去年年末，一名大学生给报纸写信称：“最近上映的电影《1942》，让我意识到自己是个‘史盲’。我高中读理科，大学读工科，很少看课外书。在历史课堂上，我从未听说过1942年河南大饥荒……死了几百万人，这么大的事，我竟然一无所知。……认识过去有助于理解现在，我这个‘史盲’该多多补课了！”

The end of last year,A college student write to a newspaper said:"In the latest movie[1942],Let me realize oneself is a‘S blind’.My high school to read science department,University read engineering,Seldom watch kinds of extra readings.In the middle of a history lesson,I have never heard of 1942 henan famine...Died millions of people,So great things,I actually know nothing....Know the past helps to understand now,this‘S blind’The more to make up missed lesson!"

　　由此似可管窥我们的历史教育，尤其是中学理科历史教学的缺憾。本报特约请北京十一学校历史特级教师魏勇撰文，探讨这一问题。

This observation seems to our history education,Especially middle school science history teaching be short of regret.Our guest please Beijing eleven school history teachers writing super wei,This paper discusses the problem.

　　目前我国教育有两个特点，大学被就业绑架，中学被应试绑架。要把中学生从“人质”状态中解救出来，需要全面的教育和社会改革，需要社会各阶层的智慧和决心，显然，这不是一朝一夕的事情。作为中学历史教师，能够做的事情固然相当有限，却也不是无可作为至少可以让一部分学生先自由起来。比如，让占全部学生人数70%左右的理科学生在学历史时得到解放。

At present our country education has two characteristics,University employment kidnapping,High school was kidnapped examination.From the middle school students"hostage"State rescued,A comprehensive education and social reform,Need to all walks of life wisdom and determination,obviously,This is not a thing overnight.As a high school history teacher,Can do is quite limited,But it is not beyond as at least can let some students free up first.Such as,Let the total number of students about 70% of students in science history be free.

　　一方面，因为他们不参加历史高考，而会考要求又比较简单，“解放”有可行性。另一方面，因为我们看到一些理工科出身的官员、科技工作者甚至校长，在社会问题上的看法仍然停留在他们那个年代的中学历史教育的水平上，其历史观基本局限在中学历史教科书范围内；由于专业所限，大部分理科学生很少有机会在课下主动学习教科书以外的历史，于是，他们在课堂上接触到的人文教育有可能决定其一生的精神底色。基于此，“解放”有必要性。

On the one hand,Because they do not participate in college entrance examination history,And will demand and relatively simple,"liberation"A feasibility.On the other hand,Because we see some science background officials/Science and technology workers even the principal,In view of the social problems still remain in the s of middle school history education level,The basic historical limitations in the middle school history textbooks range;Due to the limit of the professional,Most of the science students rarely have the opportunity to in the class actively learn textbooks outside of the history,so,They in the classroom to contact the humanistic education may decide the life spirit impression.Based on this,"liberation"The need.

　　再者，教育的事情不能等到根本解决方案来临时才动手，那样的话，根本解决方案也许永远等不到。人类历史的经验证明，自上而下设计的完美方案通常不如自下而上形成的自发秩序来得合理，对社会而言，最佳的顶层设计是对自发秩序的认可和完善。所以，我愿意就中学理科历史教学这样一个小小的切面来谈谈我的看法和做法。

moreover,Education of things can't wait for fundamental solution to temporary to begin,case,Fundamental solutions may never can't wait.Human history that the experience,Top-down design perfect scheme is often not as bottom-up formation of spontaneous order more reasonable,As to the society,The top of the best design is the spontaneous order approval and perfect.so,I would like to the secondary school science history teaching such a small plane to talk about my opinions and practice.

批判性思维才是历史学习应当追求的目标 Critical thinking is the history study should be the pursuit of the goal

　　我们为什么需要历史教育？这涉及历史学科的本质。

Why do we need history education?This involves the nature of historical subject.

　　为什么学历史？过去有一个标准答案：以史为鉴，可明兴衰。但仔细琢磨，这个答案对大多数人的生活是没有意义的。比如爱因斯坦，他不需要懂很多历史，照样可以在自己的领域做出杰出贡献。再说普通人，比如一个出租车司机，不懂历史就开不好车吗？一个计算机程序员不懂历史就编不好程序吗？好像没有什么因果关系。这在某种程度上构成了对以往的历史学科本质定义的一个挑战。究竟这个学科是干吗的？绝大多数人只想过一种幸福的、甚至是平淡的生活，天下兴衰，过去王朝的风云变幻，其实对我们个体的生活没什么影响，除非你想当统治者，才要去了解治理国家的经验教训。

Why study history?In the past, there was a standard answer:Taking history as a mirror,Can open and.But careful thinking,The answer for most people's life is meaningless.Such as Einstein,He doesn't need to know a lot of history,Can still in his field has made an outstanding contribution.Besides ordinary people,Such as a taxi driver,Don't understand history will not open car?A computer programmers don't understand history is knitting bad program?Seem to have no causal relationship.This in a way that constitutes the essence of previous history subject definition of a challenge.What is the subject of the stem?Most people just want to lead a happy/Even ordinary life,The rise and fall,In the past dynasties changeable,Actually for our individual life no influence,Unless you want to be a ruler,To understand management state lessons.

