二代收入差距背后 The second generation behind the income gap

　　

这仍然是一个“老子英雄儿好汉”的时代吗？ It is still a"Lao tze YingXiongEr hero"Era??

　　

清华大学中国经济社会中心和湖南省委党校选择了相似的课题 Tsinghua university China's economic and social center and hunan provincial party committee party school choice a similar topic

　　

父母身份对子女的影响结果都指向一点： Parents identity to children's effect all point to point:

　　

父母的身份很大程度上决定子女的收入、地位；公务人员父母对子女收入的影响更大。 The identity of the parents largely determine their children's income/status;Public official parents for their children more influence income.

　　李宏彬递给记者一本《大学生调查论文集》，今年5月成书，论文来源于清华大学中国经济社会数据中心于2010年五六月间开展的第一轮中国大学生就业追踪调查，关注的是：什么决定了大学生的收入和代际传递的问题。

LiHongBin handed reporter a book[College students' essays on investigation],In may this year writing,The paper comes from tsinghua university China's economic and social data center in 2010 in May or June the first round of Chinese college students employment tracking survey,Concern is:What determines the college students' income and intergenerational transmission problems.

　　李宏彬，现任中国经济社会数据中心常务副主任，长江学者特聘教授，斯坦斯大学经济学博士，博导。

LiHongBin,The current China's economic and social data center executive vice director,Cheung kong scholars distinguished professor,Stan, dr. In economics, university of,doctoral.

　　作为这次调查的主要领导者，李宏彬参与了前期设计和后期结果讨论的全过程。从调查到出论文，持续了三年。在这场调查中，父母中至少一人为公务人员(包括党政机关、事业单位和国有企业)的大学生，成为他们关注的一个题目。接受调查的有来自19所高校的6059名应届毕业生，其中14%的大学生是所谓的官员子女。

As the research main leader,LiHongBin participated in the prophase design and discussion of the results later process.From the survey to the paper,Lasted three years.In this investigation,Parents at least one person as a public official(Including party and government organs/Institutions and state-owned enterprise)Of college students,Become their focus on a topic.Accept the investigation from the universities of 6059 graduates,14% of the college students is the so-called officials children.

　　他翻开271页，是一篇题为《父母的政治资本如何影响子女在劳动力市场中的表现？》的论文。论文的结果是：父母的政治资本对高校毕业生第一份工作的工资存在显著正向的影响，公务人员子女大学毕业生的起薪比其他人高出13%(约280元/月)。公务人员子女大学生在劳动力市场有显著的工资溢价的情况。

He opened the 271 pages,Is an essay on[Parents' political capital affect how children's performance in the Labour market?]paper.The paper is the result of:Parents' political capital on the university graduate's first job pay significant positive influence,Public official children college graduates was 13% higher than the others starting salary(About 280 yuan/month).Civil servants in the Labour market children college students has significant wage premium situation.

　　李宏彬说：“这篇写得很隐讳。”

LiHongBin said:"This article writes very avoid mentioning."

　　他们只能推测，造成这种现象“可能是父母与估值之间有某种特殊的关系，也可能是父母有着更好的获取信息的渠道。”

They can only speculate,Cause this phenomenon"May is between parents and valuations have a special relationship,Also may be parents have better access to information channels."

　　他们也排除了诸多可能，譬如：是不是这些子女学习成绩更好、个人素质更高而直接影响了工资高？是不是他们在大学期间通过学生干部和技术证书等积累了更多人力资本而影响了工资……研究组给出了一系列周密的经济学公式发现，这些可观测到的学生自己的特征并不能解释这种工资溢价。

They also ruled out many may,For example:These children are better grades/Personal higher quality and has a direct effect on the high wages?If they were during the university through the student cadres and technology certificate of accumulated more human capital and affect the salary……The team gives a series of careful economics formula discovery,These can be observed students of their own characteristics and can't explain the wage premium.

　　相反，“有一部分是我们(研究者)无法观察到的，但是雇主能观察到。”一些不可观测到的因素与其父母的政治资本相关。

instead,"Some are we(The researchers)Cannot be observed,But the employer can be observed."Some do not observed factors and its parents' political capital related.

