12月6日,河南鲁山刺坡岭小学的孩子们在领免费午餐。

On December 6,,Henan LuShan thorn PoLing primary school children in collar free lunch.

　　

营养午餐，可以打破的“魔咒” Nutritional lunch,Can break the"spell"

　　“孩子们午餐越来越缩水了，现在每人每天一片面包，直径6厘米、厚度1.5厘米。”在湖南凤凰支教老师梁栩晔的微博曝光下，国家的营养午餐工程再受质疑。

"The children lunch more and more shrunk,Now a day per person a piece of bread,6 cm in diam/Thickness of 1.5 cm."The teacher education in hunan LiangXu Ye micro bo under exposure,National nutritional lunch engineering and questioned.

　　这已经不是营养午餐第一次“出事”了，而每次“出事”，都会有人提起与营养午餐相似的免费午餐两者最大的区别是，营养午餐来自国家，免费午餐来自民间。两者在地域上时有重合，但却是两种不同的操作模式，也带来不同的思考和借鉴。

This is not nutritional lunch first"accident"the,And every time"accident",Will someone mention and nutrition lunch similar free lunch both the biggest difference is that,Nutritional lunch from the national,Free lunch from folk.The region is coincidence,But it is two different operating mode,Also bring different thinking and reference.

　　或许民间公益的介入能帮助政府突破营养午餐的瓶颈，而如何引导和使用社会力量，则是政府一直以来的一个重要课题。

Maybe folk public intervention can help government breakthrough the bottleneck of nutritional lunch,And how to guide and use of social forces,Is the government has been an important issue.

　　

营养午餐PK免费午餐 Nutritional lunch PK free lunch

　　河南省鲁山县是一个民间免费午餐和国家营养午餐同时存在的地方，这样的贫困县还有很多。

LuShanXian in henan province is a folk free lunch and national nutrition lunch at the same time exists,So there are many counties.

　　几天前，鲁山县刺坡岭小学的孩子们随手在纸片上写下吃免费午餐一周年的感想。离家远的张金海说：“免费午餐让我们不用家里人来送饭，也不用让我们千辛万苦回家吃饭。”

A few days ago,LuShanXian thorn PoLing elementary school children with on pieces of paper to write down to eat free lunch in a week feeling.Far from home zhang jinhai said:"Free lunch let we don't have to send the family meal,Don't let us pains go home to have a meal."

　　在这个国家营养午餐计划覆盖的贫困县里，让刺坡岭小学的学生感到幸福的是，他们不用喝牛奶、吃鸡蛋、火腿肠，而是享用可口的午餐，顿顿有肉。

In this country for lunch nutrition plan covering poverty county,Let the thorn PoLing elementary school students feel happiness is,They do not drink milk/Eat eggs/Ham and egg,But enjoy delicious lunch,Button with meat.

　　除了刺坡岭小学，更早申请到邓飞等人发起的“免费午餐”公益项目的上寺小学和桐树岭小学也在给学生提供午餐，而非蛋奶一类的加餐。

In addition to stab PoLing elementary school,Earlier, apply to DengFei launched"Free lunch"Public welfare project temple elementary school and tung hill elementary school also to provide students with lunch,Rather than egg milk kind of meat.

　　它们三个成了鲁山县营养午餐计划的特例。

They three became LuShanXian nutritional lunch special plans.

　　去年10月26日，中央财政按照每生每天3元的标准为试点地区农村义务教育阶段学生提供营养膳食补助，俗称“营养午餐”，试点范围包括680个县(市)、约2600万在校生。为此，中央财政一年支出160亿元。

Last October 26,,The central government in accordance with each birth every 3 yuan standards for rural compulsory education stage pilot area students provide nutrition meal allowance,Commonly known as"Nutritional lunch",The scope includes 680 county(city)/About 26 million students.therefore,The central government spending $16 billion a year.