　　学历史有什么用呢？我发现，周围的很多人，亲人、朋友、同事之所以不喜欢看那些我认为很好的欧美经典电影，很大程度上是因为看不懂。许多经典电影涉及历史背景和典故，如果缺少对世界历史和文化的了解就容易看不懂，看不懂就不喜欢看。这是一个很大的遗憾，可以说失去了一大人生乐趣。当然，这仅仅是学历史的浅层作用之一。

What's the use of history?I found,A lot of people around,relatives/friends/Colleagues are not like to see those who I think very good Europe and the United States classic movies,Largely because look not to understand.Many classic movies in history background and allusions,If lack of world history and cultural understanding and easy to look not to understand,Look not to understand just don't like to see.This is a big regret,Can say lost a big life fun.Of course,This is only one of the history of shallow role.

　　事实上，历史学科的作用需要重新思考，既需要从族群生存发展的角度来考虑，也需要从个体生活需要和自我发展的角度来理解。这样，我们在教历史的时候才会放下身段，才能避免以宏大叙事遮蔽个体诉求。没有对历史的了解和批判性思考，社会就不能分享如下共同记忆：我们曾经在哪儿，我们应有的核心价值观是什么，历史上哪些决定仍在影响着我们的生活……而一旦缺乏这种集体记忆，人们就会陷入政治冷漠症，甚至不能理解报纸上发表的新闻和披露的问题，不能听懂一场演讲在说什么，不能和别人谈论有关的公共话题。

In fact,The function of history discipline need to re-think,Both need to survival and development from the Angle of ethnic groups to consider,Also need from individual life need and self development point of view to understand.this,Our teaching history will put down the figure,To avoid the grand narrative covered individual demands.Not the history of the understanding and critical thinking,Society will not share the common memory:We have been in,We should have a core value is what,What is still in history to influence our life...But once the lack of this kind of collective memory,People will fall into political apathy disorder,Can't even understand newspaper news and disclosure problem,Can't understand a speech in the said??????,Can't and others talk about public topic.

　　历史学习不仅能够丰富学生的精神世界，而且能够通过这种学习，内化那些有助于形成公民社会的重要价值观。其中，贯穿于历史学习过程始终的批判性思维是在政治方面具有明智才能的前提。

History study can not only enrich the students' spiritual world,But also can by this study,The internalization of civil society to form an important values.the,Throughout history the learning process of critical thinking is always in politics is wise to premise.

　　那么，究竟我们要教给学生什么？过去的历史学习，常常是“贝多芬”式的一背分数就多，不背就没分。这其实完全扭曲了历史学习的意义。历史的确是由一系列事件构成的，但了解这些事件本身不是目的。历史事件只是一个一个的案例，透过这些案例，我们要分析，要学会如何从案例中得到一个明智的、合乎情理的见解。这个过程，以及最后形成的思维能力批判性思维，才是历史学习应当追求的目标。若干年后学生即使忘掉了历史事件的细节，也不会忘掉分析案例的思维方式，这正是学习历史所要达到的目的。

so,What we want to teach students???????The past history study,Is often"Beethoven"Type a back fraction is much,Don't back no points.It completely distorted history the significance of learning.History is really a by a series of events,But the understanding of these events is not an end in itself.History is just a a case,Through these cases,We have to analyze,To learn how to get from the case of a wise/Reasonable opinion.This process,And the final shape of the thinking ability of critical thinking,Is the history study should be the pursuit of the goal.After a few years students even forget the details of the historical events,Also won't forget the case analysis way of thinking,This study is to achieve the purpose of history.

凡是能百度到的，一定不是历史教学的真正价值所在 Those who can to baidu,Must not be history teaching in the real value

　　应试教育很大程度上绕开了历史的真正本质，在知识的皮毛上做文章。比如某些高考题，让你排列甲午战争、中法战争、戊戌变法、义和团这4个历史事件发生的先后顺序，排列对了就给分，排列不对就不给分。或者，即使有少数考察历史学科能力的题目，也只是在规定的前提下假装自由思考。这有什么意义呢？这些大多是百度就可以解决的。

Takes an exam the education largely around the history of the real nature,In the knowledge fur fuss.Such as some college entrance examination questions,Let you arrangement the sino-japanese war/Sino-french war/Wuxu reform movement/The boxers the four historical event of order,The arrangement for points,Arrangement wrong will not give points.or,Even if a few study history subject ability the topic,Only under the premise pretend to think freely.Where's the sense in that?These are mostly baidu can solve.

　　我的体会是，历史教学的价值是百度不能解决的；凡是能百度到的，一定不是历史教学的真正价值所在。因此，我们教师的用力方向应该是电脑没法代替的方向，而不是跟百度、谷歌、维基百科比赛信息量。

My experience is,The value of history teaching is baidu can't solve;Those who can to baidu,Must not be history teaching in the real value.so,Our teacher's direction of force should be the direction of the computer can't replace,Not to baidu/Google/Wikipedia information game.

