2011年，我国城镇人口6.91亿人，农村人口6.57亿人，城镇人口首次超过农村人口，城镇化率达到51.27%。城镇化是我国社会结构的一个历史性巨变，对经济社会各方面都产生了深刻影响。作为事关国计民生的农村义务教育，在城镇化进程中经受了前所未有的影响，发生着重大变革。党的十八大报告指出，要坚持走中国特色城镇化道路，“均衡发展九年义务教育”。准确把握城镇化与农村义务教育的关系，科学应对城镇化背景下农村义务教育面临的各种挑战和问题，是贯彻落实科学发展观、促进农村义务教育持续健康发展的必然要求。

In 2011,,China urban population of 691 million,The rural population 657 million people,Urban population more than half of the population for the first time,Urbanization rate reached 51.27%.Urbanization is the social structure of a historic change,For economic and social various aspects has had a profound influence.As a matter of national economy and people's livelihood of rural compulsory education,In the process of urbanization from the unprecedented impact,Major changes happening.The party's eighteen pointed out in the report,To adhere to the road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics,"Balanced development nine years of compulsory education".An accurate grasp of the urbanization and rural compulsory education relationship,Science under the background of urbanization to rural compulsory education faces various challenges and problems,Is implementing the scientific concept of development/Rural compulsory education to promote the sustainable and healthy development of inevitable requirement.

一、城镇化促进农村义务教育改革与发展 a/To promote the urbanization of rural compulsory education reform and development

　　新世纪以来快速推进的城镇化历程，对农村义务教育的作用呈现出以下特点。一是全面性。城镇化对农村义务教育的布局、内容、手段乃至思想观念等各个方面都产生了深刻影响。二是差异性。有些地方城乡义务教育已无实质性区别，有些地方则鲜受城镇化触动，还重复着传统的教育方式。三是长远性。城镇化进程方兴未艾，对农村义务教育的影响将长期存在。近年来，党中央、国务院在推进城镇化过程中，一直把农村义务教育作为优先领域，防止出现农村义务教育凹陷，着力推进教育公平。可以说,城镇化对农村义务教育的改革发展产生了多方面推动作用。

Since the new century the rapid development of urbanization process,For rural compulsory education role presents the following features.One is the comprehensive.The urbanization of rural compulsory education layout/content/Methods and ideas and other aspects have a profound impact.Second is the difference.Some places of urban and rural compulsory education has no substantial difference,Some places are fresh by urbanization touches,Also repeat the traditional education mode.The third is a long-term.Urbanization is in the ascendant,Rural compulsory education to the influence of the long-term existence.In recent years,The party central committee/The state council on promoting the process of urbanization,Has been the rural compulsory education as a priority areas,Prevent rural compulsory education sag,Focus on promoting the education fair.Can say,The urbanization of rural compulsory education reform development have a role in many aspects.

　　一是明显改善了农村义务教育学校办学条件。在城镇化和社会主义新农村建设的大背景下，近年来各地开展了较大规模的农村学校布局调整，总体上优化了农村教育资源配置，特别是改善了农村小学办学条件。与2001年相比，2010年全国农村小学生均教学及辅助用房面积从2.8平方米提高到3.5平方米，体育场馆面积和教学自然实验仪器达标学校分别从46.8%、45.5%提高到54.6%、50.4%。崭新的校园校舍、鲜艳的五星红旗、朗朗的读书声，成了各地农村靓丽的风景线。

One is to significantly improve the rural compulsory education school running conditions.In the urbanization and new rural construction of socialism background,In recent years in all over a larger scale of rural school layout adjustment,Overall optimization of the rural education resource allocation,Especially the improvement of the rural primary school running conditions.Compared with 2001,In 2010 the national rural pupils are teaching and auxiliary from 2.8 square meters area up to 3.5 square meters,Sports venues area and teaching natural experiment instrument standard school separately from 46.8%/Raised from 45.5% to 54.6%/50.4%.New campus building/The bright five-star red flag/Orotund loud,A country beautiful beautiful scenery line.