　　今年3月26日，营养午餐计划的到来曾一度打乱刺坡岭小学平稳运行的免费午餐的步骤。按照鲁山县部署的国家营养改善计划，安排每周给全县每个学生定时配送等价3元的“五奶(每天一盒200克蒙牛学生专用奶)、三蛋(每周一三五一个熟鸡蛋)、二肠(每周二四一根30克双汇火腿肠)”。

March 26,,The arrival of the nutritional lunch plan once upset thorn PoLing elementary school smooth running free lunch steps.According to the LuShanXian deployment of the national nutrition improvement plan,Arrange the weekly to each student timing distribution equivalent 3 yuan"Five milk(Every day a box of 200 grams of mengniu milk for students)/Three eggs(Weekly 35 a hard-boiled egg)/Two intestinal(Every Tuesday 41 root 30 grams of shuanghui ham and egg)".

　　负责免费午餐的中国福基会工作人员担心学生食用了配送的牛奶、火腿肠和鸡蛋，万一出了问题说不清楚，当时全国已经有多起营养午餐引发的食品安全事故，遂决定对刺坡岭小学停餐，除非营养午餐也做正餐。

Responsible for the free lunch Chinese f base workers worry about students eat the distribution of milk/Ham and egg and egg,One thousand out of the question that is not clear,When the whole nation has had several nutritional lunch cause of food safety accidents,Hence decided to stop PoLing thorn elementary school meals,Unless the nutritional lunch and dinner.

　　但家长们不同意，当地政府顶不住舆论压力，最后和福基会达成一致，鲁山的三所免费午餐学校继续做午餐，政府原本用于采购牛奶、鸡蛋、火腿肠的资金直接补贴给学校，来保证每个学生3元的足量饭菜，而厨师的工资、水电费、学前班及老师的饭费等继续由免费午餐来筹募。

But parents don't agree,The local government couldn't resist the pressure of public opinion,The last and f base will reach an agreement,The LuShan three free lunch school to continue to do lunch,The government had used to purchase milk/eggs/Ham and egg money to the school direct subsidies,To ensure that every student 3 yuan enough food,And the cook wages/utilities/Preschool and teacher's dinner and continue to raise the free lunch.

　　县里的其他学校则按照计划配送牛奶、火腿肠。12月6日，鲁山县教体局一位负责人说，每个学生三元钱的标准，不足以解决食堂建设、厨师工资等费用支出，而县里财政又无力配套这部分资金，因此推广学校自己做午餐还不现实。

The rest of the county school, according to the plan distribution of milk/Ham and egg.On December 6,,From the LuShanXian bureau said the head,Each of the students three yuan standards,To solve the dining room construction/The cook salary expenses, etc,And the county finance and unable to complete this part of funds,So do promotion school lunch is not reality.

　　

牛奶+X Milk + X

　　

最安全也最易操作 The safest and most easy to operate

　　冬日已至，一所实行营养午餐计划的学校校长告诉记者，有些学生不愿意喝冷牛奶，老师就只好在课堂上分发，监督他们将牛奶喝完。这些食物也只能充当零食，学生中午放学照样得回家吃午饭，不少孩子就只好自带干粮或者在学校附近的亲戚家搭伙。

Winter has to,A practice nutrition lunch program school principal told reporters,Some students don't want to drink cold milk,The teacher had to distribute in the classroom,Supervision and they will drink milk.The food can only act as snacks,Students have the noon so go home for lunch,Many children had to bring their own food or near the school board of relatives.

　　免费午餐发起人邓飞很不赞成牛奶加面包的模式，“我们坚持认为乡村儿童普遍遭遇午餐饥饿，应该给他们提供一份有油有盐的正餐，而不是一份零食。”

The free lunch DengFei is not in favor of milk and bread mode,"We insist that rural children generally encounter lunch hunger,Should provide a oil has salt dinner,Rather than a snack."

　　但“牛奶+X”，却是一直被诸多教育主管部门看作虽不完美却最稳妥可靠的营养午餐模式。

but"Milk + X",It is has been many education departments as though not perfect is the most secure nutritional lunch mode.

　　鲁山县教体局的上述负责人认为：“现在的模式虽然不是最好的，但是符合国家政策，而且是最容易操作也最安全的。”

From the above LuShanXian bureau officials think:"Now the model is not the best,But conform to the state policy,And is the most easy to operate and most safe."

