就业难“追问”研究生教育 Difficult employment"ask"The graduate education

　　研究生就业难苗头已经给出了警示——高校输出的“合格”研究生，有时并不被用人单位认同

Warning - college graduate employment must have given output"qualified"Graduate student,Sometimes is not recognized by unit of choose and employ persons

　　东南大学2012年对2044名研究生的调查问卷发现，79.7%学生攻读硕士学位的主要原因是缓解就业压力或谋求理想的工作。由于缺乏正确的学习动机，再加上扩招后导师疏于监管、毕业限制松等原因，相当一部分研究生把学校当成了“游乐场”，“放羊”现象屡见不鲜。

Southeast university in 2012, surveys found that of 2044 graduate students,79.7% students study for a master's degree is the main reason of the relieve employment pressure or seek the ideal work.Because of the lack of correct learning motivation,Coupled with the enrollment expansion lax supervision of the instructor/Graduated from the restrictions, etc,Quite a number of graduate students as the school"The amusement park","The sheep"Phenomenon is common.

　　“我们班上几个女生，研究生三年就是在两台电脑中度过的，一边玩偷菜游戏、一边看着电视剧，一边还绣着十字绣。这样也能顺利毕业，编程能力不比本科生强多少。”贵州大学计算机专业研究生齐乐天这样说。

"A few girls in our class,Graduate student three years is spent in the two computers,Play to steal food/Watching TV series,And embroider cross-stitch.It also can graduate,Programming ability than undergraduates."Guizhou university computer science graduate student neat lotte said.

　　在本刊记者的采访中，一些研究生就是如此懒散地度过了三年难得的深造时光。当如此状态的研究生进入竞争激烈的职场环境，就业难也就成了必然。

In this reporter's interview,Some graduate students is so idly spent three years of study in a rare time.When such a state of graduate student to enter the competitive working environment,Employment has become inevitable.

　　选拔标准“重分轻能” The selection criteria"Subdivision light can"

　　“有的考生从本科二年级就开始进行考研复习，不参加实践活动甚至逃掉本专业的课；一些学校还用各种办法鼓励学生考研，以考研率作为招生资本，被戏称为‘考研集中营’。这使得研究生院中聚集了相当一部分‘职业考生’”。中山大学就业指导中心主任李明章这样描述部分研究生的“入口”状况。

"Some students from undergraduate second grade began to review one's deceased father grind,Do not participate in practical activities or even to escape this professional class;Some schools also encourage one's deceased father grind students in various ways,To one's deceased father grind rate as admissions capital,dubbed‘One's deceased father grind a concentration camp’.This makes graduate schools gathered quite a part of‘Vocational students’".Sun yat-sen university employment guidance center Li Mingzhang such descriptions, director of the graduate students"The entrance"condition.

　　硕士选拔标准决定生源质量，影响培养质量。然而本刊记者在采访中发现，一些高校的研究生选拔标准“重分轻能”，难以实现“以才择人”。一些考研学生反映，研究生入学考试中，公共科目外语和政治占据了很大比重，这加重了考生负担，更挤占了专业课的学习时间。

Master decided to matriculate quality selection criteria,Affect the training quality.However, your correspondent found in interview,Some colleges and universities graduate selection criteria"Subdivision light can",Difficult to achieve"Only to selection".Some one's deceased father grind students reflect,In the postgraduate entrance examination,Public course of foreign language and political occupied a large proportion,This adds to the burden of examinee,More from the specialized courses of study time.

　　重笔试、轻面试的现象，也在部分高校普遍存在。“现在国家统一分A、B区划定分数线，清华北大这样的名牌大学报考人数多，可以实现差额复试，生源质量有保证；但一些知名度不高、报考人数不多的二、三流大学，本来上线的人数就少，没什么选择空间，为了完成招生名额，面试就只能走过场。”常州大学研究生部主任潘建波说，“‘宁滥勿缺’‘降低门槛’后进入的准硕士，本身素质就不达标，将来就业很可能问题多多。”

Heavy written test/Light phenomenon of interview,Is widespread in some colleges and universities."Now the country's unified point A/B area delimit the fractional line,Tsinghua Beijing university the number of famous university to enter oneself for an examination,Can realize the balance second-round exam,Students quality assured;But some awareness is not high/Registrations in few second/Third-rate university,Was launched, the number of less,No choice,In order to complete the enrollment quota,The interview can only go through the motions."Changzhou Pan Jianbo, director of the university graduate division said,"‘The job -- err on the’‘Lower threshold’After entering the master's degree,Its quality is not standard,Employment is likely to be problems in the future."

