随着种种问题和困惑。

Almost every year,Almost all university,The new entrance total with a variety of problems and puzzles.

　　“新生综合征”为何如此普遍？在华东师范大学对外汉语学院，一支学生团队专门以此为题做了调研，而且耗时两年之久问题的复杂性，超过了之前的预期。

"New syndrome"Why are you so common?In east China normal university college of foreign language,A student team specialized subject to do the research,And take two years of the complexity of the problem,More than expected.

　　过去，教育界人士多把“新生综合征”归因于一种笼统概括，仿佛“中学求稳，大学求新”，不同的教育模式注定了大学新生有一个适应环境的过程。

In the past,Educators regard"New syndrome"Due to a general summary,As if"Middle school play safe,University innovation",Different education mode to freshmen have a adapt to the environment of the process.

　　华师大这支学生团队撰写的《大中学生学习生活心理交流活动研究基于高校与中学衔接合作的视角》调研报告则指出：“新生综合征”的根源在于我国中学和大学之间的衔接教育存在着明显的“断层”。

HuaShiDa this one student team of writing[Large middle school students learning life psychological activities research university and middle school based on the perspective of cohesive cooperation]Research report has said:"New syndrome"Is the root cause of the our country middle school and university education cohesion between exist obvious"fault".

　　即便是中学里的优秀生，很多人也难以在大学新起点上顺利扬帆起航。让他们“触礁”的，正是沿袭已久的应试教育“后遗症”。

Even high school excellent student,Many people also with difficulty in the university new starting point set sail smoothly.Let them"On the rocks"of,It is follow already a long time of exam-oriented education"sequela".

　　

【学习篇】 “课题大王”，突然顿悟 [Learning article] "Subject king",All of a sudden insight

　　给学生上基础写作课的老教授朱希祥有一个外号：“课题大王”。很多文科生想做研究，申请项目，又苦于没有课题，就去向他“讨题目”。时间长了，朱希祥算是明白了：原来学生不是不会写作，而是没有问题意识典型的应试教育“后遗症”！

To students based on writing class old professor ZhuXiXiang have a nickname:"Subject king".A lot of the school of arts living want to do research,Application project,And suffer from does not have a task,Turns to his"Please subject".Time long,ZhuXiXiang be understand:The original students are not not writing,But no problem consciousness typical exam-oriented education"sequela"!

　　今年60岁的华师大教授朱希祥，在对外汉语系常年开设“基础写作”专业课。此次“新生综合征”调研，正是朱希祥出的题目。虽说该课题最后入选国家大学生创新性实验计划项目，但调研的由头，却是一桩不怎么光彩的小事。

This year at the age of 60 HuaShiDa ZhuXiXiang professor,In foreign because open all the year round"Basic writing"Specialized course.the"New syndrome"research,It is ZhuXiXiang out questions.Although the subject in the national college students' innovative experiment program,But the research way,It is a pile not how glorious things.

　　几乎每一年，朱希祥都要评阅新生交来的作业。和很多大学老师一样，他对新生的论文写作水平不敢恭维。

Almost every year,ZhuXiXiang will review the new pay to homework.And a lot of university teacher,He to the newborn thesis writing level can't compliment.

　　记忆犹新的是2010年，那时上海召开世博会，朱希祥即兴布置了作业，让学生到世博园区考察，并以世博园区里的中华美食为题，写一篇调查报告。收上来一看，他吓了一跳，有学生的文章竟以“今天天气晴朗，世博园热闹非凡……”开头。

Fresh is the year 2010,At that time held the world expo in Shanghai,ZhuXiXiang improvisational arrangement homework,Let the students to the expo site investigation,And in an area of the Chinese food issues,To write a report.Accept to come up on see,He was startled,Have students' articles have to"The weather is sunny today,It seems very busy..."beginning.

