在1904年至1937年之间，中国有一些留学生、华侨在美国接受军事教育。他们的数目不是很大，归国后，命运较为相似：投身军界的，大都处于边缘地位，除了温应星、孙立人等少数几个“名人”之外，绝大多数军事留美生在历史中湮没无名。本文摘自《温故》，广西师范大学出版社出版，作者：季我努。

Between 1904 and 1937,China has some students/The overseas Chinese in the United States for military education.The number of the people is not very big,After returning,Fate more similar:Devoted to the military,Mostly in the edge position,In addition to temperature should be star/A few SunLiRen, etc"celebrity"outside,The vast majority of military leave beauty was born in history annihilation unknown.This paper from[The temperature],Guangxi normal university publishing house,The author:Season I's.

美国退还庚款与清华大学 The United States returned indemnity and tsinghua university

　　庚款留美是中国近代留美的高峰。它的实现实在来之不易，中国驻美公使梁诚和美国传教士明恩溥居功至伟。1904年，梁诚与美国国务卿海约翰交涉庚子赔款偿还方式时，海约翰无意间说了一句话“美国所收庚子赔款原属过多”。这句话被梁诚敏锐地捕捉到了。当时美国分到的庚子赔款数目大约是三千两百多万两，折合美金两千四百多万元。于是梁诚便在美国多方游说，要求美国退还“不实之款”。两年之后，明恩溥到白宫晋谒西奥多·罗斯福总统，要求用这笔款项吸引中国学生到美留学，并拿出一部分在中国办学校。于是罗斯福总统向国会提出建议，于1908年获得批准，美国退还半数庚款，用于资助中国学生赴美留学。

Heptanoic detain beauty is Chinese modern leave beautiful peak.Its realization is hard-won,China's envoy to the United States LiangCheng and American missionaries MingEnPu triumphant to wei.In 1904,,With the United States secretary of state LiangCheng sea John bargaining boxer indemnity repayment way,Sea John by accident say a word"The United States is the boxer indemnity original too much".This sentence is LiangCheng keenly caught.When the United States to indemnity of number is about more than three thousand two hundred,$two thousand four hundred more than ten thousand yuan.In the United States YuShiLiang honesty and the lobby,Demand that the United States returned"False money".After two years,MingEnPu to have an audience with the White House President Theodore Roosevelt,Require the funds to attract Chinese students to study in beauty,And take part in Chinese schools.And President Roosevelt put forward the proposal to congress,In the approved in 1908,The United States returned half indemnity,To support Chinese students to study abroad.

　　1909年，清政府成立肄业馆和游美学务处。肄业馆也就是后来的清华学校。清华学校是留美预备学校，也就是清华大学的前身，校方宣称他们的毕业生的教育程度要达到美国最好的大学的二年级学生的水平。从1922年开始，美国的大学承认清华大学毕业生的教育程度相当于他们的大三学生。“弱势”的军事留美生

In 1909,,The qing government established study hall and swim aesthetic student business office.Study hall is later tsinghua school.Tsinghua school is United States prep school,Is the predecessor of tsinghua university,Officials say they graduate education level to achieve the best university sophomore level.Starting from 1922,American universities accept tsinghua university graduate education degree equivalent to their junior student."weak"The United States military life

　　清华官费是中国学生留美的主要途径。但是除了这支“正规军”外，还有很多散兵部队，比如说各省官派到美国留学的学生，还有大批社会上层人士的子弟到美国自费留学，他们也可能获得了美国大学的奖学金。

Tsinghua GuanFei is Chinese students leave the main way.But in addition to the team"regulars"outside,There are a lot of slit forces,For instance GuanPa provinces to students to study in the United States,There are a large number of social glitterati sons to the United States to study abroad at one's own expenses,They may also won the scholarship to the university.

