2012年年底，一份记录农村教育生态的《中国农村教育发展报告2011》发布。这份报告由东北师范大学农村教育研究所组织编写，课题组的足迹踏遍国内28个省市自治区、181个县、213个村庄，走访了近500所农村幼儿园、小学、中学和职业学校。

By the end of 2012,A record of rural education ecological[China's rural education development report 2011]release.The report from the northeast normal university institute of rural education organization to write,His footsteps travel domestic and provinces, cities and autonomous regions/181 counties/213 villages,Visited nearly 500 rural kindergarten/Elementary school/High school and vocational school.

　　在调研中，课题组发现，尽管义务教育均衡发展正在有序推进，但在学前教育、义务教育、职业教育等各个方面，农村教育仍然与城市存在着较大差距。“未来义务教育的发展重心是切实缩小校际差距，加快缩小城乡差距，努力缩小区域差距，然而，无论是学校层面、城乡层面还是区域层面，农村义务教育都是薄弱环节，都是我们要发展的重中之重。”报告的编写者、东北师范大学农村教育研究所所长邬志辉表示。

In the research of,Group found that,Although compulsory education balanced development is orderly propulsion,But in preschool education/Compulsory education/Vocational education and other aspects,Rural education is still and city there is a large gap."The future development of the compulsory education of schools is to narrow gap,To speed up the gap,Efforts to narrow the disparity in different regions,however,Whether the school level/Urban and rural level or regional level,Rural compulsory education is weak link,Are we want to develop of heavy medium of heavy."The report of the writers/The northeast normal university rural education institute director WuZhiHui said.

　　“现在，我们要对农村教育的整体水平作出判断，也需要回答农村教育中出现的这些问题，到底是个别现象还是普遍现象？”21世纪教育研究院院长杨东平认为，在“后撤点并校时代”，在大规模的人口流动和城市化影响下，农村教育的许多老问题还没有得到解决，又出现了许多新问题。

"now,We to the overall level of rural education to make judgment,Also need to answer the rural education appeared in these problems,What is the individual phenomenon or common phenomenon?"The 21st century education research institute President YangDongPing think,in"Retreat point BingJiao era",In the large-scale population flow and under the influence of urbanization,Many of the old rural education problem is not solved,And the emergence of many new problems.

　　

90%的农村孩子就读“无户口”幼儿园 90% of rural children attend"No account"kindergarten

　　《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010~2020)》中提出的农村学前教育目标是，在2020年将学前3年的幼儿入园率从50.9%提高到70%。

[National medium and long-term education reform and development plan outline(2010 ~ 2020)]Put forward the rural preschool education goal is,In 2020, three years of preschool children RuYuanLv increased from 50.9% to 70%.

　　在调研中，课题组统计的村屯学前3年毛入园率为83.6%，这一数据却远高于国家的数据。造成统计差异的原因是国家统计的数据仅包含在教育部门登记注册的公立幼儿园。

In the research of,His statistics CunTun preschool 3 years RuYuanLv MAO was 83.6%,This data is far higher than the national data.Statistical differences caused by the reason is the national statistical data only included in the education department registered public kindergarten.

　　在课题组走访的175个村庄中，仅有1个村庄里有公办幼儿园，其余全部是民办幼儿园和农村小学附属园，这些“无户口”幼儿园并未被纳入国家的统计范围。更宏观的数据是，国内90%以上的幼儿园都是民办幼儿园，公办幼儿园只占不到10%。

In 175 a group to visit the village,Only one village have public kindergarten,The rest are all private kindergarten and rural primary school attached garden,these"No account"The kindergarten has not been included in the scope of national statistics.More macro data is,Domestic more than 90% of the kindergarten is private kindergarten,Public kindergarten only accounts for less than 10%.

　　大多数农村孩子，正在这些“无户口”幼儿园就读。据介绍，在“无户口”幼儿园中，有四分之一是家庭作坊式的幼儿园。在山东省青州市一个村，一个退休小学教师办的家庭作坊式幼儿园里，有17个村里的孩子就读。家长普遍对幼儿园很满意，因为入园费半年才400元，而在外村的民办幼儿园一个月就得260元。由于幼儿园就在本村，平时家长也不用担心车辆接送的问题。但是由于学生数量少，只能采取混班教学，幼儿园的教学质量并不高。

Most of the children in the countryside,Are these"No account"Kindergarten attend.According to introducing,in"No account"Kindergarten in,A quarter is the family cottage kindergarten.QingZhouShi a village in shandong province,A retired primary school teacher do family mill in the kindergarten,17 the village children attend.Parents of kindergarten generally satisfied,Because the park fee half a year only 400 yuan,And out of the village private kindergarten a month to 260 yuan.Due to the kindergarten in this village,At ordinary times the parent also need not worry about the problem of transport.But because the student quantity is less,Can only take mix class teaching,Kindergarten teaching quality is not high.