　　二是整体提高了农村义务教育教师队伍素质。教师队伍建设是提高教育质量的根本环节。在追赶城镇学校的过程中，各地逐步辞退安置了一批代课人员，补充了一批合格教师，优化了农村中小学教师队伍结构。2010年，我国农村小学、初中专任教师合格率分别为99.4%、98.4%，分别比2001年提高3.0和11.3个百分点。

The second is to improve the overall quality of rural compulsory education teachers.The construction of teachers' team is to improve the education quality of the basic link.In the process of town after school,For all gradually to discharge a batch of substitute personnel,Added a batch of qualified teachers,Optimize the structure of rural primary and secondary school teachers.In 2010,,China's rural primary school/Junior high school full-time teachers percent of pass is 99.4%/98.4%,Higher than that of 2001 respectively 3.0 and 11.3%.

　　三是初步催生了农村义务教育现代化雏形。在城镇化进程中，城市先进的教育理念、办学思想、管理模式逐步向农村辐射。伴随着农村中小学现代远程教育工程的实施，农村初中普遍建设了计算机教室，小学安装了卫星接收设施，教学点配备了光盘播放设备。于是，粉笔加黑板不再是教学的唯一形式，互联网渐成农村学生学习、通讯、交流的重要载体。

The third is preliminary led rural compulsory education modernization prototype.In the process of urbanization,City advanced education concept/School-running idea/Management mode gradually to rural radiation.With the rural elementary and middle schools modern distance education project implementation,The countryside junior middle school general construction the computer classroom,Primary school installed satellite receiving facilities,School is equipped with CD and video devices.so,Chalk and blackboard is no longer the only form of teaching,The Internet gradually into the countryside student learning/communication/An important carrier of communication.

　　四是持续提升了农村义务教育质量和国民素质。越来越多的学校开齐开足了国家规定的课程，如农村小学英语课的开设率从2001年的20%提高到2010年的90%以上。许多学校建立了较为完善的管理制度，学生文体活动普遍变得丰富起来。农村义务教育巩固率和毕业生升学率持续提高，特别是2011年我国“两基”目标的全面实现，大大促进了人民群众文化素质的提升，也为世界全民教育做出重要贡献。

The fourth is the continued ascension of rural compulsory education quality and national quality.More and more school open all the provisions of the state's course,Such as rural primary school English class open rate increase from 20% in 2001 to 2010 in more than 90%.Many schools to establish a more perfect management system,Students the recreational activity generally becomes rich rise.Rural compulsory education 巩固率 and graduates entering middle schools continue to improve,Especially in our country in 2011"Two base"With its full realization of its goal,Greatly promote the people's cultural quality of ascension,Also for the world made important contributions to the education.

二、城镇化对农村义务教育带来问题和挑战 two/The urbanization of rural compulsory education bring problems and challenges

　　在农村人口向城镇流动过程中，一方面，农村学龄人口向城镇转移，为农村孩子接受更加公平、更高质量的教育创造了机会，另一方面农村地区人口减少，农村学校较快撤并，造成一系列值得关注的问题。

In the rural population into urban areas in the process of flow,On the one hand,Rural school-age population transfer to the town,For the rural children to accept more fair/The quality of higher education to create the opportunity,On the other hand, the rural area population decrease,Rural schools should rapidly,Cause a series of problems that deserve the concern.

　　一是学生上学路程普遍变远。城乡人口结构变化直接影响农村教育规划和布局结构。2001年至2010年，全国小学由49.1万所减少到25.7万所，其中农村占减少总量的87.6%。初中由6.7万所减少到5.5万所，其中农村占减少总量的91.7%。在学校撤并之后，一些非寄宿学生上学要起早摸黑，部分学生上学来回甚至要走3个小时。

One is the general students to go to school journey become far.Urban and rural population structure change has a direct impact on the rural education planning and layout structure.From 2001 to 2010,The national primary school by 491000 reduced to 257000,The rural accounted for 87.6% of the total decrease.Junior middle school from 67000 to 55000 reduced,The rural accounted for 91.7% of the total decrease.In the school after the merger,Some non boarding students go to school to work from dawn to dusk,Some students go to school or to go back and forth for three hours.