　　同云南、贵州、陕西等一些地区的做法相似，鲁山县也通过公开招标的方式集中采购蛋奶火腿肠，由中标企业统一给各乡镇学校供货。该负责人称，虽然企业是要赢利的，但政府想办法要求他们把利润压到最低，同时还要保质保量。

With yunnan/guizhou/Shaanxi and other areas of the similar way,LuShanXian also through the public bidding mode of centralized purchasing egg milk ham and egg,The unified by the enterprise to the villages and towns school supply.The officials say,Although the enterprise is to be profitable,But the government trying to ask them to profit pressure to a minimum,At the same time and quality and quantity assured.

　　不过，这似乎是政府的一厢情愿。有媒体调查发现，配送给凤凰县所德小学的牛奶批发价为1.6元一盒，小面包为0.3元。国家每天每生补贴3元钱，但最后吃到孩子嘴里的却是不到2元钱，剩下的1元，是供货商的利润，甚至给寻租留下空间。

but,It seems to be the government's wishful thinking.Media survey found,Delivery to the fenghuang county's primary school milk wholesale price is 1.6 yuan a box,Small bread is 0.3 yuan.Every country life subsidy 3 yuan,But in the end to eat children mouth is less than 2 yuan,The rest of the 1 yuan,Is the supplier's profit,Even leave space for rent-seeking.

　　这种选择成熟工业品的方式也不能免于出现安全事故。从去年至今，全国多地都发生过学生食用过期、漏气牛奶导致的食物中毒事件。

This choice mature industrial way also can't protect them from emergence of safety accidents.Since last year,The more have happened students eat expired/Leak milk cause of food poisoning incidents.

　　但鲁山依然坚持认为这种方式风险最低，“我们选择的都是大厂家的产品，比如牛奶是蒙牛的，火腿肠是双汇的。”鲁山县教体局该负责人说，这比学校自己办食堂、企业配送热餐等方式需要人为把关的环节都少。

But LuShan still insist that the lowest risk this way,"We choose are big manufacturer of products,Such as milk is hoodwinks the cow the,Ham and egg is of shuanghui."From the LuShanXian bureau official said,This is the school running your own dining room/Enterprise distribution hot meals, etc need human control links are less.

　　实际上，《农村义务教育学生营养改善计划实施细则》已经明确规定，供餐应以完整的午餐为主，无法提供午餐的学校可以选择加餐或课间餐。看似灵活的政策却让地方教育部门在执行时有了更大的取舍空间。

In fact,[Rural compulsory education students nutrition improve the detailed rules for the implementation of the plan]Have specific provision,Meals should be complete lunch is given priority to,Cannot provide lunch school can choose meat or class recess meal.Seemingly agile policy but let local education department in the execution is greater choice space.

　　湖北鄂西南一试点县教育局官员此前对21世纪经济报道记者坦言，这是他接手的最乱的一项资金，因为没有统一的营养午餐供应和监督机制，可钻的空子实在太多。“地方都会选择花钱最少的方式，比如供应牛奶面包。”这让营养改善的效果大打折扣，但在政策上却又挑不出任何毛病。

Hubei hubei southwest a ShiDianXian education bureau officials previously in the 21st century economic reporter said,This is he took the disorderly of a fund,Because there is no unified nutritional lunch supply and supervision mechanism,Can take advantage of the loopholes in the drill is really too much."Place can choose to spend at least way,Such as the supply of milk and bread."It makes nutrition improvement effect to sell at a discount greatly,But in the policy has picked nothing wrong.

　　

学会了微博 Learned to micro bo

　　

也习惯了监督 Also used to the supervision

　　不少营养午餐覆盖的学校还想申请民间的免费午餐，但免费午餐项目规定，凡新申请学校，使用国家农村学生营养改善计划资金用于乳品面包等辅食营养补助，免费午餐基金将不予项目合作。

Many nutritional lunch cover school also want to apply for folk free lunch,But the free lunch program regulations,Every new application for the school,Use the national rural students nutrition improvement plan funds for dairy products such as bread cooking nutrition allowance,Free lunch funds will not be project cooperation.

　　到现在，免费午餐学校已经将近200所。据免费午餐基金副秘书长党军介绍，其中有一半都是营养午餐覆盖的学校，能够合作的基础在于教育局答应不使用奶制品，将3元钱的营养膳食补助直接补给学校。

Till now,Free lunch schools have nearly 200.According to the free lunch fund deputy secretary general party army is introduced,Half of them are nutritional lunch coverage of the school,Can be the basis for the cooperation of education is to promise not to use dairy products,Will 3 yuan nutrition meal allowance direct supply school.