　　虽然国家财政投入5亿元启动“中西部农村学前教育推进工程试点”，越来越多的地方政府也把发展农村学前教育列入三年或五年规划，但公办学前教育的推进无法一蹴而就。即使一个省拿出三四十亿元经费投入学前教育，一个省少则有七八十个、多则100多个县，每个县有二三十个乡镇，投入一个幼儿园至少要一二十万元资金，再加上教师配备和后续的维护，一个乡镇能建起一个公办幼儿园就算不错了。

Although the national financial investment 500 million yuan start"The Midwest rural preschool education propulsion engineering pilot",More and more local governments and the development of rural preschool education in three or five year plan,But public preschool education propulsion can't accomplish in one move.Even if a province took out 34 billion yuan funds into pre-school education,A province is less QiBaShiGe/, more than 100 counties,There were twenty or thirty each county township,A kindergarten in at least a decade or two ten thousand yuan,In addition the teacher equipped with and follow-up maintenance,A town can set up a public kindergarten even good.

　　邬志辉认为，在高入园率的背后，这些幼儿园的教师数量、整体素质、办学水平上都还存在缺陷，不少园舍本身是旧房改造而成，食宿水平不达标。另一个安全隐患是校车，目前发生的多起校车事故，多是来自民办幼儿园。由于幼儿园属于非义务教育阶段，民办幼儿园需要自负盈亏，能招收到的学生数量，直接决定了幼儿园的效益，所以，民办幼儿园往往不考虑就近入学，到处拉学生，许多学生上学距离远，就使得校车问题更加严重。

WuZhiHui think,In high RuYuanLv back,The kindergarten teacher quantity/Overall quality/Education level is flawed,A lot of the old house up itself is transformed and be become,Room and board level is not standard.Another potential safety hazard is the bus to school,At present the school bus accident happened since,Much is from private kindergarten.Due to the kindergarten is not compulsory education stage belongs to,Private kindergarten need to responsible for their own profits and losses,Can recruit to the number of students,Directly determines the benefit of the kindergarten,so,Private kindergarten often don't consider came near to the entrance,Pull students everywhere,Many students go to school of distance,Makes the school bus problem is more serious.

　　幼儿园的师资也存在很大缺口。从教育部公布的2009年统计数据来看，当年师范专业毕业生总数约为93万人，幼儿教师需求总量的缺口却有218万人，即使所有师范毕业生全部从事幼儿教育工作，仍然无法填满缺口。

Kindergarten teachers are also big gap.From the ministry of education published 2009 statistical data to see,The normal students population is about 930000 people,Preschool teachers of the total demand gap has 2.18 million people,Even if all normal graduates all engaged in preschool education work,Still unable to fill the gap.

　　根据课题组的统计，村屯幼儿园的师生比仅为1∶15，与国家要求的1∶6相差甚远。一半以上的民办园和小学附属园的师生比在1∶20以下，10%的师生比在1∶40以下。

According to the statistics of research,CunTun kindergarten ShiShengBi is only 1:15,With the national requirements of the 1:6 vary greatly.More than half of the private kindergartens and elementary schools affiliated ShiShengBi garden in 1, and the following,10% of the ShiShengBi in 1, and the following.

　　课题组在调研中还发现，受各种因素的限制，村屯幼儿园还体现出了严重的“小学化”倾向。邬志辉认为，在城市幼儿园，老师会更多地关注孩子的游戏、活动、与伙伴的合作和交流，而农村幼儿园更多地是“看管”在幼儿园里，老师要求孩子认真听讲、坐姿端正、安静地活动和休息，还会布置大量作业，跟小学的教学方法别无二致，这在一定程度上扼杀了儿童的天性，孩子的社会化程度低，见了生人容易害怕。

The research in the study also found,Affected by various factors limit,CunTun kindergarten also reflects serious"Primary school change"tendency.WuZhiHui think,In the city kindergarten,The teacher will be more attention to children's games/activities/With the partner cooperation and communication,And rural kindergarten are more"watch"In the kindergarten,The teacher asked the child seriously listened to the lecture/Sit up straight/A quiet activity and rest,Will decorate a lot of homework,With the same primary school teaching method,This, to a certain extent, killed the nature of children,How children are socialized today low,Saw a stranger to fear.