　　如果我们还把自己学生时代受教育的那种模式复制到现在的教学中，那就等于把历史教学贬低到了电脑硬盘的程度。那样的教学无非是把一个储存着很多信息的硬盘拷贝给学生。那很糟糕，老师根本就没有竞争力你竞争不过硬盘嘛。现在主流电脑硬盘有500个G，我相信，人的大脑连5个G的信息都不能同时容纳。不过，电脑的CPU无法对自身储存的信息进行有机整合，创造新的认识和见解，而人脑可以，这就是人脑最可贵的地方。因此，我们的教学要做功的部分就是人脑处理信息的能力。

If we also oneself by the kind of student education mode copy to present teaching,That is the history teaching to belittle the degree of computer hard disk.That teaching is nothing but a store with a lot of information hard copy to students.That's bad,The teacher didn't you competitive competition but hard disk!.Now the mainstream computer hard disk has 500 G,I believe that,The human brain even 5 G information can accommodate.but,The computer CPU can't own stored information the organic integration,The creation of new knowledge and insights,And the human brain can,The human brain is the most valuable place.so,Our teaching to do work part is the brain's ability to process information.

　　这是一种什么样的能力呢？学习历史有助于学生用从过去的实践中总结出来的深度智慧去理解当今人类面临的重大问题，为即将到来的各种事态做好准备。历史以独特的视角展示了人类的伟大经历，揭示了个人和社会为了适应各种情况所做的调整；展示了很多由于错误类推或忽视历史教训而导致的沉痛代价。学生从中知道忽视过去可能会使我们成为过去的囚徒。进而，学生将意识到，不是所有的问题都有解决的办法，需要对人类事务中的偶然性和不合逻辑性做好准备。最终，使他们在面临当今难题时，能够更深刻地意识到选择的多样性及其可能的后果，从而在现实生活中做出负责任的决策。

This is a kind of what kind of ability?Study history helps students from past practice from wisdom to understand the depth of the current human facing big problems,For the upcoming all sorts of things ready.History with a unique view shows the human great experience,Reveals the personal and social situations in order to adapt to the adjustment;Show a lot due to error on or ignore history lessons and lead to painful price.The students to know to ignore the past may make us become a prisoner of the past.then,Students will realize,Not all problems can have a solution,Need to the human affairs to prepare contingency and logic.finally,Make them in the face of today's problems,Can more profoundly aware of the diversity of the choice and its possible consequences,Thus in real life to make responsible decisions.

如果慈禧没挪用军费，清朝能赢吗？ If when she didn't divert military,The qing dynasty to win??

　　青少年的天性是求真和好奇，他们不满足于得到一个既定的结论，尤其不满足于缺少说服力的结论，而历史教育现状给有想法的老师提供了做事的空间：到处都是破洞，随便堵一个洞学生都会觉得惊喜，我们稍微用心一点就容易上出有侵略性的课。

Youth is the nature of truth and curiosity,They are not content to get a established conclusion,Especially not satisfied with the lack of convincing conclusion,And history education present situation to have idea teacher provides work space:Was full of holes,To plug a hole students always feel surprise,We are a little bit a little heart to the aggressive on the class.

　　这个“侵略性”指的是什么呢？首先是指在内容和思想方面有颠覆性，有独到的见解，让人豁然开朗。

this"aggressive"What is meant by a?The first is to point to in the content and ideas have disruptive,To have the original opinion,Let a person be suddenly enlightened.

　　比如关于鸦片战争，我们教材中讲的关于南京条约的第四项是错的，多少年教科书都搞错了，很多学者将错就错。教科书里的说法是，“英商进出口货物的关税，中国需与英方商定”。这个表述显然说明英国侵犯了中国的关税主权。但关于这个问题，南京条约的原文是这样的：

For instance about the opium war,We in the teaching material speak about nanjing treaty 4 is wrong,How many years textbook are wrong,Many scholars over shoes over boots.The textbook is that,"The business of import and export goods customs,China and Britain agreed to".This statement clearly shows British violated the customs tariff of China sovereignty.But about this problem,Nanjing treaty language is as follows:

　　英国商民居住通商之广州等五处，应纳进口、出口货税、饷费，均宜秉公议定则例，由部颁发晓示，以便英商按例交纳；今又议定，英国货物自在某港按例纳税后，即准由中国商人遍运天下，而路所经过税关不得加重税例，只可按估价则例若干，每两加税不过分。

British merchant live trading of guangzhou, 5,Payable import/Export tax/Rates fee,All appropriate impartially agreed rules,Issued by the department notify,So that the business AnLi pay;Today and agreed,British goods at home a port AnLi after tax,That is must by Chinese businessmen all over the world through luck,And the road after tax close may not increase tax cases,Only according to the valuation of some cases,Every two plus tax is not too much.

　　其中并没有英国侵犯中国关税主权的意思。是不是签南京条约的清朝官员怕皇帝怪罪自己外交无能，就故意把对中国不利的条款模糊了，然后让皇帝签字，不至于怪罪办事的官员呢？不排除这种可能性，中国官员是喜欢欺上瞒下的。那还得看南京条约的英文版：

There is no British invasion of China's customs sovereignty mean.Whether to sign the treaty of nanjing officials fear of qing dynasty emperor to blame their diplomatic incompetent,Is deliberately to China adverse clause blurs,Then let the emperor signature,Do not blame the officials??Don't rule out the possibility,Chinese officials are like the deceives his superiors and deludes his subordinates.It also depends on the English version of the nanjing treaty:

　　His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to establish at all the Ports

His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to establish at all the Ports

　　which are by the 2nd Article of this Treaty to be thrown open for the

Which are the 2 nd by Article of this Treaty to be thrown open for the

　　resort of British Merchants, a fair and regular Tariff of Export and Import

Resort of British Merchants, A fair and regular Tariff of Import and Export

　　Customs and other Dues, which Tariff shall be publicly notified and

Customs and other Dues, Tariff which shall be notified and publicly

　　promulgated for general information.

