《国家中长期教育改革和发展纲要(2010～2020)》颁布以来，教育改革已成为全社会的共识，顶层设计的各项改革试点正在自上而下如火如荼地展开。与此同时，一股来自基层、来自学校的自下而上的改革力量也在静悄悄地生长。

[National medium and long-term education reform and development compendium(2010 ~ 2020)]Since issued,Education reform has become the consensus of the whole society,The top design of the pilot reform from top to bottom is like a raging fire spread.meanwhile,A cold from the grassroots/From the bottom of the school reform strength are also quietly growth.

　　最近一段时间，记者在调查采访中发现，在北京，一些名不见经传的普通校、薄弱校，一些年轻老师正在自发进行着各种各样的改革尝试。这股改革的力量虽尚不强劲，但弥足珍贵，因为与自上而下的改革相比，自下而上的改革的动力更充足。

A recent period of time,Reporter in the interview survey found,In Beijing,Some unknown ordinary school/BoRuoJiao,Some young teachers are spontaneous on various reform attempt.This reform's strength is not strong though,But precious,Because of the reform of the top-down and compared,From the momentum of reform more enough.

　　

不改，只能继续挤压学生时间；改，追寻教育内部规律，彻底改变教学 Do not change,Can only continue to squeeze time students;change,Education for the internal rule,Completely change the teaching

　　密云中学建校于1951年，曾经是密云县最好的中学，后来由于多方面的原因，一度走入低谷。上世纪90年代，该校逐渐走出低谷，高考的本科上线率达50%。

Miyun middle school was founded in 1951,Was the best of miyun county middle school,Later, due to various reasons,Once into trough.In the 1990 s,The school gradually went out of whack,College entrance examination of undergraduate online rate was 50%.

　　但是之后，学校的发展进入了一个停滞期，无论怎么努力，成绩很难再提高。

But after,The development of the school enter a period of stagnation,No matter how hard,Result is hard to improve.

　　“我们仔细研究了学校发展的历史，找出了那几年学校走出低谷的原因。”校长赵向东说。从上世纪90年代末到本世纪初的头几年，学校正好赶上了初高中分离、高校扩招，使学校获得了一个较好的发展时机；另外，学生成绩的提高还得益于延长了学生的学习时间，大量占用学生早、晚和假日的时间。

"We have made a careful study of the historical development of the school,Find out the school a few years out of the cause of the downturn."The principal ZhaoXiangDong said.From the 1990 s to the first few years at the beginning of the century,School just to catch up with the junior separation/The expansion of enrollment in colleges and,Make the school get a good development opportunity;In addition,The improvement of students' achievement is thanks to extend the students' learning time,A lot of students take up early/Late and holiday time.

　　找到了那几年学校走出低谷的原因，也就找到了之后学校为何又停滞不前的原因。

Find the school a few years out of the cause of the downturn,Also found the school why and stagnant reason.

　　“我们常态的课堂是什么样的？是满堂灌。”赵向东说，这种传统的教学方式在几十年前能行得通，因为那时的孩子有着强烈的通过学习改变自己命运的愿望。但是现在的孩子变了，他们不再需要用这种方式改变命运，当学生的内在学习动力没有调动起来的时候，简单的延长学习时间的方法只能在短期内显现出效果，“但是，无法给学校带来高水平的发展。”

"Our normal classroom is what kind of?Is daunted."ZhaoXiangDong said,The traditional teaching way in a few years ago can work,When the child has a strong through learning to change their own destiny desire.But now the children have changed,They no longer need to use this way to change destiny,When students' intrinsic motivation not mobilize up,Simple extend time learning methods can only in the short term show effect,"but,Can't give the school with a high level of development."

　　密云中学是北京很多普通校的一个缩影。

Beijing miyun high school is the most common a miniature of the school.

　　北京是优质教育资源最为集中的城市，也是教育不均衡情况比较严重的城市。

Beijing is the high quality education resources to the most concentrated city,Education is not balanced the situation is more serious city.

　　不均衡带来的是择校热潮，进而造成的是生源、师资、教育投入等各个方面的不均衡。相应的，名校与普通校的社会声誉及教师成就感都有很大差距。

Disequilibrium bring is school boom,Then cause is the germ/teachers/Education investment, and other aspects of the disequilibrium.corresponding,School and ordinary school social reputation and teacher achievement has the very big disparity.