　　

农村“微型学校”与城镇“巨型学校”产生新的“上学难” rural"Miniature school"And town"Giant school"Generate new"School difficult"

　　在短短的3年里，荣生希望小学的学生从180多人减少到30多人。这所位于甘肃省河西地区的农村学校曾经是一所完全小学，开满6个年级，现在却只剩下一年级和二年级，其余年级由于学生太少，都被并入了镇上的中心小学。

In a short period of three years,RongSheng hope primary school students from more than 180 people to reduce more than 30 people.This is located in gansu hexi area of rural school was a complete primary school,Filled with six grade,But now I only have one grade and second grade,The rest of the year because the student too little,Have been incorporated into the center of the town primary school.

　　荣生希望小学所在的这个县，可以被视为农村教育发展过程的缩影：从20世纪90年代中后期开始，随着人口高峰的退去，出外务工人员越来越多，学龄儿童锐减，原先繁荣的农村学校开始萎缩。1998～2008年间，这个县的小学生数量减少了三分之一。全县87所农村小学中，100人以下的有64所，50人以下的有41所。用当地一名教育官员的话说，是“房子新了，教室空了，学生少了”。

RongSheng hope primary school in the county,Can be regarded as the epitome of the rural education development:Since the 1990 s began,As the population peak recede,Out more and more migrant workers,School-age children cut,The original prosperity of rural schools begin to shrink.From 1998 to 2008,This county of primary school children number dropped by a third.The 87 rural elementary schools,Fewer than 100 there are 64,Fifty people below the 41.With a local education officials as saying,is"The new house,The classroom is empty,Students less".

　　在课题组所到的许多地方，都有像荣生希望小学这样的“微型学校”。在十余年的“撤点并校”过程中，许多农村学校逐渐缩小规模，或者被弃置不用。课题组在当地看到，不少新建的学校校门紧锁，校园内空无一人，操场上荒草丛生。

Research in to many places,There are RongSheng hope primary school like this"Miniature school".In more than ten years of"From point BingJiao"process,Many rural schools gradually reduced scale,Or rejects.In the local group to see,Many of the new school school gate lock,On the campus empty,The playground full of weeds.

　　农村学校变成“微型学校”。由于学校的公用经费由国家通过预算内的教育事业费定额拨付，与学生的数量成正比，因此，学生数量的多少直接决定了学校公用经费的多少。这加剧了“微型学校”的财政困难，形成了恶性循环。

Rural schools into"Miniature school".Because the school public funds by the state through the education budget allocated operating norm,And the number of students is proportional,so,How much of the number of students directly determine the school how many public funds.This increased"Miniature school"Financial difficulties,Form a vicious circle.

　　该县基教科的工作人员给调查组算了一笔账：小学的规模只有超过120人，学校每年才有可能对自身有新的投入。一所规模为50人的小学，一年的公用经费勉强能维持冬天的供暖和日常的简单开销，基本没有购置教学设施和图书的可能。因此，大部分小学只能勉强维持，根本谈不上发展。

The base teaching department staff to the investigation team calculate a bill:The size of the primary school only more than 120 people,Before the year is likely to own a new input.A scale for fifty primary school,A year of public funds can barely keep winter heating and simple daily expenses,Basic did not purchase the teaching facilities and the possibility of books.so,Most of the elementary school can barely keep,There was no question of development.

　　而在这样的“微型学校”，根据教育行政部门的规定，教学安排要与大规模的学校一样，课程与课时一个都不能少。因此，教师往往要一个人带好几门课，任务超额，流失现象也格外严重。在全县的农村小学教师队伍中，43%的老师都在45岁以上。

And in this"Miniature school",According to the provisions of the administrative department of education,Teaching plans and the scale of the school,Curriculum and class 1 can't be little.so,The teacher often a person take several course,Task excess,Erosion phenomenon is particularly serious.In the county rural primary school teachers team,43% of the teachers in 45 years old.

　　与农村教育资源的闲置和浪费相对应的是，国家投入巨资在城镇建设中心寄宿制学校：在甘肃、湖北等中西部地区，都出现了学生超过5000人甚至上万人的“巨型学校”；在宁夏回族自治区撤并南部山区学校后，甚至出现了学生超过万人的六盘山中学和育才中学。

And rural education resources idle and waste corresponding is,Countries invested heavily in the construction of town center residential schools:In gansu/Hubei, etc in the Midwest,There were students more than 5000 people, and even thousands of people"Giant school";In the ningxia hui autonomous region merging of the southern mountains after school,Appear even the student more than ten thousand people LiuPanShan middle school and yucai middle school.