Promulgated for general information.

　　你在课堂上给学生提供这些东西，让他看原文，甚至看英文原文，学生的英文一般比历史老师好得多。原文，就是一个具有很大侵略性的东西，可以把多年来以讹传讹的东西给颠覆掉。

You in the classroom to provide students with these things,Let him see the original,Even watching English text,Students' English than general history teacher much better.original,Is a great aggressive things,Can take many years to incorrectly relay an erroneous message things to overturn off.

　　上课的侵略性，还包括和学生的对话方式。比如讲甲午战争，必然要探究一个问题：我们为什么输了，而且输得那么惨？教材上的标准答案是清政府的腐败，比如慈禧太后挪用海军军费，导致北洋水师的实力打了折扣，等等。这怎么能叫学历史呢？这叫思想偷懒。我上课时就跟学生有如下对话

Class aggressive,Also includes and students' conversational mode.Such as a sino-japanese war,Must explore a problem:Why do we lose,And lose so miserable?The teaching material of the standard answer is the qing government corruption,Such as the empress dowager cixi divert navy military,Lead to the strength of the beiyang navy played discount,etc.How could this call study history?This is called thought lazy.When I have a class with students have the following conversation

　　我问：如果慈禧太后不挪用海军军费，把钱用在了建设海军上，我们能打赢吗？

I asked:If the empress dowager cixi not misappropriate navy military,Put your money in the construction of the navy,We can win?

　　学生答：有可能啊。

Students answer:May:.

　　我说：好，我们来看甲午海战的一些细节。致远号在打光了炮弹之后再试图撞沉日本军舰结果被击沉，请问这些炮弹都打到哪里去了以至于最后日本军舰一艘未沉？这说明什么？

I said:good,We look at some of the details of the sino-japanese naval battle.In the centre, polishing shell before trying to run down the Japanese ships were sunk,Excuse me these shells are to where that the last Japanese ships not sink a ship?This shows what?

　　学生答：要么命中率低，要么带的炮弹少。前者说明官兵军事素养差，后者说明战备工作不好。

Students answer:Or low percentage,With less or shell.The former military officers and soldiers that poor quality,The latter shows combat readiness work is bad.

　　我接着问：甲午战争还有一个细节，邓世昌抱着他的爱犬沉入大海。他拒绝被援救，实现了“舰在人在，舰亡人亡”的承诺，很令人钦佩。但我们也发现，军舰上养宠物是个问题。军舰是一种高技术兵器，需要非常精细的保养，这么昂贵的军舰你都可以养宠物，这说明什么？

I then asked:The sino-japanese war and a detail,DengShiChang hold his dog, sinking into the sea.He refused to be rescued,realized"Ship in people in,Ship outlaw wu"commitment,Very impressive.But we also found,Ships pets is a problem.Ship is a kind of high technology weapons,Need to be very careful maintenance,So expensive ships you can keep pets,This shows what?

　　学生回答：说明北洋水师军纪松弛。

Students answered:Explain beiyang navy military discipline relaxation.

　　我再追问：军舰养宠物或者大炮上晒衣物是谁的责任？是慈禧太后的吗？

I'll ask:Warships pets or cannon bask on clothing is the responsibility of the who?Is the empress dowager cixi?

　　学生回答：不是，打输了每个人都有责任，包括英雄，不能只怪慈禧太后。

Students answered:not,Beat everyone has responsibility,Including hero,Can't just blame empress dowager cixi.

　　最后我再问：如果慈禧没挪用军费，清朝能赢吗？

Finally, I ask:If when she didn't divert military,The qing dynasty to win??

　　学生们沉思了一会儿回答：可能还是赢不了。

The students thought for a moment to answer:May still can't win.

　　2003年我参加了一次重点中学优质课大赛。比赛时，我抽签抽到的题目是新文化运动。常规的备课套路是，背景、原因、内容，经过、结果、影响，最后是怎么评价。但我没按照这个套路来，我把重点放在怎么评价新文化运动上面。

In 2003 I took part in a key middle school, the high quality class competition.game,I drew the topic is the new culture movement.Regular routine is preparing,background/reason/content,after/The results/influence,The last is how evaluation.But I didn't according to the routines to,I focus on how to evaluate new culture movement on.