　　在学院里，这个教写作的老教授还有一个外号“课题大王”。如今的大学里，“挑战杯”之类旨在鼓励大学生从事创新创业的实践活动和项目很多，人气很旺。在这些赛事面前，理工科学生有明显专业优势，课题手到擒来；而对整天泡在中外典籍里的文科生来说，申请创新课题实在不易。

In college,The old professor to teach writing and a nickname"Subject king".Today's university,"Challenge cup"And so on aims to encourage college students engaged in creative practical activity and project a lot,Was popular.In front of these events,The students of science and engineering have obvious advantages,Topic in hand over piacenza;And to all day long bubble is in Chinese and foreign books for of liberal arts,Apply for innovation subject really difficult.

　　“刚开始，有学生说他们想不出题目，但又不愿错过这个锻炼能力的机会。我觉得挺好，就帮他们出点子。”后来，学生们发现这位教授出的点子很容易在学校和院系的答辩中“过关”，申请到一些课题经费，就纷纷前来“讨题目”。

"Just began to,Have students said they can't think of a topic,But they don't want to miss this chance to exercise ability.I think it is good,Will help them make Suggestions."later,The students find the professor out ideas easily in schools and departments in the defense"pass",Apply to some project funds,To have"Please subject".

　　朱希祥突然有所领悟：原来，包括新生在内，很多大学生不是写作水平有限，而是他们没有想法，根本不会探究问题！

ZhuXiXiang suddenly insights:The original,Including freshmen,,Many college students writing level is not limited,But they have no idea,Don't explore problems!

　　早年去日本访学，朱希祥曾在当地小学课堂上看到老师布置这样的题目：从你家到学校的路上，会遇到多少种不同的窨井盖，研究这个问题并写一份调查；市场上有很多不同的豆腐，以“豆腐文化”为主题，做一些调查研究……但参与过中学语文教材编写的朱希祥知道，类似训练在国内的中小学课堂上至今都是缺失的。

Early visit to Japan to learn,ZhuXiXiang worked in local primary school class teacher assigned to see this topic:On the way from home to school,Will encounter many different inspection well cover,Study the problem and write a survey;There are a lot of different tofu,to"Bean curd culture"As the theme,Do some research...But participated in the middle school language teaching material compilation of ZhuXiXiang know,Similar training in domestic middle and primary school class so far are missing.

　　两年前，有学生“吐槽”，说自己在高中阶段是班里的尖子生，但到了大学表现平平。这类牢骚，朱希祥每年都能听到。那一回，他顺口说了一句，“你们把自己的问题当课题研究一下不就行了”。

Two years ago,Have the students"Vomit tank",Says he is in high school stage is the top student in the class,But in the university performance go.This kind of complaints,ZhuXiXiang can hear every year.The time,He read smoothly said 1,"Your own problem when the subject study not to go".

　　就这样，四个女生开始草拟研究框架和调研方法。

so,Four girls began to draw up a research framework and research methods.

　　

“表达障碍”，新生的通病 "Express obstacles",New common fault

　　大学推出的导师制，遭遇不少新生“吐槽”：一学期只见一次，谈话几分钟草草结束，导师似乎“名存实亡”。可曾料想，导师制推行艰难，和新生的表达障碍也有直接关联？

University launched the tutorial system,Encounter many new"Vomit tank":A term only once,Talk a few minutes caocao end,Teacher seems to"Exist in name only".Did you ever expect,Tutorial system implementation of difficult,And the new expression disorder also have direct correlation?

　　已读研究生一年级的卢璐，是“新生综合征”课题调研组成员之一。发调研问卷时，她曾和同伴跑到新生宿舍，请大一学妹配合。不料，“有人直接问，你们的调研和我有什么关系，为什么要配合？”“在大学遇到的困难是个人隐私，无可奉告。”

Has read a graduate student of grade one LuLu,is"New syndrome"Subject research group one of the members.Hair when investigation questionnaire,She had and companions ran to the newborn dormitory,Please freshman the lower classwoman fit.behold,"Asked directly,Your research and I have what relation,Why do you want to cooperate with?""In the university the difficulty they have ever met be personal privacy,No comment."