　　普通校想扭转乾坤，能想到的唯一出路就是提高升学率，但又碍于生源和师资都处于劣势，所以不得已采取了“延长学习时间”、“加重学生负担”的战术，学生、老师、家长则苦不堪言。

Ordinary school want to change course,Can think of is the only way to improve graduation rates,But, because of the students and the teachers are at a disadvantage,So the compelled to"Extended learning time"/"Aggravate burden to students"tactics,students/The teacher/Parents have pain in the neck.

　　可事实证明，这条路走不通。

But the fact that,This road impassability.

　　在优势资源越来越向名校集中的情况下，在巨大的生存压力下，以密云中学为代表的一些普通校迫不得已走上了改革之路。

In the advantage resources more and more to the school under the condition of concentration,In great survival pressure,With a cloud high school as a representative of some ordinary school be forced to do on the road to reform.

　　赵向东介绍，在传统的教学模式中我们总是看到这样的景象：老师讲得津津有味，学生听得索然无味。考完试，老师就会指着卷子说：“这样的题我们不是在哪天哪天讲过吗？”“学生不会，是学生不用功，不怨我。”……

ZhaoXiangDong introduced,In the traditional teaching mode, we always see this scene:The teacher spoke with relish,Students listen to dull.Finished the test,The teacher will say concerning examination paper:"This problem we are not told where day which day?""Students are not,Students don't study hard,Don't blame me."...

　　“学习是学习者自己的事情，教育的着力点是激发学生学习的积极性。”赵向东说。本着这一出发点，密云中学进行了一场彻底的课堂教学改革，把课堂变为“自主互助式”的教学模式。首先选了8个实验班探索课堂教学最基本的结构和流程，然后逐渐固化“自主互助式”教学的最基本模式：设定学习目标、点评导学案、互帮互教、导入合作学习、学生展示、点评质疑。

"Learning is learners own things,The starting point of education is to stimulate the enthusiasm of students' study."ZhaoXiangDong said.In line with the starting point,Miyun middle school on a thorough classroom teaching reform,Put the class into"Independent collaborative"Teaching mode.First chose eight classes to explore the classroom teaching the basic structure and process,Then gradually solidified"Independent collaborative"The most basic teaching mode:Set learning goals/Comment on guiding case/Teach and teach/Import cooperative learning/Students show/Comment on question.

　　这样的教学模式建立在学生课前自学的基础上。因此，教师的备课首先要从备“导学案”开始，学生要在“导学案”的指导下进行自主学习，在这种基础上再进行课堂讨论。“课堂上，不再追求教师讲授知识的精彩与完美，要更加关注学生的学习状态和积累。”赵向东说。

Such teaching model based on the basis of class students self-study.so,The teacher prepares a lesson from the first prepared"Guiding case"Began to,Students in"Guiding case"Under the direction of autonomous learning,In this basis for class discussion again."class,No longer the pursuit of teachers teach knowledge wonderful and perfect,Need to pay more attention to the students' learning state and accumulation."ZhaoXiangDong said.

　　纵观当前我国基础教育阶段在课堂教学上的改革，基本模式都是一致的，也就是从“以老师教”为主，变为“以学生学”为主。

In the current our country's basic education stage in the classroom teaching reform,Basic mode is the same,That is, from"To the teacher taught"mainly,into"Students learn to"mainly.

　　关键是，一些地方的改革流于形式，或者只是在公开课的时候进行这种演练。

Key is,In some places the reform become a mere formality,Or just in the open class time for this kind of practice.

　　“不改我们可能就没有出路，走向死亡之谷。”赵向东说。

"Do not change we may have no way out,The death valley."ZhaoXiangDong said.

　　当改革成为唯一出路的时候，改革就有了充足的内在驱动力，即使前路困难重重，也能坚持下去。

When reform as the only way out of the time,Reform had plenty of inner driving force,Even if the road before difficulties,Also can stick to it.

　　

不改，只能垫底；改，走出特色 Do not change,Only bottom;change,Out of the characteristics

　　中等学校的改革动力来自发展的需要，对于薄弱校来说，改革则是一种“非生即死”的选择。

Secondary school reform from the needs of the development of power,BoRuoJiao for it,Reform is a kind of"Not born namely dead"choice.

　　地处北京市丰台区的大成学校仅有10年的校史，作为居民小区的配套学校，由几所初中和小学合并而成。最初是九年一贯制的学校，后来也办起了高中。

The school is located in Beijing fengtai dacheng only 10 years of history,As residential areas supporting school,By several junior middle school and primary school merge and become.First is the construct of the school,Then also made high school.