　　“规定动作”的评价是什么？新文化运动是一场思想解放运动，但它存在着对传统文化绝对否定、对西方文化绝对肯定的倾向，犯了历史虚无主义的错误。这是我们文科老师可能都知道的。但其实这个评价是很幼稚的，胡适、鲁迅这些人怎么可能像我们想象的那么简单呢？鲁迅说过不要读中国人的书，胡适也确实提出过要全盘西化，还有很多人都对传统文化否定得一塌糊涂，这其实是有一个背景的。

"compulsory"Evaluation is???????The new culture movement is an ideological liberation movement,But it has a traditional culture absolute negation/The western culture the tendency of absolutely sure,Made history nihilism mistakes.This is our liberal arts teacher may know.But actually this evaluation is very childish,Hu shi/How can these people lu xun as we imagine so simple?Lu xun said don't read Chinese books,Hu shi did raised to wholesale westernization,There are a lot of people of the traditional culture, a negative,This is actually a background.

　　什么背景？就是他们对中国文化当中那种根深蒂固的劣根性的认识。胡适说，我们之所以要全盘西化，要走极端，是因为传统文化的惰性会自然地把我们拖到折中调和上去。鲁迅说得更形象，他说如果在一间黑屋子里住着我们中国人，有人提出来要开一扇窗，人们会反对，我们习惯了，维持现状。但是如果这个人说我们把屋顶掀翻，让新鲜空气和光线透进来，那么其他人就会妥协说，那你开一扇窗吧。所以，你要达到开一扇窗的目的，必须要说我要把屋顶掀翻。所以，新文化运动当中这种偏激的思想，其实是基于他们对传统文化中惰性的深刻认识，不是我们想象的那么幼稚。他们实际上是用一种矫枉过正的方式去攻击极其牢固的封建堡垒，然后达到一个折衷的目的。

What background?The Chinese culture is deeply rooted in the understanding of the deep rooted bad habits.Hu shi said,We want to wholesale westernization,Want to go to extremes,Because of the traditional culture of inert will naturally we drag to compromise harmonic up.Lu xun said more image,He said that if in a dark room lived we Chinese,People carrying out to open a window,People will against,We are accustomed to,Maintaining the status quo.But if the man say we take over the roof,Let the fresh air and light through come in,So people can compromise said,That you open a window it.so,Do you want to achieve the purpose of open a window,Have to say I will take over the roof.so,The new culture movement of the radical ideas,It is based on their traditional culture in the inert profound understanding,Not we imagine so naive.They are actually using a hypercorrection way to attack extremely strong feudal fort,And then to achieve the purpose of a compromise.

　　当时讲课时，我就把这个观点引进来和学生讨论，气氛十分激烈。后来教研员告诉我，你这个课得一等奖，最主要的原因是思想性很强，令人耳目一新。

At the time when the lecture,I put this idea to introduce and discuss,Atmosphere is very fierce.Later research staff to tell me,You this class get the first prize,The main reason is the ideological content is very strong,refreshing.

文史不分家 History not treated

　　要教好历史，不能仅仅把自己当成一个历史老师。我对自己的定位是文科老师。我不觉得教历史就可以不读文学政治经典，因为无论是政治、历史还是文学，研究的对象都是人和精神。

To teach history,Just think of yourself as a history teacher.My position is liberal arts teacher.I don't think history can not read literature political classic,Because whether in politics/History or literature,The research object is a and spirit.

　　举个例子：法国大革命是一场轰轰烈烈的革命，但它存在暴力过度的现象，导致了革命的动荡和反复。三次武装起义，一次又一次地把革命推向深入，对这个现象，我们使用的课本理解为法国革命很彻底，予以了肯定。但从文学的角度来看法国大革命，你就会发现这种肯定是站不住的。

For example:The French revolution is a magnificent and victorious revolution,But it is the phenomenon of excessive violence,Led to the revolution of the unrest and repeated.Three armed uprising,Again and again the revolutionary to further,For this phenomenon,We use the books for the French revolution to understand thoroughly,To the affirmation.But from a literary point of view the French revolution,You will find that this must be the stand.

　　雨果的小说《九三年》以法国大革命为背景。小说中的朗德纳克侯爵是保皇派，他要推翻革命党，潜回法国召集保皇党人集会。但是消息走漏了，革命党人派郭文带着革命军来追捕他。保皇党人发现以后就提前撤退，并放火烧了他们开会的房子。但是撤退过程中，双方都发现正在燃烧的房子里有3个孩子。朗德纳克侯爵就返回把3个孩子救出来，当然也因此被革命党人捕获。然后，按照革命的原则，是必须要处决朗德纳克侯爵的，因为他是叛军的首领，放了他就等于纵容残杀革命党人。但最后郭文释放了朗德纳克侯爵。因为他的良心，他所追求的人道主义精神，让他不能下手杀死一个刚刚救3个孩子于火灾中的老人。雨果在这个小说里，确立了人道主义精神高于革命原则的理念，而对以革命的名义进行的极端暴力予以了谴责。

Victor Hugo's novel[93]In the French revolution as the background.The long novel Gardner g marquis is loyalists,He want to overthrow revolutionary party,QianHui France called royalist rally.But the news leaked out,Revolutionary partisan sent GuoWen with revolutionary army to chase him.Royalist found in advance after withdrawal,And set fire to the house of meeting them.But in the process of retreat,Both sides found the burning house has three children.Lang Gardner g marquis will return to save the three children,Of course also therefore be revolutionary partisan capture.then,According to the principle of revolution,Is must be executed lang Gardner grams of marquis,Because he is the lords of the rebels,Let him be equal to pamper massacre revolutionary partisan.But in the end GuoWen released lang Gardner g marquis.Because of his conscience,His pursuit of the humanitarian spirit,Let him not laid hands on him kill a just save three children in the old man of the fire.Hugo in this novel,Established the humanitarian spirit is higher than the idea of revolutionary principles,And in the name of revolution to the extreme violence to the accused.