　　免费午餐团队计算过，在资金募集交给福基会管理后，团队的行政成本仅有5%，远低于营养午餐计划中部分配餐企业高达50%的利润率。

Free lunch team calculated,In the fundraising to f foundation management,The team of the administrative cost is only 5%,Far below the nutritional lunch plan of catering enterprise as high as 50% of the profit margin.

　　当然，免费午餐同样面临着资金和安全的双重压力。

Of course,Free lunch also faces capital and safe double pressure.

　　在刺坡岭小学，段庆伟除了亲自负责食材的采购，还要维护学校的官方微博，每天将采购明细及使用食材明细在微博上公示，这是免费午餐团队对资金透明度的要求。

In the thorn PoLing elementary school,DuanQingWei in addition to personally responsible for the procurement of ingredients,And maintain the school official micro bo,Every day will purchase detail and use ingredients detail in micro bo in public,This is a free lunch team on the capital requirements of transparency.

　　免费午餐团队依靠新技术和完善的规章制度来保证项目平稳运行，这带给当地许多观念的转变。段庆伟学会了使用微博，也习惯了社会监督。除了网络上，现实中，不少网友会突击拜访学校，查看免费午餐执行情况，学校乐于公开，还组织村干部、家长和学生搞义务监督。

Free lunch team rely on new technology and perfect rules and regulations to ensure the project running smoothly,This brings the transformation of the notion of many of the local.DuanQingWei learned to use micro bo,Also used to the social supervision.In addition to the network,reality,Not a few net friend will surprise visit schools,Check free lunch implementation,School ready to open,Organized village cadres/Parents and students make compulsory supervision.

　　此外，免费午餐团队下发的安全细则非常具体，学校聘用的厨师虽然大多是当地人，但也要严格接受健康检查，持证上岗，穿厨师装，不留长指甲，不戴戒指，餐具要消毒，野生菌、生芽的土豆、不易炒熟的豆角等有安全隐患的食材都被禁止使用，甚至如何挑选合格的芹菜都有详细的指南。

In addition,Free lunch team issued safety rules very specific,School employment cook although mostly locals,But also should strictly accept health check,posts,Wear chef pack,Not long nails,Don't wear a ring,Tableware disinfection to,Wild fungus/Bud potatoes/Is not easy to fry cowpea, etc have potential safety hazard ingredients have been banned,And even how to select qualified celery has detailed guidelines.

　　运行了一年多，免费午餐已经积累了丰富的经验，邓飞说，如果政府愿意做午餐，他的团队可以竭尽所能提供技术支持。

Run for more than a year,Free lunch has accumulated a wealth of experience,DengFei said,If the government would do lunch,His team can do our best to provide technical support.

　　但对鲁山县教体局来说，多出来的“麻烦”就是要对三所免费午餐学校区别对待，除了要每隔两个月把营养午餐的资金打给学校，还要不定期派人去学校检查，紧绷食品安全的弦。

But for LuShanXian combination for bureau,extra"trouble"Is to three free lunch difference between schools,In addition to every two months the nutritional lunch money call the school,Will not go to school regularly send check,Tight food safety string.

　　

“社会参与”的智慧 "Society participation"wisdom

　　免费午餐计划已经开始把项目向没有国家营养午餐覆盖的地区转移，因为中国还有很多孩子吃不上午餐，当务之急是解决他们的吃饭问题，而不是提高营养水平。

Free lunch program has started the project to no country nutritional lunch areas covered by transfer,Because China has many children eat lunch,The urgent task is to solve the problem of feeding them,Not to raise the level of nutrition.

　　同样是3元钱，不少人觉得与面包牛奶相比，顿顿有肉让免费午餐与营养午餐高下立判。但北京师范大学壹基金公益研究院院长王振耀不这么简单对比，他觉得免费午餐之所以能取得今天的成绩，是因为有很多志愿服务，将这个无形成本核算在内将不止3元钱。而营养午餐里既没有志愿服务，也没有社会监督，完全靠财政运行，多样性差别就很大。

The same is 3 yuan,Many people think of bread milk and compared,Button with meat let free lunch and nutrition lunch set to compete.But Beijing normal university one foundation public research institute President shi not so simple contrast,He felt free lunch did well,Because there are a lot of voluntary service,Will this intangible cost accounting, will be more than 3 yuan.And nutritional lunch in neither volunteer service,No social supervision,Completely rely on financial operation,Diversity difference is very big.