　　二是学生上学交通安全存在隐患。农村实行集中办学后，很多学生需要乘坐交通工具上学。由于农村道路条件较差，车况良莠不齐，交通状况复杂，交通违法现象时有发生，学生上学放学路途安全难以得到保障。2011年全国有学生上学接送车辆28.5万辆，其中符合国家标准的校车只有2.9万辆，占10.2%。

The second is the students go to school there traffic safety hidden trouble.After the rural centralized,Many students need to take the traffic tools to go to school.Due to the rural poor road conditions,Vehicle condition the good and bad are intermingled,Traffic complex,Traffic illegal phenomenon occurs frequently,Students go to school way school security is difficult to get security.The 2011 national student school 285000 vehicles for transportation,Which accord with national standard school bus only 29000 cars,Accounted for 10.2%.

　　三是寄宿制学校办学条件不到位。由于撤并学校过快，农村寄宿生大量增加，一些地方寄宿制学校生活管理人员缺乏，床铺紧张，食堂简陋，厕位不足，没有澡堂，冬季取暖和夏季防暑等条件跟不上。2010年全国3046个县级单位中，302个县生均学生宿舍面积小于1平方米，占9.9%；741个县小于两平方米，占24.3%。

The third is residential school condition does not reach the designated position.Due to the merger of school too fast,A large increase of rural resident student,Some local residential school life lack of personnel management,Bed nervous,Canteen crude,Toilet a shortage,No bathhouse,Winter heating and summer sunstroke prevention conditions can't keep up.The 2010 national in 3046 units at the county level,302 counties all dormitory area of less than 1 square meters,9.9%;Less than two square metre 741 counties,Accounted for 24.3%.

　　四是进城务工人员子女教育面临新情况。城镇化进程中出现了大量随迁子女和农村留守儿童。2011年义务教育阶段随迁子女和留守儿童人数分别为1260.7万人、2200.3万人，分别占义务教育阶段学生总数的8.4%、14.7%。农村留守儿童问题不存在大的制度障碍，对他们主要应加强关爱。相比之下，随迁子女带来的问题比较复杂。一方面，随迁子女义务教育应予保障，让他们与城镇儿童同在蓝天下共同成长进步。另一方面，过多的随迁子女流入某些大城市，导致这些城市教育资源紧张、不堪重负。随迁子女接受义务教育后在输入地参加中高考是大势所趋，然而这个问题牵涉面广，不同利益群体提出不同诉求，解决起来难度较大。

The fourth is migrant workers children education face new situation.In the process of urbanization there appear a large number SuiQian children and rural left-behind children.2011 years of compulsory education stage SuiQian children and the number of left-behind children respectively for 12.607 million people/22.003 million people,Compulsory education stage accounted for 8.4% of the total number of students/14.7%.Rural left-behind children problem does not exist big system obstacles,They mainly should strengthen to love.Compared with,SuiQian children bring problems are more complicated.On the one hand,SuiQian children compulsory education shall be guaranteed,Let them and urban children grow up together with the blue sky under progress.On the other hand,Too much SuiQian children into some big cities,Lead to these city education resources nervous/Unbearable heavy burden.SuiQian children receive compulsory education after the input fields to ZhongGaoKao is the trend of The Times,But the problem they are wide,Different interest groups put a different appeal,It is very difficult to solve.