　　清华的学生绝大多数也来自社会上层家庭。这些来自中国城市精英阶层的青年，受过比较系统的“中学教育”，观念开放，充满活力。出身于名门望族的他们，却受到种族歧视的阴云的笼罩。好在美国的教会“慈悲为怀”，美国的长老会和卫理公会有很多对中国学生友好的信徒，他们很愿意做中国留学生在当地的监护人。总体而言，官费中国留学生在美国获得了良好的生活待遇，只有少数自费留学生需要打工。

Tsinghua students most also comes from the upper class family.These come from China's urban elite youth,A comparison of the system"Middle school education",Open concept,dynamic.Impeccable pedigree of them,Was the shadow of a cloud of racial discrimination.In the church"merciful",American Presbyterian and methodist have a lot of Chinese students friendly believers,They are willing to do Chinese students in the local guardian.In general,GuanFei China international students in the United States won the good life treatment,Only a few students need to work at their own expenses.

　　他们当中的极小部分人，选择了军事专业，清华毕业生是军事留美生的主体。

Among them the very small part of people,Choose the military professional,Tsinghua university graduates is the main body of the United States military life.

西点军校中的中国留学生 West point of Chinese students

　　从晚清至抗战爆发的数十年间，中国有十个留学生得以进入西点军校学习，八人得以毕业。西点是美国国立的专门军事高等教育机构，招生严格，美国人想进入也非常困难。为了让西点校方接纳中国留学生，美国国会专门通过了一个法案。

From late qing dynasty to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War dozens of years,China has ten students to enter the west point learning,Eight people to graduate.West point is the national higher education institutions in the military,Recruit students strictly,The americans want to access is also very difficult.In order to make the west accepted Chinese students,In the United States congress passed a bill.

　　西点军校的目标是培养“成为未来美军领袖的职业军官”，毕业生基本上都从军，只有13%的在民间求职。因为培养目标是在正规军中服役的军官，所以西点对于学生的社会技能方面训练不多，通识教育的时间很有限。

West point target is to develop"Become the leader of the U.S. military officers",Graduates basically all the army,Only 13% of the people to apply for a job.Because the training target is in the regular army in the army officers,So the west for students' social skills much training,General education time is limited.

　　西点的数学和工程学当时在美国是一流的，文科的课程设置只有经济学、管理学、历史学以及外语，这些文科课程都是和军事密切相关的。美国实行的是军民结合的双重军事教育模式。美国除了正规军外，还有庞大的国民警卫队。国民警卫队相当于美国的民兵，但他们的军事素养要远远高于其他国家的民兵，国民警卫队的官兵在平时保有自己的装备，定期进行训练，其指挥官大都接受过正规的军事教育。平民大学的军事专业毕业生很多都成为了国民警卫队的军官。一些民间军事院校培养的学生质量相当高，比如弗吉尼亚军事学院出的将军比西点还多。平民大学的军事专业学生的通识教育课程相当完备。

West of the mathematics and engineering was in the United States is first-class,Liberal arts curriculum only economics/management/History and language,The liberal arts courses are closely related and military.The United States is a combination of military and civilian dual military education mode.The United States in addition to the regular army,There are huge national guard.National guard corresponds to the American militia,But their military literacy is far higher than other country's militia,National guard soldiers in peacetime keep to their own equipment,Regular training,The commander mostly have a formal military education.Civilian military university graduates many has become a national guard officer.Some folk military college students quality is very high,Such as the Virginia military institute out general more than the west.Civilian military university students' general education curriculum is quite complete.

巴顿将军的同班同学温应星 General patton classmates temperature should be star

　　中国最初进入西点的两个留学生是1905年从弗吉尼亚军事学院转学进来的，美国国会出面，西点校方在学籍注册上给他们开了绿灯。其中之一是温应星，他是上海南洋公学1901级学生，1904年到美国官费留学。他和小乔治·巴顿是两校校友。巴顿1903年进入弗吉尼亚军事学院，他于1904年进入弗吉尼亚军事学院。巴顿1904年转入西点，温应星于1905年转入西点。由于巴顿成绩不好，留了一级，于是两人成为同一届的同学。

China's first into the west two students is 1905 from Virginia military institute transfer came in,The United States congress to,West of the university in the registered student status to they opened the green light.One of them is temperature should be star,He is Shanghai nanyang public school 1901 a grade of students,1904 to the United States GuanFei study abroad.He and the little George patton is two school alumni.Barton 1903 into the Virginia military institute,In 1904 he into the Virginia military institute.Barton 1904 into the west,Temperature should be star in 1905 into the west.Due to the bad grades barton,Left level,So two people become the same of students.