　　调查发现，在控制父母的其他特征，如户口、收入、教育等因素的影响后，父母政治资本的影响甚至更大了。做这份研究，持续了三年。李宏彬说，“现在还在不断出论文。这是一个大家熟悉的话题，做这个调查，是想从学术上做一次探讨，对人们熟悉的现象做一些科学分析，数据设计，找到一些数据的证据而已。”

Survey found,Parents in the control of the other characteristics,Such as account/income/Education after the influence of such factors as,The influence of parents political capital even more big.Do this research,Lasted three years.LiHongBin said,"Now also constantly out of paper.This is a familiar topic,Do the survey,Want to do a technically discussed,For people familiar phenomenon do some scientific analysis,Data design,Find some data evidence just."

　　这的确是个再熟悉不过的话题。

It is a familiar topic again.

　　2010年7月1日，《人民日报》登出一篇名为《为二代创建公平的竞技场》的文章说道，“……一部分人先富起来，形成了阶层差别，换代之际，恰恰形成了一批富二代，官二代，二代农民工……他们有的是背景，我们有的是背影……”

On July 1, 2010,[People's Daily]Published a paper named[For the second generation create fair arena]Article said,"……Some people to get rich,Formed a class differences,Generation of,On the formation of a batch of rich the second generation,Officer the second generation,The second generation peasant workers……They have a plenty of background,We have a plenty of figure……"

　　另一位学者，湖南省委党校人口研究所研究员豆小红，也在关注代际关系。让他自己都感到尴尬的是，同样是“穷二代”的自己，一路拼搏，读完了博士，依旧没有实现上层梦，“每个月工资才3000多，能怎么办呢？起点就不公平。”

Another scholars,Hunan provincial party committee party school population researcher at the institute of small red beans,Also pay attention to relation between generations.Let him feel awkward is,The same is"Poor second generation"own,Struggle all the way,After the reading of the doctor,Still didn't realize the dream,"Every monthly wages to more than 3000,What I can do??Starting point is not fair."

　　在豆小红的研究中，把二代们的境遇分为：上层、上中层、中层、中下层、下层。

In the study of small red beans,The second generation of the situation is divided into:upper/ShangZhongCeng/middle/increases/lower.

　　他的研究结果显示，父辈是中下层的223名受访者中，有160人同样居于中下层；而父辈属于上层的30人，无一人“堕”入下层，落入中下层的只有2人，落入中层的也只有3人。他的调查似乎佐证了“收入阶层固化说”。在“富二代”、“官二代”面前，“穷二代”永远没有平等的竞技机会。

His research results show that,Elder is some lower-level 223 respondents,There are 160 people in the same resourse;Parents and belong to the top 30 people,No one"fall"Into lower,Fall into some lower-level only 2 people,Fall into the middle of the only three people.His investigation seems to support"Income levels, curing said".in"Rich the second generation"/"Officer the second generation"before,"Poor second generation"Never equal competitive opportunities.

　　有趣的是，在李宏彬和他的同事的调查中，公务人员子女被公务员录取的比例远高于其他人员。而且“这些录取上公务员的大学生成绩似乎更差”。这着实让他吃了一惊。

Interesting is,In LiHongBin and his colleagues survey,Public official children be civil servants admission proportion is far higher than other personnel.and"These admission on civil servants of college students result seems to be worse".This really made he ate a surprised.

　　

对话李宏彬 Dialogue LiHongBin

　　

给“二代们”公平的竞技场 to"The second generation"Fair arena

　　

Q =《中国周刊》 Q =[The China weekly]

　　

A =李宏彬 A = LiHongBin

　　

二代问题的本质 The essence of the second generation problem

　　Q：我关注到，在这6000多份调查问卷里，你们并没有着重关注和研究“富二代”问题，为什么？

Q:I pay attention to,In the more than 6000 in the questionnaire,And you did not focus on and study"Rich the second generation"problems,why?