三、城镇化呼唤农村义务教育的公平和质量 three/The urbanization of rural compulsory education call the fairness and quality

　　如今，我国已经进入城镇化发展新阶段。城镇化必然推动农村社会向城市社会演变，但决不是以城市文明替代农村文明。农村义务教育是农村的希望，应当成为“为农”服务的教育。当前，我国农村义务教育在全面普及后正进入一个新的时期，面临着推进公平、提高质量的双重任务，迫切需要按照党的十八大报告的要求，“大力促进教育公平，合理配置教育资源，重点向农村、边远、贫困、民族地区倾斜”。

now,Our country has already entered a new stage of the urbanization development.Urbanization will promote rural society to an urban society evolution,But never is the city's civilization alternative rural civilization.Rural compulsory education is the hope,Should become"For the agriculture"Service education.The current,In China's rural compulsory education in the comprehensive popularization is entering a new period,Faced with promoting fair/Improve the quality of dual task,Urgent need in accordance with the party's eighteen big reporting requirements,"Vigorously promote the education fair,Rational allocation of education resources,Key to the countryside/remote/poverty/National regions inclined".

　　做好城镇化背景下的农村义务教育工作，要处理好几个关系。一是城乡统筹与倾斜农村的关系。应在实行城乡一致的拨款标准、建设标准、教师编制标准的基础上，用更多的精力、更大的财力、更优惠的政策，促进农村义务教育的改革发展。二是全面推进与重点突出的关系。均衡发展义务教育当然要均衡配置校舍、设备等资源，但合理配置教师资源是重中之重。要努力通过提高教师质量来提升农村义务教育质量，让当地的孩子不仅进得来、留得住，而且学得好。三是统一要求与因地制宜的关系。义务教育的发展方向和基本标准，全国可有统一要求。但更重要的是，各地必须依据本地省情、市情、县情推动工作，善于以多样性应对问题的复杂性。

Well under the background of urbanization of the rural compulsory education work,To deal with several relations.One is the urban and rural areas and rural tilt of the relationship.The implementation of the urban and rural areas should be consistent allocation standard/Construction standard/Teachers on the basis of the establishment standard,With more energy/Greater financial/The more preferential policies,Promote the reform of the rural compulsory education development.The second is to promote and highlight relationship.The balanced development of compulsory education of course to equilibrium configuration school buildings/Equipment resources,But reasonable configuration teacher resources is the top priority.To improve teachers' quality to improve the rural compulsory education quality,Let the children not only to come/retain,And learn well.The third is the relationship between the unified requirements and adjust measures to local conditions.Compulsory education development direction and the basic standard,The national can have unified requirements.But what is more important,All must be based on the local situation/cities/Situation of the work to promote,Good at to diversity of the complexity of the problems to deal with.

　　当前和今后一段时期，应突出抓好以下重点工作。

The current and future a period,The focus should be the key work.

　　大力开展农村义务教育学校标准化建设。按照《国务院关于深入推进义务教育均衡发展的意见》，各地应进一步完善义务教育阶段学校办学标准，对校园校舍、仪器配备、师资配置等方面提出明确具体要求。通过开展学校标准化建设，改善农村薄弱学校办学条件，缩小城乡学校差距。加强农村寄宿制学校管理，按照国家或省级标准，为其配备教室、学生宿舍、食堂、饮用水设备、厕所、浴室等设施，配备必要的管理、服务人员及专兼职心理健康教师。至2020年，全国所有农村义务教育学校都应达标。

To develop rural compulsory education school standardization construction.According to the[The state council on further compulsory education balanced development opinions],All should further perfect the compulsory education stage school standards,Building on campus/Instrument equipped with/Allocation of teachers put forward the specific requirements.Through the development of school standardization construction,To improve the poor village school running conditions,The narrowing gap between schools.To strengthen the rural residential school management,According to the national or provincial standard,For its equipped with the classroom/Students' dormitory/Dining room/Drinking water equipment/toilet/Bathroom facilities,Equipped with the necessary management/Service personnel and the specialized teachers mental health.To 2020,All the rural compulsory education school should be standard.