　　温应星在他们那一届同学当中是名人，他性格随和，深受同学欢迎。这一点和他在弗吉尼亚军事学院时一样，他的转学评语上就写着“人缘极佳”。1909年，温应星顺利从西点毕业，他是首位从西点毕业的中国学生，他的排名不是很靠前，全年级一百零四个人当中排名第八十四，笨鸟先飞的巴顿后来居上，居第四十五位，温应星排名靠后的主要原因是英语成绩不够好，他的专业课成绩还是相当突出的，实用军事工程单科成绩排名全年级第二。

Temperature should be star in a session of students is a celebrity,He is easy-going,Welcome by students.This and he in the Virginia military institute as,His transfer comment on writing"Great popularity".In 1909,,Temperature should be star from west graduate smoothly,He was the first to graduate from the west of the Chinese students,His ranking is not very near the front,The whole grade of one hundred and four people in eighty-four,Clumsy birds have to start flying come the barton,In a 45,Temperature should be star rank on the main reason is that English result is not good enough,His professional course result is quite prominent,Practical military engineering specifies performance ranking all the second grade.

　　除了巴顿之外，温应星的同班同学将星云集，据西点同学录记载，该班出了四位上将、三位中将、八位少将、十三位准将，共二十八位将领。温应星在国民党军当中以中将退役。上将当中除了以蛮干出名的小乔治·巴顿之外，还有后来官居美国陆军地面部队司令的雅各布·德弗斯。温应星与他们两位私交甚厚，1958年，旅居美国的温应星和德弗斯为他们的同班同学约翰·李中将（二战地中海战区美军司令）扶灵，十年之后，德弗斯又主动为温应星扶灵。名列前茅的中国西点生

In addition to outside barton,Temperature should be star classmates JiangXing swarms,According to the west of alumni record,This out of the four general/Three will/Eight major general/13 a brigadier general,A total of eight bit generals.Temperature in the kuomintang army should be star of will retire.In addition to the will of the unreasonable famous little George patton outside,And later the officer in the United States army commander's ground forces DeFuSi Jacob.Temperature should be star and they two personal friendship very thick,In 1958,,Living in the United States and DeFuSi temperature should be star for their classmate John lee will(World war ii Mediterranean theater commander of U.S. troops)Helped spirit,Ten years after,DeFuSi and initiative for temperature should be star and spirit.One of the top China west was born

　　西点的淘汰率很高。不过绝大多数中国毕业生表现相当出色，主要是因为他们的文科得分相当高，这与他们从小在中国接受的儒学启蒙教育分不开。他们有着比较深厚的文科知识背景，只要在其他科目上不出岔子，肯定在班级里名列前茅，这让中国留学生在西点赢得了尊重，当然也不仅仅是儒家教育的功劳，很多人在出国前在清华接受了广泛的中西学洗礼。

West of the high mortality.But the vast majority of Chinese graduates performance is quite good,Mainly because their arts scores are quite high,This and they grew up in China accepted Confucianism enlightenment education inseparable.They have comparative deep arts knowledge background,As long as in other subjects do not make mistakes,Must be in the top class,It makes Chinese students in the west to win the respect,Of course also is not only because of the Confucian education,A lot of people before going abroad in tsinghua accepted widely in the western baptism.