　　也有新生勉强收下问卷，一堆打钩的选择题很快做完了。但要回答一些开放式问题，比如，用几句话概括在大学遇到的困难，做一个简单排序，卢璐得到的答复多半是“学习困难”“生活不习惯”“人际交往困难”等笼统的词汇。还有受访的新生直接告诉卢璐，“感觉自己问题挺多，就是不知道该怎么把问题讲出来”……

Also have new reluctantly accepted questionnaire,A pile of off to choose soon finished.But to answer some open questions,For example,In a few words in the university in difficulties,Do a simple sort,LuLu get reply mostly"Learning difficulties""Life is not used to""Interpersonal difficulties"General vocabulary, etc.And the surveyed freshman tell LuLu,"Feel a lot problems,Just don't know how to speak out the problem"...

　　在朱希祥看来，调研时发现的新生“表达障碍”，和课堂上的情况如出一辙。“当我在课堂上给出一堆材料，请学生看完以后做一些概括，表达自己的看法和观点时，很少有人会主动发言。即便勉强发言，学生多半是信口开河，语言表达的条理性较差。”但如果换一种方式，让学生拿着材料回去思考，以书面形式谈个人看法，经过一些学术训练的学生还能言之有物。

In ZhuXiXiang seems,Research found that new"Express obstacles",And the class situation be exactly the same."When I was in the classroom is a heap of material,Students please see after doing some generalization,Express your opinions and views,Few people will be active to speak.Even barely speak,Most of the students is nonsense,Language expression with poor sense of order."But if in a way,Let the students take materials back to think about,In writing about personal view,After some academic training students can also having substance in speech.

　　这是横在中学教育和大学教育之间的又一道裂缝学生的感性表达尚可，但是基于逻辑思维和概括的理性表达能力十分薄弱！

This is the cross in the middle school education and university education and a crack between students' perceptual expression fair,But based on logical thinking and the rational generalization ability is very weak!

　　原因众所周知，中学教学仍以教师和教材为中心，缺少互动情境的体验，学生进大学后，无法适应大学教育的节奏和课堂要求。

Reason it is well known,The middle school teaching still with the teacher and the material as the center,The lack of interactive situation experience,Students in university,Can't adapt to college education of rhythm and class requirements.

　　调研中，卢璐团队发现了一个更为严峻的问题：新生的“表达障碍”甚至会消解很多大学新生教育所承载的一些功能。

Research in,LuLu team found a more serious problem:new"Express obstacles"Even eliminate a lot of freshman education bearing of some functions.

　　最典型的是“导师制”。为帮助新生尽快融入大学生活，对大学的学科专业有深入了解，一些大学不仅配备辅导员，还为新生配备专业导师、学导。但事实上，多数新生见了导师后不知道自己该说什么。他们即使有很多困惑，也无法组织成理性的语言传达给老师，而是更愿意听老师的意见。一学期见一次，谈话几分钟草草结束，这让师生双方都感觉“导师制”宛如作秀，名存实亡。

The most typical example is"Tutorial system".To help students get into the university life,To the university professional disciplines have in-depth understanding,Some universities not only equipped with counselor,For new equipped with professional teacher/Learning guide.But in fact,Most new saw the teacher after don't know oneself what to say.They even have a lot of confusion,Can't organized into rational language communicates to the teacher,But more willing to listen to the teacher's advice.A semester to see a,Talk a few minutes caocao end,This makes both teachers and students feel"Tutorial system"Like show,Exist in name only.

　　一些学校担任“学导”的多为本科高年级的学生，本身还处在成长探索阶段，他们对于大学社团、专业、学生组织和就业的看法大相径庭，这令新生们更加无所适从。

Some schools as"Learning guide"For more senior undergraduates students,Itself is still in growth stage of exploration,They for the university community/professional/Student organization and employment views vary widely,This makes the new students more at loose ends.

　　

【心理篇】 男女新生，有不一样的入学问题 [Psychological article] New men and women,A different entrance problem

　　在欧美国家，很多新生的心理问题会集中反映在行为和情绪上。男生会加入狂饮的行列，而体重增加会让女生陷入进食障碍。

In the European and American countries,A lot of new psychological problems will focus on reflected in behavior and emotional.The boy will join dionysian ranks,And weight gain will let girls into eating disorders.

　　为弥合中学教育的缺失，这份调研报告中提出了一个新名词：大学始业教育。

Built for the lack of middle school education,This research report puts forward a new expression:University education initial.