　　在名校林立的北京，这是一所极不起眼的学校，“我们学校中考招生的分数段，在全区排名最后。”该校校长说。

In the school with Beijing,This is a very ordinary school,"Our school admissions tests of the band,In the final ranking."The university's President says.

　　在择校热愈演愈烈的情况下，受冲击最大的就是这些薄弱学校。

In the heat will be intensified the cases,By the biggest impact is the weak school.

　　北京市东城区一所薄弱学校校长曾经说：“没有什么学生会到我们学校来择校，即使是那些电脑派位来的孩子，很多也只存在于名单上，开学会有很多学生根本不来报到。不仅学生留不住，老师也因为没有成就感、收入水平太低等原因纷纷离开。”

Beijing dongcheng district a weak school principal once said:"No students will come to our school,Even those computer 1 school places allocation to children,Many also exists only in the list,Open society there are many students don't to report.Not only the students do not leave,The teacher also because there is no sense of accomplishment/Income level is too low and other reasons have to leave."

　　老师不愿意留下，进来的学生也情绪低落，一位薄弱校的老师说：“学生就是那个样子，你讲他也不听。只求上课别出事就行了，老师上课也就是凭良心了。”

The teacher is not willing to leave,In students in low spirits,A BoRuoJiao teacher said:"Students like that,You said he would not listen.But don't have an accident in class will do,The teacher is the conscience."

　　已经落在了最后就没有后路了。

Was on the final will be at the point of no return.

　　就像当年那些想靠知识改变命运的年轻人一样，一些薄弱校自身产生了强烈的改革动力。

Like the people who want to rely on knowledge change destiny of young people,Some BoRuoJiao own produced strong reform power.

　　2003年，北京大成学校的负责人看到这些学生虽然文化课成绩不好，但是其中一些人在艺术方面有些特长，学校便结合学生的特点再结合高考录取的现实情况，决定进行改革尝试：在高二学生中选择对美术有兴趣、也愿意尝试的孩子组建了实验班。结果，通过一年半的特色教育，那些本来高考无望的孩子，通过艺考取得了很好的成绩。

In 2003,,Beijing dacheng in charge of the school to see the students though literacy class bad grades,But some of them in the arts some specialty,The school was combined with the characteristics of the students admitted to the college entrance examination combined with the reality of the situation,Decided to try to reform:In senior high school students in the choice of the art are interested in/Also willing to try children form the experimental class.The results,Through a year and a half features of education,Those who have the university entrance exam hopeless children,Pass through the arts have very good results.

　　后来，学校不断总结经验，几年来逐渐形成了美术特长班课程体系，开发了素描、速写、色彩、设计等课程。同时，把美术特色教育推广到非特长学生中，除了完成国家美术鉴赏必修课程之外，还开设了美术鉴赏讲座。比如《神秘辉煌的青铜时代》、《何止一曲青花瓷瓷器的历史》、《充满人类智慧的现代建筑》等。

later,The school constantly sum up experience,In recent years gradually formed a fine arts specialty training classes curriculum system,Developed sketch/sketch/color/Design course.At the same time,The art characteristic education promotion to the specialty students,In addition to completing national art appreciation outside a compulsory course,Also have art appreciation lecture.Such as[Mysterious brilliant Bronze Age]/[Far more than a piece of blue and white porcelain porcelain history]/[Full of human wisdom of modern architecture]etc.

　　现在该校的特色教育改革已经被确定为“北京市国家级教育体制改革基础教育项目”，“那些特长班的学生虽然中考时的成绩也就在400分上下，但是他们学习的劲头很足，因为他们的心里有希望。”该校校长说。

Now the school features of education reform has been identified as"The Beijing national education system reform of basic education project","The specialty training classes students although tests results in up and down 400 points,But they learn is very sufficient strength,Because their heart there is hope."The university's President says.

　　大成学校把改革的重点放在学校的整体转变上，有些学校则把力量用在学生身上。

Dacheng school reform, the focus of the whole school on the change,Some schools have the power in the student body.