　　辽宁大学化学院每年招80多个硕士研究生，有近70%来自于“二流”高校。院长张向东说，这些学生的水平还是差了一点，的确让导师左右为难：在他们身上投入较多精力，会导致团队整体科研能力下降；只让他们做一些基础性或辅助性的工作，又无助于提高其能力水平。

Liaoning university institute recruit more than 80 graduate students each year,Nearly 70% comes from"second-rate"Colleges and universities.Dean said Zhang Xiangdong,The level of the students is a little difference,Do let the teacher in a dilemma:Put more effort on them,To cause a decline in team overall scientific research ability;Just let them do some basic or supporting work,And yet does nothing to improve the ability level of it.

　　在我国，硕士研究生分为专业硕士和学术硕士两类。前者是具有扎实理论基础，并适应特定行业或职业实际工作需要的应用型高层次专门人才；后者则是教学和科研人才。“目前的考试制度，使得这两类研究生的生源难以在选拔阶段加以区分”。潘建波说，两者都是由国家统一规定录取标准，选拔方法也一样，都采用闭卷考试形式，学生究竟是适合钻研学术还是适合走向行业难以体现，不利于选拔出真正有学术潜力或专业能力的学生。

In our country,Divided into two categories, professional master's degrees and academic master's degree of postgraduate.The former is to have a solid theoretical basis,And to satisfy the needs of the particular industry, or professional practice applied high-level specialized talents;The latter is the teaching and scientific research personnel."The current examination system,Makes it hard for the two types of graduate students in the selection phase".Pan Jianbo said,Both of them shall be formulated by the national unification admission criteria,Selection method,Use the comparative economics,Student is suitable for studying academic or suitable to industry is difficult to reflect,Unfavorable to send out really has the potential to academic or professional ability of students.

　　学以致用强于空谈理论 Due to stronger than theoretical

　　一些用人单位反映，当前的研究生培养过程过分强调理论素养和学术能力，培养过程缺乏特色，导致研究生的理论水平和实践能力发展不均衡，很难学以致用。专业设置与市场不接轨，这不仅难为了找工作的研究生，也急坏了找人才的用人单位。

Some employers,The current process of graduate education, too much emphasis on theoretical attainment and academic ability,Develop process lack of characteristics,Can lead to the development of the graduate student's theoretical level and practical ability is not balanced,It's hard to put this to use.Specialties with market practice,This is not only difficult to graduate find a job,Unit of choose and employ persons is also anxious to find talent.

　　云南建工集团人事部经理李帅说：“一些高校的专业设置和课程体系多年未变，有的教授还沿用多年前的教材，学科前沿成果没有及时引入教学。了解学科尖端和行业前沿的研究生，是越来越难招到了。”

Yunnan construction group hr manager Li Shuai said:"Some colleges and universities of professional setting and curriculum system unchanged for years,Some professors also continue to use of materials for many years ago,Not timely introduction of the teaching discipline front achievements.Learn tips and industry forefront of graduate students,Is got more and more difficult."

　　培养过程重理论轻实践，使一些研究生在求职时劣势明显。辽宁大学广播电视新闻学专业硕士生周文说：“我们学理论多，天天抠书本，研究别人写过的东西，实际操作的内容学不到，就业时特别尴尬。老师们还不如带着我们出去拍拍片子，增加‘实战经验’。找工作时，拿着作品总比空谈理论强得多。”

Heavy theory, light practice training process,Make some graduate students in job-hunting disadvantages is obvious.Liaoning university of radio and television journalism professional master's novel said:"We learn the theory,Pick the book every day,Study what others have written,Learn the content of the actual operation,Particularly embarrassing when employment.Teachers it is better to take us out on film,increase‘Actual combat experience’.Looking for a job,With much more work is better than theoretical."