　　看了文学作品就容易理解，为什么法国革命会出现这么大的暴力和动荡，会直线深入，其实源于革命党人对公平、对正义、对自由平等的追求的格式化和绝对化，为了革命利益和最高原则可以牺牲掉人类的良知、同情心、怜悯心。片面强调原则，强调公共意志高于一切，强调人民的意志高于一切，所以，以人民的名义我可以判处你死刑。以前我们觉得这是理所当然，其实这就是暴力的根源之一。但在历史书中你分析不出良知的失守是造成法国大革命悲剧的一个重要原因，因为历史课本没有这样丰富的细节。历史有一个最大的局限性，就是不涉及人性和人的内心世界，全是宏大叙事，缺乏个体的内心体验。文学里的故事情节可能有虚构成分，但内心体验往往是很真实的。

Look at the literary work is easy to understand,Why the French revolution will appear so much violence and turmoil,Will straight into,In fact originated from revolutionary partisan about fairness/For justice/To the pursuit of freedom and equality of formatting and absolutization,In order to revolution benefit and the highest principle can be sacrificed the human conscience/sympathy/compassion.One-sided emphasis on principle,Emphasis on public will higher than all,Emphasize the will of the people above everything,so,In the name of the people I can be sentenced to death penalty you.Before we think it is taken for granted,In fact, this is one of the roots of violence.But in the history books you analysis a conscience is a tragedy in the French revolution, one of the important reasons,Because history books there is no such rich details.History is one of the biggest limitations,Is not involved in the human nature and people's inner world,Is full of grand narrative,The lack of individual inner experience.In the literature of the story may have fiction composition,But the heart experience is often very real.

　　所以，就法国大革命这一课而言，把文学中呈现的情景放在历史课当中，比纯粹提供史料更能让人完整理解历史。人的精神世界是一个有机整体，教育就是要促进学生精神世界的发育，包括良知、理性、审美、使命感等。要完成这些目标，必须是整体给予，很多时候没办法将文学、政治、哲学从历史中摘出来，如同我们不能给学生大脑分区：C盘管文学、D盘管政治、E盘管历史、F盘管哲学。当思想的河流流淌到哪里，我们就应该自然地学习那里的知识，无论它是文学的还是历史的。

so,Is the French revolution in this lesson,The literature on the scene in the history of,Provide more than pure materials can let a person complete understanding of history.People's spiritual world is an organic whole,Education is to promote the development of students' spiritual world,Including conscience/rational/aesthetic/Mission, etc.To accomplish these goals,Must be integral to give,A lot of times can't literature/political/In the history of philosophy from pick out,As we can't give students the brain area:C coil literature/D coil political/E coil history/F plate GuanZheXue.When thought of rivers flow to where,We should learn the knowledge of nature there,Whether it is a literature or history.

历史课可以是洞察力和判断力的源泉 History can be the source of insight and judgment

　　有人说，历史不能假设，我则认为历史可以假设，甚至有时必须假设。因为我们学习历史有一个非常重要的目的是培养学生合乎情理的推理能力，以增强学生的预见性和洞察力。政治家、企业家在决策时既要根据已经掌握的真实情况又要根据可能会出现的情况来进行判断，如果缺少了演绎推理能力，就可能做出令人遗憾的决定。即使是我们个人也会有面临人生十字路口的情况，何去何从，也需要有合乎逻辑的分析推理能力。

Some say,History can not assume that,I think it can be assumed that history,Even sometimes must assume.Because we study history has a very important purpose is to develop students' logical reasoning ability,In order to enhance students' predictive and insight.politicians/Entrepreneurs in decision-making should have mastered according to the real situation and according to may appear to judge,If the lack of a deductive reasoning ability,Can make the decision of the regret.Even our personal will also face the life intersection,What course to follow,Also needs to have the analysis of the logical reasoning ability.

　　比如我们可以假设，假如林则徐没有被罢官，中国会获得胜利吗？太平天国成功了，中国会变得更美好吗？假如义和团胜利了，中国会进步得更快吗？如果没有发生西安事变，中国的历史可能会怎样？如果已经发生西安事变，而蒋介石被张学良的卫队不小心打死了，历史会怎样演进？等等。

Such as we can assume,If Lin zexu has not been lian,China will win?The taiping heavenly kingdom success,China will become more beautiful?If the boxers victory,China will progress faster?If there is no the Sian incident happened,China's history may be how?If the Sian incident has occurred,And Chiang kai-shek was chang's guard accidentally killed,How will history evolution?etc.

　　当然，好的问题不仅仅只有假设这一种方式。还可以将截然不同的立场和观点同时呈现，以刺激学生思考。比如，以下两个材料都是马克思对太平天国运动的看法。马克思为什么会对太平天国作截然相反的结论？哪个看法比较合理？

Of course,Good question is not just assume that this kind of way.Can also will be very different positions and views presented at the same time,To stimulate students to think about.Such as,The following two materials are Marx views to the movement of the taiping heavenly kingdom.Why did Marx to the taiping heavenly kingdom as completely opposite conclusions?Which view is more reasonable?