　　海淀区蓝靛厂中学(2010年更名为人大附中第二分校)一直是一所基础比较薄弱的学校，学生的学习没有劲头，也提不起兴趣。2010年学校引进了一种特殊的扑克“肇基数学”扑克，在初一的部分班级中进行数学教学的实验，就是让学生在每周的一节数学课中打这种特殊的扑克，小小的扑克牌上有数字、有英文字母。通过扑克牌游戏法,孩子们开始琢磨其中的算法，对数学的学习兴趣变得空前高涨，数学成绩有了大幅的提高，信心也随之提升。

Haidian district indigo plant secondary school(In 2010, renamed the people's congress at the school)Has been a foundation weak school,Students' learning no strength,Also lift not interest.In 2010 the school introduced a special kind of poker"Zhao base learning"poker,In the first part of the class in mathematics teaching experiment,Is to make the students in a maths lesson a week in this special play poker,Small CARDS have Numbers on/Have an English letter.Through the poker game method,The children began to consider one of the algorithm,The math study interest become to an all-time high,Math scores have been vastly improved,Ascension with confidence.

　　“当不把高考作为唯一评价标准的时候，我们给学生的这些知识和训练是可以让学生终身受益的。”大成学校校长说。“因为我们是垫底的学校，这也给了我们一个安静下来的机会。学校就像一个系统，所有的孩子都从入口进入从出口离开，只有让所有的孩子在出口时都比在入口时有所提高，这才是教育的价值。所以，无论什么样的孩子来了，我们都对孩子进行分析，然后根据各个孩子的特点，调整我们这个系统工作的措施和方向，然后让孩子在他原有的基础上有所提高，这个价值比中考和高考的高分还要高。”

"When don't take college entrance examination as the only evaluation standard time,We give students the knowledge and the training is to be able to let the students life-long benefit."Dacheng school principal said."Because we are the bottom of the school,It also gives us a chance to quiet down.School is like a system,All the children are from the entrance to the exit,Only let all the children in the export than in the entrance to improve,This is the value of education.so,No matter what kind of child,We are all for children to carry on the analysis,And then, according to the characteristics of each child,Adjust the system measures and direction,Then let the child in his original basis improved,This value than tests and college entrance examination score is even higher."

　　

改革的压力来自方方面面，现阶段硬发展才是硬道理 The reform pressure from all aspects,At the present stage hard development is the absolute principle

　　为什么这些非名校会自发行动起来发起改革？

Why are these not school will spontaneous action initiated reform?

　　《中小学管理》杂志社社长柴纯清说，很多北京的学校也到山东杜郎口中学等地方去学习过，但是回来后真正动起来的却很少，因为北京的学校有一种“城市中心主义的”优越感，他们不愿意去模仿。

[Middle and primary school management]The magazine ChaiChunQing President said,A lot of Beijing school also to shandong DuLang mouth place such as a high school to learn,But come back really move less,Because Beijing's school has a"The city center of socialism"superiority,They don't want to go to imitate.

　　很多名校都有类似的优越感，不愿意放下身段。

A lot of schools have similar superiority,Don't want to put down the figure.

　　“对于名校来说，他们的改革比我们更有顾虑。”北京大成学校校长说。

"Famous for it,Their reform than we have more concerns."Beijing dacheng school principal said.

　　大家都在说教育不公平，而很多不公平是政策造成的。一些名校垄断了“入口”的生源，同时，他们还有政策的倾斜、资金的倾斜，而从理论上说，从这样的学校“出口”走出的学生，必然会比其他学校的学生成绩要高。学生成绩高就会吸引更多成绩优异学生的涌入，名校的地位保住了。

Everyone agrees that education is not fair,And many unfair is caused by the policy.Some of the famous monopoly"entrance"student,At the same time,They have policy/Capital inclined,And in theory,From this school"export"Out of the students,Will more than any other school students to high.Student achievement gao will attract more students into good grades,The status of school saved.

　　对这些学校来说，改，有50%的可能会变得更好，而不改，则至少可以继续享受现在所拥有的。

Of these schools is,change,50% of can become better,And do not change,Is at least can continue to enjoy what we have now.

　　其实，这种改革的阻力不仅存在于名校中间，应试教育的逻辑和传统教学模式的惯性，在整个教育系统中已经根深蒂固。

In fact,The reform not only in the resistance of the middle school,Takes an exam the education and the traditional teaching mode of inertia,In the whole education system has been deeply rooted.

　　赵向东校长记得，他们刚刚进行改革时，在一次公开的教学展示活动中，学校一名青年教师便采用了“自主互助式课堂”，让学生根据“导学案”进行预习并提出问题，再以站立式的讨论方式来交流探讨，最后老师予以点拨和总结。

ZhaoXiangDong principal remember,They have just when reform,In an open teaching show activities,The school a young teachers and adopted"Independent collaborative classroom",Let the students according to"Guiding case"To prepare and ask questions,Then stand type discussion way of communication,Finally the teacher to show how and summarized.