　　由于缺乏学校和导师的指导，不少硕士在读书期间只能像无头苍蝇一样寻找不痛不痒的实践机会。华南师范大学光学硕士何乔春研究生阶段只有一次实习：本校宿舍区日用品销售，负责约500间新生宿舍扫楼式销售，参与前期进货和售后处理。“我也想进一些专业对口的科研院所或者相关企业锻炼，但实在没门路。现在的实践经历，自己都觉得拿不出手。”

Because of the lack of schools and teacher's guidance,Many master's in reading can only be like a headless fly looking for anodyne practice opportunities.South China normal university master of optical He Qiaochun graduate internship stage only once:The school dormitory area commodity sales,Responsible for about 500 newborn dormitory sweeping floor sales,Participate in the early purchase and after processing."I also want to go to some research institutes or companies professing exercise,But there is no way.Now practice experience,Don't think take to myself."

　　与之形成鲜明对比的是，记者在调研中接触到的一些研究生，专业课程较为繁重、导师要求较为严格，自己也争取了更多实习实践机会，尽管读研期间比较辛苦，但他们面对就业时更加自信、轻松。

Is in stark contrast,Journalists access to some of the graduate students in the research,Professional course is relatively heavy/A strict teacher,Himself for more specialized practice opportunities,Despite comparisons during grinding hard,But they are more confident in the face of employment/easily.

　　“文学硕士的课程相对轻松，从研一起我就注意拓展课外知识和寻求实践机会”。湖北大学外国哲学专业研究生张又琳说在导师推荐下，前三个学期就阅读了20多本与专业相关的书籍，参与了武汉天河机场文化建设、大别山石头咀镇农民思想状况及家庭状态调查等多个项目，又自学了社会学、教育学、数学知识和数据分析软件使用等，研二时还到一家环保企业和一家基层土地储备中心实习。“现在面临就业，我的心态很平和，相信自己所学一定有用武之地。”

"Master of arts course relatively relaxed,From research together and I will pay attention to develop extracurricular knowledge and pursue opportunities for practice".Hubei university graduate and zhang Lin said foreign philosophy in the recommendation of the instructor,The first three semesters are reading more than 20 professional related books,Participate in the cultural construction of wuhan tianhe airport/Tip dabie mountain stone town farmers thought condition and family status survey, and other projects,And studied sociology/pedagogy/Mathematics knowledge and data analysis software use, etc,Study 2 to a environmental protection company and also a basic land reserve center internship."Are now facing the employment,My mood is very calm,Believe that I have learned a certain place."

　　即将在今年毕业的郑宇航，是东北大学应用数学系研究生。早在2012年10月，他就顺利地与华为技术有限公司签约。“我读的研究生是两年制，这一年多来导师始终对我们要求很严格。从周一至周六，早八点到晚上九点半，大家不是在课堂就是在实验室。一入学我们就参加了研发虹膜识别系统、面像识别系统等前沿实验，除了数学知识外，还大量学习了计算机知识、经济理论。”正是在这样的大负荷锤炼中，他找到了明确的就业目标，也赚到了求职的“本钱”。

Zheng Yuhang will graduate in this year,Is applied mathematics graduate student at northeastern university.As early as October 2012,He has successfully signed a contract with huawei technologies co., LTD."I read is a two-year graduate student,This more than a year to tutor is very strict with us all the time.From Monday to Saturday,As early as eight to half past nine in the evening,Everyone is not in the classroom is in the lab.The entrance we participated in the research and development of the iris recognition system/Surface pioneering experiments, such as identification system,In addition to the mathematical knowledge,Also learn the computer knowledge a lot/Economic theory."It is in such a big load of temper,He found the clear job target,To earn the job too"capital".