　　这使得新的“上学难”问题出现了。

This makes the new"School difficult"A problem.

　　课题组在调研中发现，很多学校规模上去了，寄宿能力却不足，学生仍然被迫走读。偏远地区的学生本来在本村或邻村上学，现在则要步行十几公里甚至几十公里；有的孩子被寄养在学校附近的居民家，每月要交上百元的住宿费和生活费，还要给房东“小费”。

The research group found,Many schools scale up,Boarding ability is insufficient,Students are still forced to day.Remote areas of the student was in the village school or nearby villages,Now is to walk more than ten kilometers even dozens of kilometers;Some children in the school nearby residents home,To pay hundreds of dollars a month of the lodging and living expenses,Will give the landlord"tips".

　　一名家长算出了自从儿子和女儿的村小被合并、到中心小学寄宿后增加的开销：一顿饭两元五角，每个孩子按照每天两顿饭、每周5天在学校计算，每周25元，一个月就是100元，一年就要1200元；孩子每周回家，原先是村里的家长集体租车周末接送，后来因为不安全，改成了学校派车接送，一个月的交通费是30元，一年300元。这样，每个孩子每年吃饭和交通费就是1500元。

A parents worked out since the son and daughter's school merger/To center primary school boarding will increase costs:A meal two dollars and fifty cents,Each child according to two meals every day/5 days a week in the school calculation,$25 a week,A month is 100 yuan,One year will be 1200 yuan;The children come home every week,The original is the village collective parents weekend shuttle car,But for unsafe,Into the school sent car shuttle,A month of transportation is 30 yuan,300 yuan.this,Each child eating and transportation each year is 1500 yuan.

　　“上学难”不仅使得家庭经济负担加重，还让刚刚入学的孩子无法在父母身边完成小学阶段的学习，造成了家庭教育的缺席。

"School difficult"Not only makes the family economic burden,Still let just entrance children not in parents finish primary school learning,Caused the absence of family education.

　　

硬件条件在改善，但软件、师资没有上去 To improve the hardware conditions,But software/Teachers have not gone up

　　“农村教育的硬件条件在改善，但在软件上仍然很薄弱，最根本的问题就是教师的缺乏。”中国教育学会副会长郭振有认为，农村教师的学历在提高，但真正高素质的教师还是到不了农村，县城的教师也下不到农村去，师资的结构性短缺严重。

"The rural education in improving the hardware conditions,But in the software is still very weak,The most fundamental problem is the lack of teachers."China education society vice-chairman GuoZhenYou think,Rural teachers' education in improving,But the real high-quality teachers or not to rural,County town of teachers also less than rural to,The structural shortage of teachers.

　　一个调查结论可以印证师资的缺乏：在义务教育阶段，农村学生的学科发展不均衡问题严重，标准化测试的结果表明，语文成绩要显著高于数学成绩。由于农村教师多是后期培训，因为外语、数学难度较大，农村教师的专业主要是语文。因此，许多数学教师都是语文教师兼职或转行的，科学素养、思维普遍较弱。

A research conclusion can confirm the lack of teachers:In the compulsory education stage,The countryside student's subject development not balanced the serious problem,Standardized test results show that,Language result to a significantly higher math scores.Due to the rural teachers training is more later,For foreign language/Mathematical difficult,Rural teacher's professional mainly Chinese.so,Many mathematics teacher is language teacher part-time or line breaks,Scientific literacy/Thinking is generally weak.

　　郭振有觉得，师资力量的缺乏，与中等师范学校的取消不无关系。“现在取消了中师教育，好学生、好苗子基本不上师范了。”郭振有说。

GuoZhenYou think,The lack of teachers,And secondary normal school was related to cancel."Now cancelled for junior college students education,A good student/Good young plant on the basic not normal."GuoZhenYou said.

　　2010年开始的“国培计划”，大大拓宽了对农村教师的培训面，共计培训县及县以下农村教师110万名，占参训教师总数的95%以上。然而，郭振有认为，虽然教师培训多了，但农村教师到北京等大城市，甚至是到省城培训都很难，大部分教师只能到县城培训，很多老师一辈子都没有离开过家乡。

Began in 2010"Countries culture plan",Greatly broaden the rural teachers' training level,A total of county and the training of rural teachers' 1.1 million,They accounted for more than 95% of the total number of teachers.however,GuoZhenYou think,Although the teacher training,But rural teachers to big cities such as Beijing,Even to the provincial capital training very hard,Most of the teachers can only to county training,Many teachers have a lifetime away from my hometown.