　　材料一、“中国革命将把火星抛到现代工业体系的即将爆炸的地雷上，使酝酿已久的普遍危机爆发，这个普遍危机一旦扩展到国外，直接随之而来的将是欧洲大陆的政治革命。1853年《纽约每日论坛报》

Material a/"The Chinese revolution will put Mars into the modern industrial system is going to explode in mines,Make simmering common crisis,The common crisis once extended to foreign countries,Direct will be followed in continental Europe, the political revolution.In 1853,[The New York daily BBS newspaper]

　　材料二、太平天国“除了改朝换代以外，他们没有给自己提出任何任务。他们没有任何口号。他们给予民众的惊惶比给予老统治者们的惊惶还要厉害。他们的全部使命，好像仅仅是用丑恶万状的破坏来与停滞腐朽对立，这种破坏没有一点建设工作的苗头。”“太平军就是中国人的幻想所描绘的那个魔鬼的化身。……这类魔鬼是停滞的社会生活的产物。”1862年《中国记事》

Material two/The taiping heavenly kingdom"In addition to other than a spell,They don't give yourself any task put forward.They don't have any slogan.They give people than to give the terrors of the terrors of old rulers and severe.All their mission,Just like with the destruction of the ugly stricken with stagnant decay opposition,This kind of failure no construction work began.""The taiping army is Chinese fantasy depicts the devil incarnate....This kind of the devil is stagnant for the social life of the product."In 1862,[China's note]

　　在讲美国独立战争时，我提出了这样一个问题：今天，大多数美国人（包括中国的历史教科书）认为1775年爆发的英美战争是正义的解放战争，即独立战争，而许多英国人则认为这场战争是分裂国家的叛乱，你们怎么评价这场战争？然后，我呈现了美国制作的纪录片《美国，我们的故事》中涉及独立战争的片段和英国广播公司制作的纪录片《英国海军》中同样涉及这场战争的片段。这引起学生激烈的争论，甚至激发了现场听课的老师发言的兴趣。

When talking about the American war of independence,I put forward such a problem:today,Most americans(Including China history books)Think that in 1775 the outbreak of the British and American war is a just war of liberation,Namely the war of independence,Many British people argue that the war is fission country insurgency,How do you evaluate the war?then,I presented the documentary production[The United States,Our story]In the war of independence of the fragment and the BBC documentary production[The British navy]Also involved in the war of the fragment.This causes students to heated debate,Even inspired field to attend a lecture teacher speak interest.

　　那天听课的老师，恰好既有英国老师，又有美国老师。一位英国老师按捺不住，主动举手要求发言。他认为，这场战争是北美的富人譬如华盛顿等，打着自由平等的旗帜而进行的叛乱，因为，北美的赋税负担很轻，只相当于英国本土的四分之一，并且这点钱主要用于保护北美免受法国的入侵，而且战争胜利后，美国依然保存了黑人奴隶制，根本没有体现其《独立宣言》里的“人人生而平等”的承诺……不可思议的是，两位在场的美国历史老师，居然点头表示同意英国老师的看法。

That day to attend a lecture teacher,Both the English teacher,And American teacher.A British teacher cannot hold back,Active lifted up his hand to ask for the floor.He thinks,The war is North America's rich such as Washington, etc,Under the banner of freedom and equality and rebellion,because,North America's tax burden is very light,Only the equivalent of a quarter of the home,And this money is mainly used for protection against the invasion of France in North America,And after the victory of war,The United States is still preserved the black slavery,No reflects its[The declaration of independence]in"All men are created equal"Promise......Incredible is,Two present American history teacher,Incredibly nodded English teacher's view.

　　当然，英国方面的观点未必就正确。但历史课堂需要教会学生学会妥协，而要做到妥协就必须善于关注对立面的立场，需要理解对立面观点的合理之处并能反省自身立场的不足之处。妥协不仅是态度，更是一种智慧。

Of course,Britain's point of view is not correct.But history class need to teach students to learn to compromise,And to do compromise must be good at attention to the opposite position,Need to understand the opposite view of the rationalization and can reflect the shortcomings of their own position.Compromise is not only the attitude,Is a kind of wisdom.

国家的未来掌握在历史素养高的年轻人手中，国家才有希望 The future of our country is in the history of high quality hand young people,Countries have hope

　　就历史教学而言，教理科班的老师更幸运，因为更有利于摆脱考试的束缚，空间比教文科班相对要大得多。同时，理科班的历史老师责任也要大一些。从理科班走出去的孩子进入大学和社会后，他们几乎没有再系统学习历史的机会，甚至一些人都不再看历史书，他们了解历史的方式常常是通过电视剧和电影，而我们历史题材的影视作品很多都是培养愤青的“经典教材”。西安反日游行中的砸车者蔡洋就是一个痴迷于抗日电视剧的青年，他的举动跟历史课堂教育的随波逐流和媒体教育的煽风点火，也许不无关联。

Just in history teaching,Dogma regular professional training teacher more lucky,Because more conducive to get rid of the shackles of the exam,Space than teach arts class relative to much.At the same time,Science class history teacher responsibility also to a few bigger.From science class go out children enter the university and society,They almost never get system study history opportunity,Even some people are no longer see history books,They understand the way history is often through the TV shows and movies,The theme of our history and film and television works is to develop many of the cynical"Classical teaching material".Xi 'an anti-japanese demonstrations in the car hit the CaiYang is a crazy about the TV series of youth,He acted with history classroom education consistency and media education of stir up trouble,Maybe not associated.