　　与学术型硕士相比，专业硕士所学课程实用性更强，就业目标也更明确。辽宁大学法学专业硕士祁阳说：“我们入学时，就明确将来要做律师或法官，始终朝着这个方向努力。每周有4天全天8小时上课，课程量非常大，都是专题式的研究。还经常有法官、律师、事务所合伙人到校来给我们作报告，帮我们树立法学逻辑思维。研二时，90%以上的同学都通过了司法考试。回头看这几年，觉得没有白学，对自身定位和未来职业发展更清晰了。”

Compared with the academic master degree,Professional master's courses practical stronger,Employment goal is more clear.Liaoning university legal science specialized master of qiyang said:"We entered school,He explicitly in the future to be a lawyer or judge,Always facing this direction diligently.There are 4 days a week 8 hours in class all day,Is a large amount of course,Are ZhuanTiShi research.Also often have a judge/The lawyer/Partner at school to give us a report,Help us set up the legal logic thinking.R 2,More than 90% of the students passed the judicial examination.Looking back over the past few years,Feel nothing,More clearly of its own positioning and future career development."

　　硕士质量不能自说自话 Master's quality can't say the words

　　“过去，研究生是‘物以稀为贵’，高校毕业一个社会吸收一个。‘进多少、出多少’已经成为绝大多数高校不可动摇的‘生产理念’。”中国人民大学教育学院教授周光礼对本刊记者说，“直到现在，能不能毕业还是高校说了算，但能不能就业绝对是社会说了算。研究生就业难苗头已经给出了警示——高校输出的‘合格’研究生，有时并不被用人单位认同。”

"In the past,Graduate student is‘Scarcity value’,Absorb a college graduate a society.‘Into how many/How much’Has become an unshakable the vast majority of colleges and universities‘Production concept’."School of education, renmin university of China professor Zhou Guangli said to your correspondent,"Until now,,Can you graduate or college in charge,But can't obtain employment is social in charge.Warning - college graduate employment must have given output‘qualified’Graduate student,Sometimes is not recognized by unit of choose and employ persons."

　　广东外语外贸大学研究生工作部部长康为茂说，一些不适合深造的本科生跻身研究生队伍，不把学业放在心上，或混日子，或到校外揽兼职、挣外快，目的功利，学风浮躁，缺乏真才实学，甚至难以独立完成毕业论文。这些“不学无术”的学生，也能顺利毕业，其中相当一部分人不可避免地要面临“毕业即失业”的处境。

Guangdong foreign studies university graduate student work department minister kang for alum said,Some undergraduate students among the graduate student team are not suitable for my study,Paid no heed to their studies,Or laze around,Or to take off-campus part-time/To make a,Purpose of the utility,Style blundering,The lack of genuine,Even to independently complete the graduation thesis.these"competent"Of the students,Also can graduate,A significant proportion of those people inevitably face"Graduation is unemployed"The situation of.

　　一些业内人士表示，目前对研究生教育质量的问责主要是自上而下的——教育部门对高校的评价，而“自体评价”很难做到真正的客观、公正。“社会评价机制的缺失，让硕士质量渐渐丧失来自学生、家长、用人单位甚至是导师自身的认同：学生觉得硕士教育作用不大，家长觉得国内硕士含金量太低，用人单位觉得硕士生还不如本科生好使，导师觉得硕士水平比不过十年前的本专科生。”

Some industry insiders said,Accountability for the quality of graduate education at present is mainly from the top down - the department of education evaluation in colleges and universities,while"The self assessment"It's hard to do the real objective/justice."The lack of social evaluation mechanism,Let the master quality gradually lose from students/parents/Unit of choose and employ persons even the mentor's own identity:Students think master's education effect is not big,Parents think that domestic master's value is too low,Unit of choose and employ persons think the master is not as good as undergraduates so that,Teacher think of master's level than a decade ago but this specialized subject."

　　受访专家表示，当前环境下，研究生的培养定位已经从“较单一的教学科研型人才”向“以应用型人才为主、教学科研型人才为辅”转变，研究生教育质量如何，高校再也不能自说自话了。□

Experts questioned said,The current environment,The cultivation of the postgraduate orientation from already"A single teaching fine talents"To the"Mainly applied talents/Auxiliary teaching fine talents"shift,The graduate education quality,Colleges and universities can no longer say the words.-

　　(文中受访研究生均为化名)

(This paper surveyed the nces is not her real name)

　　来自研究生们的建议 Advice from graduate students

　　面对日益增大的就业压力，接受采访的一些研究生建议，研究生培养应充分发挥导师作用，进一步强化学生研究创新能力培养；增强实习实践环节、完善就业指导培训，帮助学生顺利就业。

In the face of growing pressure of employment,Interviews with some graduate students advice,Graduate education should give full play to the role of the instructor,To further strengthen student research innovation ability training;Strengthen the internship practice/Improve the employment guidance for training,To help students obtain employment.