　　然而，这种教学方式被来听课的教研员批评得一塌糊涂，教研员提出了许多问题，比如“知识点并未讲清楚，长期下去，学生能掌握吗？”“将来高考怎么办？”

however,This kind of teaching method is a member of the research to a criticism,Research staff to put forward a lot of problems,Such as"Knowledge does not speak clearly,Go down for a long time,Students can master?""The college entrance examination in the future?"

　　为此赵向东找到相关领导：“如果以这样的态度来对待课改，那么还有没有人敢改革？改革过程中，有不足或者缺失的地方，提出修改意见可以，但不能把整个改革都否定了。”

Therefore ZhaoXiangDong find relevant leaders:"If in this attitude to treat class changes,Is there no one dare to reform?Reform process,A deficiency or lack of place,Amendment opinions can,But not the whole reform are denied."

　　其实，这些学校的改革实践一直都伴随着各种质疑之声，而其中最大的质疑来自人们对高考成绩的担忧。

In fact,The school reform has been accompanied by the sound of all kinds of questions,And one of the biggest questions from people to concern the university entrance exam.

　　因为那次严重的批评，赵向东在领导面前留下了一句话：最后让高考成绩说话。

Because of the serious criticism,In front of ZhaoXiangDong leadership left a word:The last of the university entrance exam to speak.

　　所幸的是，密云中学的高考成绩不仅没有因为改革的影响而下滑，反而有了明显的提高，大成学校也没有因为搞美术特色教学使高考成绩下降，而是大大提升了学校的本科上线率。

The good news is that,A cloud of middle school of the university entrance exam reform not only because of the influence of the downturn,But have been significantly improved,Dacheng school nor because make art teaching characteristics of the university entrance exam decline,But has greatly improved the school undergraduate online rate.

　　高考成绩似乎成了判断一项教育改革好坏的标准，没有影响高考成绩的就是成功的改革，影响了高考成绩的改革大概只能自生自灭了。

The university entrance exam seems to become a good education reform judgment standard,Have no effect on the university entrance exam is the success of reform,The influence of the university entrance exam reform have only about the course.

　　这是当前改革者不得不面对的一种尴尬。

This is the current reformers have to face an embarrassing.

　　一位校长在听完密云中学的一节历史课后说：“虽然我在课堂上看到了很多欣喜的变化，也感受到学生由内而发的学习愿望，但是，我也能听出老师的挣扎，很多知识点学生仍然像受过应试训练一样，回答得非常熟练、到位。”

A principal after listening to miyun school section history lesson said:"Although I am in the classroom to see a lot of welcome change,Students also felt by inside and the hair of learning desire,but,I can also listen to the teacher's struggle,A lot of knowledge students still like a examination as training,Answer very skilled/In place."

　　北京教育学院校长研修学院教育管理系主任何育萍说，现在的很多改革是在理想与现实间徘徊，既要应对功利性的东西，同时还要守着心中的教育理想。因此，在这种情况下，一定要有人先做起来。“很多人都说发展才是硬道理，但是对于当前的教育改革，硬发展才是硬道理。”何育萍说，让更加科学的、符合教育规律的改革措施先推行下去，当教育的实际操作者在这样的过程中理解了改革的内涵，并体会了其中的益处之后，改革就能变成一种自内而外的行动。

Beijing education college principal research college education management department HeYuPing said,Now a lot of reform is in between the ideal and the reality around,Should not only deal with utilitarian things,At the same time to keep the heart of education ideal.so,In this case,Must be someone to do it."A lot of people say that development is the absolute principle,But for the current education reform,Hard development is the absolute principle."HeYuPing said,Let more scientific/Conform to the law of education reform measures to implement it,When education actual operator in the process to understand the connotation of the reform,And appreciate the benefits of after,Reform can become a from inside and outside of the action.

　　有人曾说，鸡蛋从外面打破是食物，从里面打破是生命。

Someone once said,Eggs from the outside to break is food,From inside to break is the life.

　　在教育领域，从上至下的改革虽然声势浩大，但往往因为难以激发学校内部和教师自身的动力，常常难以落到实处；而从内部萌发的改革则具有很强的生命力，即使很微弱也会迸发出耀眼的火花。(记者 樊未晨）

In the education field,From the top to bottom reform although blockbuster,But often because of difficult to stimulate inside the school and teachers' power,Often difficult to into effect;And from the inside of the germination of reform has strong vitality,Even very small also catching a dazzling spark.(Reporter fan not morning)

　　(中国青年报)

(The China youth daily)