　　所以，中学课堂给孩子的东西，很可能奠定其在历史和社会思考上的智力高度。中学的历史课堂不应该过分关注孩子的观点是否正确，是否跟老师一致，而应该关注孩子是否习惯在事实不全面的情况下悬置判断，是否学会了寻找全面对称的信息，是否能做到观点之前有事实、观点与观点之间有逻辑。只有把课堂关注点放在这些方面，我们的孩子才可能避免成为义和团或红卫兵。国家的未来掌握在历史素养高的年轻人手中，国家才有希望，才会有真正的和谐。

so,Middle school class to the child's things,Probably laid in the history and social thinking highly of intelligence.The history of the middle school classroom should not pay much attention to the child's point of view is correct,With the teacher is consistent,And should focus on whether children in fact habit not comprehensive case suspension judgment,They learned looking for comprehensive information symmetry,If you can be view before the fact/Ideas and views between the logic.The only class concerns on these aspects,Our children can avoid becoming the boxers or red guard.The future of our country is in the history of high quality hand young people,Countries have hope,Just can have real harmony.

　　教育要做的重要事情，是从不同角度切入，让学生变得更智慧而不是更傻。我们过去所受的教育，给了我们很多思考的条条框框，某种程度上是在削弱思考。比如“规定动作”告诉我们，时势造英雄。马克思曾经在一封信中说，没有拿破仑，也一定会另外有一个类似于拿破仑的人取代他，领导法国继续革命。于是，我们以猴子学样的态度忠诚地拘泥于字句。只要时代需要，就一定会出现一个杰出人物吗？那1840年鸦片战争的时候我们不需要杰出人物吗？甲午战争我们割地赔款的时候不需要杰出人物吗？八国联军打进北京的时候不需要杰出人物吗？其实，所有这些时候，我们都需要有一个力挽狂澜的人物出现，但是他并没有出现。可见，杰出人物并不总是出现，而有一定偶然性。不过，当时代形势呼唤杰出人物的时候，出现杰出人物的概率的确增大了。所以，时势和英雄之间不是一种必然的因果关系，而是一种概率上的因果关系。

Education to do important things,From a different perspective,Let the students become more wisdom, not more silly.We used by education,Give us a lot of thinking rules,To some extent in the weakened thinking.Such as"compulsory"Tell us,hero.Marx once said in a letter,Not napoleon,Will also have a similar to napoleon's people replace him,Leading French continue to revolution.so,We learn to monkey kind of attitude loyalty to literalism.As long as The Times require,There will be an outstanding man?The opium war of 1840 when we don't need outstanding character?Sino-japanese war reparations cede territory when we don't need outstanding character?The eight power allied forces in Beijing do not need outstanding character?In fact,All the time,We all need to have a 9-2 characters appear,But he did not appear.visible,Outstanding character is not always appear,And a certain contingency.but,When The Times when the situation calls luminaries,Appear elitist probability is increased.so,The trend of The Times and the hero is not between a kind of inevitable causal relation,It is a probability of causality.

　　我想，历史教学需要把以前的那些经典的结论、理论，在脑子里过一过：这是绝对的吗？有没有另外的可能性？即使我们老师不一定能把历史最精华的部分展示给学生，但至少我们可以放学生一条生路，给他们打开一扇窗，让那些有求知欲、有渴望的人能够从这个窗户跳出去。这是一个起码的原则。

I want to,History teaching need to before those classical conclusion/theory,In your mind to live a:This is absolute?Any other possibility?Even if our teacher can not make history the most essential part of show students,But at least we can put the students a chance to live,Give them open a window,Let those who have the thirst for knowledge/Have eager to people from this window to jump out.This is a basic principle.

　　上好理科班的历史课，不仅有助于培养“国家公民”，也有助于“个体”身份的形成。历史是个体身份认同的关键。它有助于自身定位，明了个人在时间长河中的位置，以及个人与全体人类的联系。如果一个人不知道他的根，不知道他在人类历史长河中的位置，那他就丧失了完整的自我意识以及民族意识。而这种意识，恰恰是个人全面发展与负责任的公民身份形成所依赖的基点。当然，获得理科历史教学的自由，不仅仅需要没有高考束缚的客观条件，还需要教与学的勇气。

Good science class history lesson,Not only helps cultivate"citizens",Also help"individual"Identity formation.History is the key to the individual identity.It helps to positioning itself,Clear in time the individual in the depiction of the position,As well as individual and all human contact.If one does not know his roots,Don't know him in the position of the human history,He lost the complete self consciousness and national consciousness.And this kind of consciousness,Is the comprehensive development and responsible citizenship form on which basis points.Of course,Get the freedom of science history teaching,Not only need no college entrance examination bound of the objective conditions,Also need to teach and learn courage.