　　首先，充分发挥导师作用，助提学生学术科研能力。南开大学文学硕士张林建议，导师制应更灵活。如建立导师学生双向选择制度和导师组制度，让同学们共享导师资源，给予同学们学术研究方向的自由，开拓研究思维。

First of all,Give full play to the role of the instructor,Help students academic scientific research ability.Nankai university ma zhang Lin,The tutorial system should be more flexible.Such as the two-way choice system and build teacher student group system,Let the students share the teacher resource,To give students the freedom of academic research direction,Pioneering research and thinking.

　　东北大学计算机软件与理论专业研究生李霄鹏，希望导师对研究生进行个性化培养，尽早指导学生开展科学研究活动，多关注学生的科研进程，营造更好的科研氛围；积极引导研究生参与前沿项目的立题与设计，进一步培养研究生创新思维。

Northeastern university graduate Li Xiaopeng in computer software and theory,Want to tutor for personalized training graduate students,Guide students to carry out the scientific research activities as soon as possible,Pay more attention to the students' scientific research process,Build a better scientific research atmosphere;LiTi actively guide graduate students to participate in cutting-edge projects and design,To further cultivate student innovative thinking.

　　其次，严格考核，确保学生培养质量。辽宁大学哲学专业研究生陈辉建议，课程考核应改变现有以笔试为主的形式，以研究报告为主，以更充分了解研究生对专业知识的掌握情况和综合分析问题能力。同时定期对研究生参加科研、学术讲座和社会实践情况进行督促和检查，对考核不合格或完成学业有困难者，劝其退学或延迟就业，以改变现有“严进宽出”的教育制度。

The second,Strict inspection,To ensure the quality of students.Liaoning university philosophy graduate Chen Hui advice,Course evaluation should change the existing in the form of written examination is given priority to,Give priority to with study,In order to more fully understand the graduate student mastery of professional knowledge and comprehensive ability to analyze problems.At the same time for graduate students to participate in scientific research on a regular basis/Academic lectures and social practice to supervise and check,The inspection is unqualified or have difficulty completing school,To advise him dropped out or delayed job,To change the"Strict into the wider"The education system.

　　其三，增强实习实践环节教育。中国人民大学经济学研究生张合新建议，针对研究生就业专业性不如博士生，实用性不如本科生的情况，在研究生培养期间，导师指定的项目课题应更贴近实际，使知识技术更好地转为实际生产力。同时，高校应增加和企业之间合作，多向企业推介优秀学生实习实践，多给学生创造实习机会或者进行考察等，以使学生更明确就业目标，及早确立职业规划。

The third,Strengthen the internship practice education.Renmin university of China economics graduate student a new suggestion,For graduate students employment as professional doctoral student,Practical than undergraduate students,During the graduate education,Mentor project designated by the subject should be more close to actual,Make knowledge technology into actual productivity better.At the same time,Should increase cooperation between enterprises and colleges and universities,Garment enterprises promote outstanding students internship practice,Give students create more internships or investigation, etc,In order to make students more specific employment goals,Career planning as early as possible.

　　其四，加强就业指导培训，全面提供就业服务。上海师范大学英语专业研究生赵明建议，高校应参照本科生，进一步加强研究生就业指导，包括简历制作、面试技巧、就业创业政策解读等，同时及早帮助学生建立职业生涯规划，提供更丰富的就业信息等，使学生全面了解就业形势，合理设定就业目标。□(文中受访研究生均为化名)

Its 4,Strengthen the employment guidance for training,Comprehensive to provide employment services.Shanghai normal university English graduate zao Ming advice,Should consult undergraduate colleges and universities,To further strengthen the graduate student employment guidance,Including resume writing/Interview skills/Employment entrepreneurship policy interpretation, etc,At the same time, help students set up career planning as early as possible,To provide more abundant employment information, etc,Causes the student to fully understand the employment situation,Reasonable set the employment goals.-(This paper surveyed the nces is not her real name)