　　切实规范农村义务教育学校布局调整。做好农村中小学布局调整不仅关系农村义务教育的可持续发展，更关系着农民群众和农村学生的切身利益。为此，必须认真贯彻《国务院办公厅关于规范农村义务教育学校布局调整的意见》，既考虑城镇化进程、城乡人口流动、学龄人口变化等因素，又兼顾当地农村经济社会发展状况、贫困家庭负担、教育条件保障、地理环境及交通状况等因素，把方便学生就近上学作为布局调整的首要前提。要严格撤并学校程序，确因生源减少等原因撤并学校，当地政府必须严格履行方案制订、论证、公示、报批等程序。

To regulate rural compulsory education school layout adjustment.Do the layout and adjustment of rural primary and secondary school not only influences the sustainable development of rural compulsory education,More in relation to the peasants and the rural students' interests.therefore,Must conscientiously implement the[The general office of the state council on regulating the rural compulsory education school layout adjustment opinion],Not only consider the urbanization process/Urban and rural population flow/School-age population change and other factors,Give attention to two or morethings and local rural economic and social development/Poor family burden/Education condition security/Geographical environment and traffic factors,The students go to school nearby convenience as the first premise of the layout and adjustment.To strictly merger of school program,Really due to the reasons such as school students reduce the merger,The local government must strictly fulfill the scheme designing/argument/public/Approval procedures.

　　真正办好必要的村小和教学点。首先，应建立村小和教学点经费保障机制，提高村小和教学点的生均公用经费标准。其次，发挥远程教育功能，按照国家规定标准配备多媒体教学设备，开发和输送数字化优质课程教学资源。再次，学区中心学校要统筹所管辖和辐射教学点的课程安排和教师配置，保证教学点开设国家规定的课程，不让教学点成为低水平的代名词。

Really do good necessary school and teaching school.First of all,Shall establish school and teaching school funds safeguard mechanism,Improve school and teaching school nces public funds standard.secondly,Play the remote education function,According to the provisions of the state standard equipped with multimedia teaching equipment,The development and delivery of high quality digital teaching resources.again,School district center school to plan as a whole have jurisdiction and radiation of the school curriculum and teachers configuration,Ensure that the provisions of the state ought to open the course,Don't let teaching school become the pronoun of low level.

　　全面提高农村义务教育学校教师整体素质。有了好的教师，才会有好的教育。为此，首先要改善教师的初次配置，采取有效措施鼓励新招聘的优秀大学毕业生到农村任教。新增高级岗位指标优先安排农村学校，动员一批高素质人才应聘农村教师。其次，要尽快实行城乡统一的中小学编制标准，对农村小规模学校和教学点编制适当放宽，确保各学科教师的合理配置。再次，逐步实行县级教育部门统一聘任校长，促进校长、教师在一定区域内合理交流，建立和完善鼓励城区校长、教师到农村学校任职、任教机制。建设农村艰苦边远地区教师周转宿舍，设立村小和教学点教师岗位津贴，探索出台提高农村教师待遇的各种有效政策措施，提升农村教师职业吸引力。

Improving rural compulsory education school teachers' overall quality.A good teacher,Will have a good education.therefore,First of all to improve teachers' initial configuration,Take effective measures to encourage the new recruitment outstanding university graduates to rural teaching.The priority of the arrangement for the new senior position indicators of rural schools,A group of high quality talents mobilization for rural teachers.secondly,As soon as possible to implement unified urban and rural primary and secondary school establishment standard,On the rural small schools and teaching school establishment relax appropriately,To ensure that the reasonable allocation of school teachers.again,Education departments at or above the county level to gradually implement unified employment the headmaster,Promote the principal/Teachers in certain areas reasonable communication,To establish and perfect the encourage city the headmaster/Teachers to rural school office/Teaching mechanism.Construction of rural arduous remote areas teacher turnover dormitory,Establishment of school and teaching school teacher post allowance,Explore to improve rural teachers on treatment of all kinds of effective policies and measures,Improve the rural teachers' attraction.