　　清华的毕业生王赓（1911届），出身上海商人家庭，在密歇根大学、哥伦比亚大学攻读工程学学位，1915年又在普林斯顿大学取得文学学士学位，之后才转入西点军校。这位绝对的高材生，原本打算再到哈佛读研究生，思前想后，还是决定投笔从戎。既然想从军，当然去最好的学校了。1918年，他从西点毕业的时候，在全年级二百二十七名同学中，名列第十二，而且拿了双学士。王成志，南洋公学1916年毕业生，在哈佛和麻省理工学院转了一圈之后，转入西点。毕业时，他在1922级学生当中，名列第十四。1918届毕业生张道宏，在转入西点之前，先在克拉克大学获得了历史学学位，并辅修了政治学和社会学，只用两年。他在西点的毕业成绩较其他前辈稍差，1924年毕业时，在全年级二百九十八人当中排行一百七十九。曹霖生，上海人，1918年毕业于西点军校，随后回国，在清华大学任体育系主任。王之1926在威斯康星大学攻读管理学和历史学学位，1928年又在诺维奇大学取得历史学学位。王之是唯一一位在美国的两所军校都取得学位的中国留学生。王之到西点上学富有戏剧性，当时一位中国的学生在西点念不下去，为了显示“中国人不是都不行，而是有很行的”，王之报考西点，纯粹出于爱国心，就是为了要证明“中国人很行”。这个“很行”的家伙，胡佛总统亲自给他写了推荐信，还有国会议员出具的推荐信，刚念完了诺维奇大学，接着念西点。王之1932年从西点毕业，成绩优异，在二百六十六个同学中排行第十二。

Tsinghua university graduates WangGeng(The 1911),Born Shanghai merchant family,In the university of Michigan/Columbia University study engineering degree,1915 at Princeton university and obtained a bachelor's degree in literature,Before to west point.The absolute top student,Originally intended to to harvard graduate school,Think it through,Decided to TouBiCongRong.Now that want to join the army,Of course to the best school.In 1918,,He graduated from the west,In the year two hundred and twenty-seven in students,Ranked 12,And get the double bachelor's degree.WangChengZhi,Nanyang public school graduates in 1916,In the harvard and MIT turn a ring later,Into the west.graduate,In his 1922 level of students,Is 14.1918 sessions of graduates ZhangDaoHong,In the west to before,First in clark university won the history degree,And I minored in political science and sociology,Only two years.He gave the commencement address at west graduation performance than other predecessor is a bit poor,In 1924, when they graduate,In the year one hundred and seventy-nine in two hundred and ninety-eight rankings.CaoLinSheng,From Shanghai,In 1918, he graduated from west point,Then return,In tsinghua university as the sports department.The king in 1926 at the university of Wisconsin study management and history degree,1928 years and in Norwich university made history degree.The king is only one of the two point in the United States have made degree of Chinese students.The king to west school dramatic,When a Chinese students in the west read not go down,In order to show"Chinese is not all not line,But have a done",The king of the west enter oneself for an examination,Purely out of patriotism,Is in order to prove that"The Chinese people are very line".this"Very line"guy,President hoover personally wrote him a letter of recommendation,Congress and issued by the recommendation letter,Just finish reading Norwich university,Then read west.The king in 1932 graduated from the west,Excellent results,In two hundred and sixty-six students out of 12.

诺维奇大学的中国留学生 Norwich university Chinese students

　　诺维奇大学就是国内很多军迷朋友津津乐道的“诺维奇骑科学校”。实际上它并不是军校，更不是骑兵专业的军校，它是一所实践着“寓兵于民”理念的综合性的平民大学，骑兵专业是其招牌专业。很多中国留学生通过美国的“后备军官训练计划”转入诺维奇大学，学习骑兵专业。

Norwich university is the domestic many army fan friend relish"Norwich ride science school".In fact it is not point,More not cavalry professional point,It is a practice"Soldiers in people"The idea of comprehensive university of civilians,Cavalry professional is the sign professional.Many Chinese students through the American"Reserve officers training plan"Turn to Norwich university,Learning professional cavalry.

　　它是美国最古老的私立军校之一。它的建立者奥尔登·帕特里奇毕业于西点军校，先后担任西点的教授和校长。帕特里奇是美国最伟大的军事教育家，他的理念就是培养“平民士兵”，高校既要为和平时期提供建设人才，又要为战争储备军事人才。离开西点之后，他在故乡佛蒙特州的诺维奇创立了“美国文学、科学、军事学院”，通称美国文理军事学院，也就是后来的诺维奇大学。

It is the oldest one of private point.Its founder Alden · partridge graduated from west point,Successively hold the post of a west professor and the principal.Partridge is one of the greatest American military educator,His idea is training"Civilian soldiers",Universities should provide for peace period construction personnel,And military personnel for war reserves.Leave west after,In his hometown of vermont, Norwich created"American literature/science/Military academy",The United States military academy appellative unity and coherence in writing,Also is later Norwich university.