　　A：其实问卷涵盖大量的信息，只是我们发表的文章是有关这个话题的。相对而言，“富二代”问题严重性小一点，关键是看财富获得的方式。比如“富二代”的财富是其父辈通过个人能力和努力获得的，不应该过分干涉。我们不能阻止大家去创造财富，社会最有效率的状态是让有能力的并努力的人们获得应有的回报。

a:Actually the questionnaire covers a large amount of information,We just published articles on this topic.relatively,"Rich the second generation"Little problem severity,The key is to see the way for wealth.For example"Rich the second generation"Wealth is the father through the personal ability and effort,Should not be too much interference.We can't stop you to create wealth,Society's most efficiency of the state is to let the ability of the effort and the people obtain repayment.

　　在我们不完全市场化的时候，权力是值钱的。譬如，孩子要上好的小学，有人需要交30万，他们不用交就能上。为什么？这种情况导致的最严重问题是，有可能降低社会经济的效率、带来社会不公。在法治健全的国家，这种情况比较少见。

In we don't fully market-oriented time,Power is valuable.For example,Children to good primary school,Someone need to hand over 300000,They do not pay can on.why?This kind of situation in the most serious problem is,Likely to reduce the social and economic efficiency/Bring social injustice.In the rule of law perfect state,This kind of circumstance is rare.

　　Q：在完全市场经济状态下，仇富的心理会不会指向“富二代”？

Q:In the complete market economy condition,Ressentiment psychological will point"Rich the second generation"?

　　A：在市场经济状态下，富人做什么无可厚非。你看像美国的希尔顿集团的继承人，做很多奇怪的事。在美国没有人仇她，仇她干嘛？钱是人家自己的，爱干什么干什么，无可厚非，如果她触犯了法律，那就要受到法律的制裁。富本身并不是问题，主要看致富的方式，用权力换取财富才是问题。

a:In a market economy condition,The rich do understandable.You see like America's Hilton heir,Do a lot of strange things.In the United States have no enmity she,Scores she why?Money is somebody else's own,To do what,understandable,If she broke the law,That will be punished by the law.Rich in itself is not a problem,Basically see the way to get rich,Use power in exchange for wealth is the question.

　　

给穷人更多机会 To the poor more opportunities

　　Q：二代并不是现在才有，但是最近却被广泛关注，为什么？

Q:The second generation and not now have,But recently are widely attention,why?

　　A：所有的时代都有这个问题。以前社会资源少，大家也看不到。只不过现在信息渠道通畅，更容易曝光。权力转移给自己的孩子，之所以成为问题，是因为这种转移降低了社会流动性和经济效率，长此以往，就会积累很多社会问题。穷人们的机会被挤压，他们总要找个出口，就会造成社会动荡。

a:All the age has the problem.Before less social resources,You can't see.Just now information channel unobstructed,Easier to exposure.Power transfer to their children,Is a problem,Because this kind of transfer reduces the social mobility and economic efficiency,In the long run,Will accumulate a lot of social problems.Poor people's the chance to be extrusion,They always want to find a export,It will cause social unrest.

　　

Q：二代问题的本质是什么？ Q:The second generation the nature of this issue is what?

　　A：最本质上是社会效率和公平的问题，健康的社会秩序下，应该是每个人都有机会上升，社会是流动的，而不是穷人永远穷，富人永远富。核心问题还是权力高度集中于政府，二代只是这种矛盾的一个体现，没有二代问题也会有其他问题出现。

a:The most is essentially a social efficiency and fair question,Health under the social order,Should be each person has a chance to rise,Society is the flow,Rather than the poor always poor,Rich always rich.The core problem or highly centralized power in the government,The second generation of this contradiction is a reflect,No second generation problem also can have other problems.

　　现在很多人不高兴，原因之一是收入分配差距拉大。过去的三十年里，迅速富起了一帮人。这里面也有运气的成分，赶上了机遇和没赶上机遇的人差别会很大。如果机遇不好的人没有机会改变自己和下一代的命运，这种社会流动性小，社会矛盾会很大。

Now many people are not happy,One reason is that the income distribution gap widening.The past 30 years,Rapid rich up a group of people.It also has an element of luck,Catch the opportunity and missed opportunities people the difference will be very big.If opportunity bad people do not have the opportunity to change themselves and the fate of the next generation,This kind of social mobility small,Social contradictions will be very big.