　　这恰恰表明国家是有必要让社会参与的。21世纪教育研究院副院长熊丙奇说，既然政府计划可以通过民间公益机构来实现，在一些地方，政府完全可以把钱款拨给社会公益机构，让他们来完成当地的营养午餐任务。

This just shows that the state is necessary for social participation.The 21st century education research institute, vice President of the XiongBingJi said,Since the government plan can be through the folk public institutions to implement,In some places,The government can put money to social welfare institutions,Let them to complete the task of nutritional lunch.

　　但双方似乎还有沟通障碍，邓飞发现，有些地方政府不知道怎么给孩子做午餐，很困惑，因此转而选择牛奶面包等有质保的产品，并以此免责；还有些则担心自己没有财力配套厨房等硬件设施。

But both sides seem to have communication disorders,DengFei found,Some local governments don't know how to give the child do lunch,confused,Therefore to choose milk bread, have a quality product,And liability to;Others worry about no money supporting kitchen hardware facilities, etc.

　　实际上，民间的方式要灵活得多。在已有的免费午餐学校，有些学校有很标准的厨房、蒸饭机、消毒柜，有些则很简陋，刚刚能解决吃饭问题。免费午餐的第一所学校贵州沙坝小学，两个简易灶放在户外，前面有一块雨布挡着，另外有一个房间存放油、米，仅此而已。这些因地制宜建厨房的方式被免费午餐团队广泛地进行推广。

In fact,Folk way to much more agile.In the existing free lunch school,Some schools have a kitchen standards/Steam rice machine/Disinfection cabinet,Some are very simple,Just eat can solve problems.Free lunch first school guizhou bar elementary school,Two simple stove in outdoor,Front have a waterproof blocking,In addition, there are a room deposit oil/meters,just.These adjust measures to local conditions to build the kitchen mode is free lunch team on a wide variety of promotion.

　　此前在接受本报采访时，王振耀就表示，有很多社会问题都不能由政府来解决，可以依赖大量社会力量的参与。例如养老、儿童等需要护理照料的工作，就要由一些专业化的组织来解决，“从世界范围来看，大量的社会服务都需要民间组织来做，当然，政府要提供资金支持。”

After accept our interview,Shi said,There are a lot of social problems are not from the government to solve,Can rely on a lot of the participation of social force.Such as pension/Children need to care work,Let some professional organization to solve,"From the world to see,A large number of social service needs folk organization to do,Of course,The government should provide financial support."

　　不管是政府主动购买民间服务，还是政府引导民众广泛参与，王振耀认为这都是推动社会加速进步的方式，不过这需要政府首先调整观念、创新方法。

Whether the government initiative to buy private service,Or the government guide people widely participate in,Shi think that this is the way to promote social progress acceleration,But it needs the government first concept of adjustment/Innovation method.

　　“微博打拐”、“大病医保”、“网络反腐”……众多领域的社会参与，促进了政府的相关工作，改变了政府的行为方式，甚至促成相关政策的出台，就像营养午餐计划的施行与免费午餐的先行先试不无关系，这些都构成了政府行为的有效补充。

"Micro bo DaGuai"/"Serious illness medical insurance"/"Network anti-corruption"...Many fields in the society,To promote the government's related work,Change the government behavior,Even to relevant policy come on stage,As nutritional lunch program with free lunch and the first try not relationship,All these constitute the government behavior effectively complement.

　　不过，这终究将考验各级执政者的智慧。邓飞告诉记者，不久前，有家学校想做免费午餐，都和学校联系好了，他跟当地政府部门沟通，对方一口回绝说：“我们没有贫困学校，不需要免费午餐。”于是事情就黄了。(记者 龚海)

but,This ultimately will test the wisdom of the leadership at all levels.DengFei told reporters,Not long ago,There's a school want to do free lunch,Contact with the school,He told the local government department communication,The other party a rebuff said:"We don't have poor school,Don't need free lunch."So it was yellow.(Reporter GongHai)