　　卢璐说，这是她们团队利用自己的专业优势，在对照国外学生在大中学过渡阶段的问题研究后得出的。

LuLu said,This is their team use their own professional advantage,In contrast with foreign students in secondary transition phase problem study concluded.

　　“大多数国内高校的始业教育内容单一，基本以军训国防教育开头，没有专门的课程向学生介绍其专业、教学计划、专业特色等与学生发展息息相关的信息。”调研报告继而指出，国内高校的始业教育还有一处明显硬伤，即没有专门的课程或讲座来告知新生在大学入学过渡阶段可能遇到的心理问题以及应对方式。

"Most of the domestic university of initial education content single,Basic military training in defense education beginning,There is no specific course introduces students to the professional/Teaching plan/Professional characteristics and students' development of closely related information."Research report pointed out then,Domestic university initial education still have a place obvious mechanical damage,There is no special courses or lecture to inform the new college entrance transition stage might have psychological problems and coping styles.

　　国外的一些心理学研究表明，在从高中过渡到大学时，由于学习环境、学习方式和周边环境的改变，新生可能会产生一系列的心理问题。

Some overseas psychology study,In the transition from high school to college,Due to the learning environment/Learning style and the change of the surrounding environment,New may produce a series of psychological problems.

　　在一些欧美国家，大学新生的行为问题，主要表现为狂饮和进食障碍。美国两位心理学专家2007年出具的一份调查表明，进入大学后，会有更多的学生尤其是男生，加入狂饮的行列。新生过量饮酒的频率较高，饮酒的次数也会增加。而女生进入大学后，体重增加是导致她们产生情绪问题的“导火索”。

In some European and American countries,Freshmen's behavior problems,Main show is binge drinking and eating disorders.The United States two psychology experts in 2007 issued by a survey,After entering the university,There will be more students especially boys,To join the ranks of the spree.New excessive drinking frequency is higher,The number of drinking will also increase.And girls after entering university,Weight gain is that they produce emotional issues"fuse".

　　国外有一种说法叫做“Freshman 15”，意思是大学新生普遍会增肥15磅，而对体重增加的恐惧则可能诱发进食障碍。有研究报告证实，虽然“增肥15磅”的说法夸张，但女生进入大学后的体重确有显著增加，且进食障碍患者在新生中的比例确有上升。

Foreign countries have a kind of view is called"Freshman 15",Generally mean freshmen will add fertilizer 15 pounds,And to the fear of weight gain may induce eating disorders.Studies have confirmed the report,although"Fattening 15 pounds"Statement exaggerated,But the girl after entering university weight has increased significantly,And eating disorders in patients with the ratio of freshmen have rise.

　　基于不同国家的文化，环境差异会让中外学生在进入大学后有不同的心理变化和表现，男女之间也有明显差异。但可惜的是，国内学者在这一领域的相关研究还非常少。

Based on the different culture of different country,Environmental difference will make Chinese and foreign students in the university have different psychological changes and performance,Between the men and women also have obvious difference.But it's a pity,The domestic scholars in this field of research is very little.

　　卢璐介绍，根据她们的初步调查，国内心理学界多将中学到大学过渡阶段学生容易出现的心理问题概括为大致四个方面，包括人际交往障碍、学习焦虑、自我同一性危机以及抑郁等。但这些研究目前多数还停留于理论探索阶段，只有少数从事高校心理卫生工作的教师和心理咨询师有条件做实证研究。

LuLu introduced,According to their preliminary investigation,Domestic more than the psychological educational world will high school to university students transition stage is easy to appear the psychological problems summarized as roughly four aspects,Including interpersonal barriers/Learning anxiety/Ego identity crisis and depression, etc.But these research at present most still in the theoretical exploration stage,Only a few engaged in college psychological health work of teachers and psychological consultants have conditions to do empirical study.

　　

表面很开朗，其实缺乏安全感 Surface is very cheerful,In fact the lack of a sense of security

　　这是一位大学辅导员的观察：班里的“90后”学生个性张扬，多才多艺，排个节目顺手就来。但不少新生的真实一面却是孤独的“分子”，缺乏安全感……

This is a college counselor observation:class"After 90"Students' individual character make public,versatile,Row a program without extra trouble will come.But many new real side is lonely"molecular",The lack of a sense of security...