　　研究生就业心态录——追求“一步到位” Mentality record - the pursuit of graduate employment"One pace reachs the designated position"

　　“硕士学位对我来说，就像一个鸡肋，食之无味又弃之可惜。要是没有这个标签，很多工作我愿意去干”

"A master's degree for me,Like a chicken ribs,Tasteless and eaten but a pity.If you don't have the label,I am willing to do a lot work"

　　中山大学档案学研究生林蔚已经毕业半年了，至今没有找到稳定工作。毕业后，她在赣南师范学院当过兼职辅导员，后来又给一个当企业销售主管的同学做私人助理，没有合同，月收入3000元，勉强维持生活。

Discusse the graduate Lin Wei has graduated from zhongshan university for half a year,Has not found a stable job.After graduation,,She works as a part-time instructors in gannan normal university,Then a classmate when enterprise sales director for personal assistant,No contract,Monthly income of 3000 yuan,Eke out a living.

　　“我喜欢做档案工作，不想浪费专业知识，所以找工作就集中在与档案相关的岗位。”林蔚一边干着临时工，一边积极地寻求新的机会。不久前，她看到云南丽江师范学院招档案学助教，尽管招聘期已过，但还是打电话去问了下。接下来，林蔚还要去中山大学南方学院面试一个辅导员岗位。

"I like to do archives work,Don't want to waste of professional knowledge,So looking for work is focused on the archives related jobs."Dry the Lin Wei as temporary workers,By actively seeking new opportunities.Not long ago,She saw the yunnan lijiang teachers college recruit discusse the ta,Although recruitment period has passed,But I still make a phone call to ask the next.The following,Should go to the zhongshan university south academy Lin Wei a counselor job interview.

　　同样身为研究生的华中师范大学研究生李清在别人忙着找工作时，一心埋头考博。考博失败后再找工作时，发现“好工作已经被别人挑完了”。李清告诉记者：“我在学校里呆久了，不善于交际，口语不好，只能继续走学术道路，做做研究。”

Same as a graduate student of huazhong normal university graduate student li in while others are busy looking for a job,Other test abundantly.When cobb had failed to find a job,Found that"Good job have been picked up by others".Li told reporters:"I stay at school for a long time,Not good at communication,Oral English is not good,Can only continue to go the academic road,Do some research."

　　这样的自我定位，使得她在求职过程中始终坚定地把简历投向大中专院校。“我本可以去初高中教书，但都放弃了，这不是我想要的工作，我不会勉强去做。”李清最近进入一家三本院校任授课老师。“没有编制，合同每年一签，我随时能走。我还是要考博，争取到更好的院校里做研究工作。”

This self-image,Made her always firmly in the process of job search the resume for colleges."I could go to high school teaching,But had to give,This is not the job I wanted,I will not force to do it."Li qing has recently entered a three colleges and universities as the instructor."No preparation,The contract signed a year,I can go at any time.I still want to test abundantly,To do research work in colleges and universities better."

　　在调研中，本刊记者遇到了很多像林蔚和李清一样的研究生。他们年龄较大、期望较高，不甘心“将就”一份稳定工作，宁愿在一些临时岗位上打散工，以便于继续求职或申请读博，为“一步到位”而奋斗着。还有一些研究生“执著”地想进公务员系统或去能够提供编制的事业单位，认为这些岗位工作稳定、压力小、待遇较高。但实际上，只要他们能够适当降低自己的期望值，找到一份相对稳定的工作并不困难。

In the research,Your correspondent has met a lot of like Lin Wei and Richard li, a graduate student.They are older/High expectations,Not willing to"will"A stable job,Would rather day laborers in several temporary jobs,In order to continue to apply for a job or apply for Ph.D,For the"One pace reachs the designated position"To struggle with.There are also some postgraduate students"Hold on"To compiled into the civil service system, or to provide business unit,Think these working stability/Low pressure/Treatment of high.But in fact,As long as they are able to lower their expectations appropriately,It is not difficult to find a relatively stable job.