　　

Q：怎么样才能做到公平？ Q:How can ability do a fair?

　　A：经济学上讲公平，是指规则的公平，过程的公平，所有人有同样的机会参与公平竞争。结果如何那就要看先天基因和后天努力了，而不是结果都一样就是公平。就像博尔特，他天赋高，后天又努力训练，跑得最快，我们不能要求所有人和他跑得一样快才算公平。不管你是“官二代”还是“富二代”还是“穷二代”，都有机会，都遵守一样的规则去平等竞技，这才是公平。

a:Speak fair on economics,Refers to the rules of the fair,Process fair,All people have the same opportunities to participate in the fair competition.The result that is about to see congenital gene and the day after tomorrow work hard,Rather than the result be all similar is fair.Like a bolt,His talent high,The day after tomorrow and hard training,fastest,We can't require all and he ran as fast as would be fair.No matter you are"Officer the second generation"or"Rich the second generation"or"Poor second generation",Has a chance to,Obey the same rules to equal competition,This is fair.

　　

市场化与透明化 Marketization and transparent

　　Q：有人认为，兼顾公平和社会效率，美国做得比较好。

Q:Some people think that,With due consideration to fairness and social efficiency,The United States do better.

　　A：美国也有问题，但相对比较好。当官的也都是有钱的，但他们是通过选举产生的，没钱也支撑不起选举。而且他们有监督，少有腐败。

a:The United States also have a problem,But is relatively good.Officer are also rich,But they are through elected,Have no money to also can not afford to support the election.And they have supervision,Less corruption.

　　

Q：怎样让二代们的晋升更合理些？ Q:How to make the second generation of the promotion more reasonable some?

　　A：进一步市场化。比如，应该鼓励民企办医院，要鼓励民营资本进入教育等领域，垄断是导致很多社会不公现象的根源。同时，健全法治。

a:marketization.For example,Should encourage enterprises to do the hospital,To encourage private capital into education, etc,Monopoly is lead to many social injustice at the root of the phenomenon.At the same time,Improve the rule of law.

　　Q：目前我们也看到了一些具体的措施，譬如，公务员公示制度。一定程度上遏制了官员子女暗箱操作录取的事情。你怎么看？

Q:At present, we also saw some specific measures,For example,The system of public civil servants.To a certain extent, curbed officials children black-box admit things.What do you think of?

　　A：我觉得核心不是公示，而是为什么在中国做官有那么多好处。核心的问题是，让大家不要争着去做官。在美国，不会有这么多人愿意当公务员，钱赚得不多，还不能腐败。在中国怎么这么受欢迎，就是有各种寻租机会，可以腐败。

a:I think the core is not public,But why he had passed in China there are so many good.The core of the problem is,Let everybody don't argue to view.In the United States,There won't be so many people want to work as civil servants,Earn much money,Can't corruption.In China how so popular,Is there are various rent-seeking opportunities,Can corrupt.

　　

Q：针对这些症状，最有效率和具有可操作习惯的药方是什么？ Q:In view of these symptoms,The most efficient and can be used to operating prescription is what?

　　A：现在的问题是，权力集中，而且可交易，又缺乏监督。药方还是要市场化，把权力交还给市场，在阳光下交易。不要垄断，只要存在垄断，就一定是麻烦的。官员们没利益可寻租了，没腐败可言了，做官的诱惑就小了。

a:The question now is,Power concentrated in the,And can deal,And lack of supervision and.Prescription or market,To give power back to the market,In the sunshine trading.Don't monopoly,As long as there is a monopoly,It must be the trouble.Officials didn't interest can be the rent-seeking,Not in the corruption,The temptation of view is small.

　　中国周刊记者 张友红 北京报道

The China weekly reporter ZhangYouGong reports from Beijing