　　师资力量的增长缓慢，农村家长对教育质量的要求却在迅速提高。邬志辉说，随着农村人口出生率的下降和城市化的推进，家长的思想从以前的“政府要我读”，转变为了“我要读书”、“我要读好书”，但农村教育的发展，显然满足不了家长和子女的要求。

Teachers of slow growth,Rural parents to education quality requirements are increased rapidly.WuZhiHui said,Along with the rural population to a falling birth rate and the advancement of urbanization,The idea of parents from the former"The government should I read",Transformation in order to"I want to read"/"I want to read a good book",But the development of rural education,Obviously can't satisfy the requirements of the parents and children.

　　邬志辉认为，要解决师资问题，首先就需要提高教师待遇。在农村，不少教师特别是兼职教师的工资只有三四百或者五六百元。

WuZhiHui think,To solve the teachers question,It is first necessary to improve teachers' treatment.In the countryside,Many teachers especially part-time teachers' pay is only - or after yuan.

　　2012年，他受教育部教师工作司的委托，进行边远艰苦地区农村教师人均补贴的政策研究。现在，中央财政已预备划拨近80亿元解决这个问题。该项资金到位后，预计乡镇教师每人每月增加400元补贴，村小教师每人每月增加600元补贴，教学点教师每人每月增加800元补贴。此外，还有一项农村教师的奖励计划也正在推行之中。

In 2012,,He is the ministry of education of teachers' work company entrusted,In remote rural teachers in hard per capita subsidies policy study.now,The central government has prepared transfer nearly 8 billion yuan to solve this problem.The capital is available,Villages and towns is expected to teachers every month, an increase of 400 yuan subsidy,School teachers every month, an increase of 600 yuan subsidy,School teachers every month, an increase of 800 yuan subsidy.In addition,And a rural teacher's incentive plan is also in carrying out.

　　另一方面，他认为需要推进教师的本地化，让农村培养出来的教师回到本地任教。

On the other hand,He thinks that need to promote teachers' localization,Let the rural culture out of the local teachers back to teach.

　　据统计，首届10597名免费师范生中，已有4133人到县镇及以下中小学任教，占总数的39%。中央财政投入“特岗计划”经费达30.5亿元，招聘“特岗教师”60898名到农村任教，服务期满，留任比例达87%。河北、湖北、山东等地政府也正在尝试地方免费师范生教育。湖南、江西还在实施“定向培养农村中小学教师计划”。邬志辉认为，定向培养优秀的农村教师回家乡是一个非常重要的策略，“真正能够坚守的还是本地教师”。

According to the statistics,In the first 10597 free normal,More than 4133 people to the county town and the primary and secondary school teaching,Accounted for 39% of the total.The central financial investment"Special duty plan"Funds of 3.05 billion yuan,recruitment"Special duty teachers"60898 to rural teaching,Of service,Stay on rate of 87%.hebei/hubei/Shandong province and other government also are trying to place free normal education.hunan/Jiangxi is still in implementation"Orientation training plan of rural primary and secondary school teachers".WuZhiHui think,Orientation training outstanding rural teacher back home is a very important strategy,"Really can hold or local teachers".

　　几年前，“转型期中国重大教育政策案例研究课题组”发布研究报告指出：到农村任教的大学毕业生，既是农村教育改革与发展的推动者，也是先进文化的传播者，新的生活方式的实践者。

A few years ago,"Transition of Chinese major education policy research case study"Research report released:To rural teacher college graduates,Is the rural education reform and development of the agents,Is also advanced culture disseminator,New way of life practitioners.

　　“农村教育一直是中国教育的短板，我看到的农村教育，依然是以应试为主，不是在培养学生的社会责任感、创新精神、实践能力；农村办学条件有了很大改善，但和城市还是有很大差距；农村的课堂教学还有很多是传统、陈旧的教学模式。没有农村教育的振兴，就没有中国教育的振兴，也就没有民生的根本改善。”郭振有说。

"Rural education has always been China's education short board,I saw the rural education,Still is mainly examination,Not in training students' sense of social responsibility/Innovation spirit/Practice ability;The rural school running conditions has been much improved,But there are still big gap and city;Rural classroom teaching and many are traditional/Old teaching mode.No rural education revitalize,There is no the revitalization of China's education,There is no fundamental to improve people's livelihood."GuoZhenYou said.