　　继续深化农村义务教育课程教学改革。在城镇化进程中，农民群众对子女接受优质教育的愿望十分强烈。因此，必须大力提高教育质量。农村义务教育课程必须满足国家义务教育的整体要求，不能靠因陋就简、降低要求来贴近农村。同时，为增强课程的适应性和感染力，课程应体现农村的特点，在一定程度上反映当地的生产、生活、文化实际，教学中则既要充分利用农村的优势资源，又要让学生有机会与城镇同龄人交流。

Continue to deepen reform of the rural compulsory education course teaching.In the process of urbanization,The farmers for their children receive quality education desire to be very strong.therefore,We must make great efforts to improve education quality.Rural compulsory education curriculum must meet the national compulsory education overall requirements,Can't rely on roughing/Reduce the requirement to draws close to the countryside.At the same time,In order to enhance the adaptability of the course and appeal,Course should reflect the characteristics of the rural areas,To a certain extent reflects the local production/life/Culture actual,Teaching is not only to make full use of the advantages of rural resources,And let students have the opportunity to communicate with their peers town.

　　不断完善进城务工人员子女就学的政策措施。强化输入地政府管理责任，将随迁子女义务教育纳入区域发展规划。建立随迁子女义务教育经费保障机制，按照随迁子女实际人数拨付教育经费。大力挖掘公办教育资源，以全日制公办学校为主保障随迁子女就学。各地应克服困难，尽快拿出科学合理、公平务实的随迁子女义务教育后在输入地升学的具体办法。对于留守儿童工作，应纳入社会管理创新体系之中，构建学校、家庭和社会各界广泛参与的关爱网络。统筹协调留守儿童教育管理工作，实行普查登记制度和结对帮扶制度。优先满足留守儿童进入寄宿制学校的需求，加强心理健康教育，建立留守儿童安全保护预警与应急机制。

Constantly improve migrant workers children's schooling policy measures.Strengthen the input fields government management responsibility,Will SuiQian children compulsory education into regional development planning.Establish SuiQian children compulsory education funds safeguard mechanism,According to the actual number SuiQian children education funds allocated.Vigorously mining is business education resources,To give priority to guarantee SuiQian full-time public school children's schooling.All should overcome difficulties,Take out a scientific and reasonable as soon as possible/Fair practical SuiQian children compulsory education input fields after entrance of specific measures.Work for the left-behind children,Should be included in the social management innovation system,Build school/Family and the social from all walks of life widely participate in care network.Overall coordination left-behind children education management work,The custom of the census register system and supporting system.Give priority to left-behind children into residential school needs,To strengthen the mental health education,Establish left-behind children safety early warning and emergency mechanism.

　　认真做好学生接送车辆安全管理工作。认真落实《校车安全管理条例》，切实保障学生上下学交通安全。各地要通过增设农村客运班线及站点、增加班车班次、设置学生专车等方式，满足学生的乘车需求。公共交通不能满足学生上学需要的，要组织提供校车服务。推动各部门落实校车安全管理部际联席会议职责，开展专项督查，督促落实责任。完善相关标准和规范，修订、制订、发布各类技术标准，既对过渡期做好实事求是的安排，又从长远上明确校车管理工作规范和要求。（作者：教育部副部长 刘利民）

Earnestly students shuttle vehicle safety management work.Earnestly implement[The school bus safety management regulations],Protect students ShangXiaXue traffic safety.The various localities should by adding a rural passenger transport and site/Increase bus divisions/Set up such students, etc,Meet the students' needs to ride.Public transportation can't meet the need of the students to go to school,To provide school bus service organization.Promote departments implement school bus safety management BuJi joint meeting responsibilities,Carry out special supervision,Urged carries out the responsibility.Perfect relevant standards and specifications,revised/make/Release all kinds of technical standard,Not only the transition to the arrangement of seeking truth from facts,In the long run and to clarify the school bus management standard and requirement.(The author:Vice minister of education LiuLiMin)