　　对于有志于学习军事的中国留学生而言，这是一个难得的机会。美国在这个方面对中国留学生并无任何歧视。“后备军官训练计划”对于那些家境比较贫困、有志于在军中出人头地的中国留学生来说，具有很大的吸引力，一旦被录取，至少他们不必抽出大量的时间在上学期间和假期当中打工了。

For interested in learning the Chinese students in military,This is a rare opportunity.The United States in this respect to Chinese students and without any discrimination."Reserve officers training plan"For those poor family/In the military are out for Chinese students,Have a great attraction,Once admitted,At least they don't have to take a lot of time during the school holidays and of the work.

　　出路也不错。后备军官培养计划，陆军主要培养旅至连级指挥员和参谋人员；空军主要培养大队以下的指挥员和参谋人员；海军主要培养少校、中校级指挥员和参谋人员；海军陆战队通常将学员与海军学院混编，在海军舰艇上实习，其最优秀学员可以被分配到师一级作战单位。如果选择留在美国，参加陆军和空军的后备军官培养计划的留学生，毕业后立即可以转为美国现役军人，而参加海军的后备军官培养计划的中国留学生，毕业后立即可以获得海军少尉军衔，而且美国的海军陆战队还抢着要他们。

Way also good.Reserve officers training plan,Army major culture trip to company level commander and staff personnel;Air force major training battalion commander and the following staff personnel;The main training major/The field commander and staff personnel;The Marine corps usually will students and naval academy mix,In naval ship in practice,The most outstanding students can be assigned to division level units.If you choose to stay in the United States,To participate in the army and air force reserve officers training plan of foreign students,Immediately after graduation can be converted into U.S. service members,And in the navy reserve officer training plan of Chinese students,Immediately after graduation can get ensign rank,And the United States Marine corps also rob to want them.

　　除了孙立人将军的好友王之中将之外，诺维奇大学比较知名的中国留学生还有曾庆集，他作为高级进修生转入诺维奇大学，专攻骑兵。1930年，他又转学到要塞军事学院，并从要塞军事学院毕业。

In addition to SunLiRen general friends outside of the king will be,Norwich university is more famous Chinese students and CengQingJi,As a senior visiting scholar to Norwich university,Specialize in cavalry.In 1930,,He and transfer to the citadel,And from the citadel graduation.

弗吉尼亚军事学院的中国留学生 Virginia military institute of Chinese students

　　弗吉尼亚军事学院在美国被誉为“南部西点”，它建立于1839年，是将军的摇篮，从这里走出的将军比西点还要多。它是中国留学生在美国学军事的首选，虽然它的淘汰率也很高。有四十三位中国留学生曾到弗吉尼亚军事学院深造，毕业率只有44.2%。

Virginia military institute in the United States is known as"South west",It was founded in 1839,Is the cradle of generals,From here out of general more than than the west.It is China international students in the United States to learn the first choice of the military,Although its mortality is also very high.Have 43 Chinese students have to Virginia military institute for further study,Graduation rate of only 44.2%.

　　和西点一样，弗吉尼亚军事学院老生欺负新生的现象屡见不鲜，在这两个学校，“欺生”行为成为了不成文的规定。1905年进入该校的第一批中国学生不堪忍受老生的欺辱，愤而写信给清政府设立在华盛顿的公使馆，提出抗议，并要求退学。公使馆复信给他们，对他们表示支持，并告知他们：公使馆方面将要求弗吉尼亚校方出面干预此事，公使馆将给学院校长斯科特·西普准将发照会。

And west as,Virginia military institute a bully new phenomenon common occurance,In these two schools,"strangers"Act as the unwritten rules.In 1905 the school into the first group of Chinese students unbearable insult old age,So angry that she wrote to the qing government set up in Washington legation,protests,And require drop out of school.Legation reply to them,They said to support,And told they:Legation aspects will require the school to Virginia had intervened,Legation will give college President Scott shipp brigadier hair note.