　　事实上，新生心理承受能力薄弱，已经让很多高校辅导员感到棘手。

In fact,New psychology to bear ability is weak,Have already made a college counselor feel difficult.

　　在华师大，王郦玉常年担任辅导员，面对如今高校里的“90后”新生群体，她的第一感觉是，他们要比过去的“80后”学生活跃、开朗，个性也更张扬，自我表现欲望更强。

In HuaShiDa,WangLiYu perennial as a counselor,Facing now in universities"After 90"Freshman group,Her first feeling is,They than the past"After 80"Students active/cheerful,Personality is more make public,Self-expression desire more strong.

　　早些年，王郦玉带的班级要排演一台文艺晚会，节目得东拼西凑。可现在不同了，班里学生四五个会弹古筝，还有小提琴十级、钢琴十级、二胡十级……每到有文艺汇演，大家都抢着上台。

In earlier years,The king Li jade belt class and grade to rehearsal a literature evening party,The show must scrape together.But now it is different,Four or five students in the class can play the guzheng,And the violin ten level/Piano ten level/Erhu ten level...Each to literature and art joint performance,Everyone scrambled on stage.

　　但这样一个活泼的群体，却是由很多孤独“分子”组成的。王郦玉发现，越来越多的“90后”新生缺乏安全感，这和学生的家庭结构紧密相关。“从两三年前开始，我发现班级里来自单亲家庭的孩子一下子多了起来，很多指向学生家庭和家长的问题在沟通中是被回避的，学生们不愿意谈。”

But such a lively group,It is by a lot of loneliness"molecular"Composed of.WangLiYu found,More and more"After 90"New lacking a sense of security,This and students' family structure closely related."From two or three years ago,I find the class from the children of single-parent families suddenly more up,A lot of students and parents to family problems in communication is inevitable,The students don't want to talk about."

　　根据卢璐团队的调研，家庭环境是造成大学生抑郁的一个重要原因。分析认为，非独生子女的抑郁水平要高于独生子女，这主要是由于非独生子女学生生源往往来自农村地区，父母文化水平较低，家庭经济条件差，此类学生能够得到的来自父母的支持很少，且更易产生自卑情绪和社交挫折。

According to the LuLu team's research,Family environment is caused by the college students' depression is an important reason.According to analysis,Not only child's depression level than only children,This is mainly due to the singleton female students often students from rural areas,Parents cultural level is low,Family economic condition is poor,Such students can get very little support from their parents,And are more likely to produce inferiority and social setbacks.

　　此外，进入大学后，人际关系的多样化、功利化和个体背景的差异都给人际交往造成更多障碍。一些新生无法处理好人际关系，遭遇挫折后容易发生社交退缩、自我封闭，变得性格孤僻，从而诱发抑郁症状。

In addition,After entering the university,The diversification of interpersonal relationship/Utilitarian and individual differences in background to interpersonal caused more obstacles.Some freshmen can't handle interpersonal relationships,After setbacks prone to social withdrawal/isolation,Becomes eccentric,Thus induced depressive symptoms.

　　“大学和中学间的衔接教育不能只停留在课业和学术研究层面，更重要的是，要对新生的心理健康给予足够的关注。”

"University and middle school connection between education should not stay in the academic and research level,More important is,To freshman mental health to give enough attention."

　　在调研报告中，卢璐团队建议大学应在学生入校初期，对新生的学习生活和心理状况开展调查，进而开设补偿教育课程。对于缺乏必要大学学习能力的新生、有意向转专业的学生以及情绪低落的学生，即心理状况还没有出现问题的普通学生，也要给予关注。(记者 樊丽萍)

In the survey report,LuLu team suggest university should be in the early students had been offered admission,The new study life and mental status survey,Then set up compensation education course.For lack of necessary university learning ability of the new life/Have a mind turn professional students and depressed student,Namely the psychological situation had still not appeared problems of ordinary students,Also give attention.(Reporter FanLiPing)

　　

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