　　二十年后，孙立人正好从弗吉尼亚军事学院毕业，他在该校整整待了三年。作为中国国家篮球队主力选手的他，同样得到了老生们的“悉心关照”。

Twenty years later,SunLiRen just graduated from Virginia military institute,He in the whole for three years.As China's national basketball team main force player he is,Also got the old"Special care".

要塞军事学院的中国留学生 The citadel of Chinese students

　　要塞军事学院也是中国留学生学习军事的重镇之一。由于要塞军事学院地处南卡莱罗纳州的查尔斯顿，该州在美国南北战争时属于南方蓄奴州阵营，在20世纪上半叶该州对有色人种还存在歧视现象，当地的某些白人对中国留学生不太友好，将中国人当成有色人种看待。中国留学生在要塞军事学院遭受了一定程度的种族歧视，他们创立了“大同俱乐部”，进行了思想上的反省。

The citadel is Chinese students study military one of the town.Due to the citadel is located in the south Carolina state of Charleston,The state in the American civil war belongs to the south of the slave states faction,In the early twentieth century to the colored still exist discrimination,Local some white to Chinese students don't too friendly,Will the Chinese as a colored view.Chinese students in the citadel suffered some degree of racial discrimination,They established"Datong club",The ideological reflection.

　　要塞军事学院是美国六大高等军事院校之一。它建立于1842年12月20日，当时位于南卡莱罗纳州的查尔斯顿的马里恩广场。建立的最初目的是为了保护邻近地区的军火库和相关军事设施。它于1843年3月2日正式开学，只有二十名学员。等到了中国留学生来要塞军事学院学习的时候，在校生规模已经超过七百人。它仍然是一所平民大学，其教学理念是培养接受大学通识教育、身体强健、熟悉军事的复合型人才。它的特殊之处在于它的学生名义上是南卡莱罗纳州国民警卫队的成员，因为它在成立之初是一所带有警卫部队性质的学校。所以，比起其他平民大学来说，要塞军事学院更加注重军事训练，尤其是体能训练。久而久之，军事训练项目成为了它的招牌。

The citadel is the one of six higher military academy.It was established in December 1842, twenty,At that time is located in south Carolina Charleston Marion square.To establish the first purpose is to protect in the vicinity of Arsenal and related military facilities.It was on March 2, 1843 officially start,Only twenty students.Wait to Chinese students to the citadel studying,Student scale has more than seven hundred people.It is still a common university,The teaching idea is to foster college general education/fit/Familiar with military talents.Its special lies in its students is nominally south Carolina state national guard members,Because it was first established is a security forces with nature of the school.so,Compared with other civilians for university,The citadel pay more attention to military training,Especially physical training.As time passes,Military training project as its signature.

　　要塞军事学院接收中国留学生，让他们在接受完备的文科教育的同时，学习西方的战争艺术。在此学习的中国留学生，除了军事课程和操练以外，还得应付排得满满当当的文化课程。他们和白人学员一起，在阅兵场操练，在食堂吃饭，每天要接受上面的抽查，被强制参加体能训练。要塞军事学院是中国留学生学习军事的好地方，这里学风扎实，可是有一样令留学生们无法忍受，他们在查尔斯顿被视为有色人种。不仅白人们这么看，黑人们也这么看，黑人对他们表示欢迎，因为他们上白人才能上的要塞军事学院。中国留学生对种族界限有着清晰的认识，他们有些人上要塞军事学院是出于逆反心理，目的就是为让美国白人看看，“中国人可以在那占据一席之地”。

The citadel receiving Chinese students,Let them accept complete in the liberal arts education at the same time,Learn the art of war in the west.In the study of Chinese students,In addition to military training courses and beyond,Had to deal with the row full to the brim culture course.They and white students together,Practice in the parade,Eat in the dining hall,Every day to accept the check,Be forced to participate in physical training.The citadel is Chinese students study military good place,This style of solid,But there is that students can't stand,They in Charleston is regarded as colored.Not only white people think so,Black people also think so,Black to welcome them,Because they can be in white on the citadel.Chinese students have to race boundaries clear understanding,Some of them were on the citadel is from negative mentality,Purpose is to let the United States look white,"The Chinese people in the share".