研究生就业难苗头初现 Graduate employment first broke now

　　许多以前看不上的企业，现在硕士们都在排着队递简历。研究生就业难的现象很可能在今年三四月份更加明显

Many disdains companies before,Now masters are lined up to resume.Graduate employment phenomenon is likely in March and April this year

　　文/《瞭望》新闻周刊记者王橙澄扶庆

Wen /[outlook]Newsweek reporter wang orange orange helps

　　仇逸 李江涛 王莹 廖君

QiuYi Li Jiangtao wang ying Liao Jun

　　即将硕士毕业的赵菱，最近一直在找工作。2012年12月的一个周末，她连续两天赶到武汉大学参加周末双选会，但只投出了3份简历。

The master degree Zhao Ling,Recently have been looking for work.In December 2012 for a weekend,She arrived at the wuhan university for two days to double this weekend will be chosen,But he threw only three resumes.

　　“每投出一份简历，薪酬期望下降100元，”她苦笑着说。4个月来，她的薪酬期望值从最初的5000元“调整”到3500元。看到同校通信专业的硕士最低工资要求是6000元，作为文科生的她感觉“自惭形秽”。

"Each threw a resume,Salary expectations fell 100 yuan,"She says with a wry smile.In four months,Her salary expectations from the original 5000 yuan"Adjust the"To 3500 yuan.See confronting communications professional master's minimum wage is 6000 yuan,As the school of arts living her feeling"To shame".

　　研究生一向被认为是就业市场上的“香饽饽”。但如今，“皇帝的女儿”也开始“愁嫁”了。

Graduate students has always been considered to be in the job market"The bestselling".But now,"The daughter of the emperor"Began to"Want to marry"the.

　　据教育部高校学生司提供的统计数据，2009～2011年，研究生就业率分别为81.4%、81.5%、80.8%，分别比本科生高出2.3、1.3、0.2个百分比，就业优势呈走低趋势。而武汉大学中国科学评价中心2012年9月完成的“中国研究生教育与学科专业评价”课题则认为，全国硕士研究生的就业率已连续3年低于本科生。该中心主任邱均平表示，对这样的结论“很多高校硕士生导师都有切身感受”。

According to the ministry of education of colleges and universities XueShengSi provides statistical data,In 2009 ~ 2011,Graduate employment rate was 81.4%/81.5%/80.8%,2.3 higher than undergraduates respectively/1.3/0.2 percentage points,Showed a trend of lower employment advantage.The Chinese science evaluation center of wuhan university in September 2012"China's postgraduate education and the evaluation of academic disciplines"Subject is considered,Employment in the nation graduate student has three consecutive years is less than undergraduates.He said both the director of the center for the high,In the conclusion"A lot of colleges and universities master tutor have intimate feelings".

　　在一些经济发达地区，研究生就业率不如本科生和专科生的现象已持续多年。广东省教育厅发布的信息显示，在该省2012年各层次的高校毕业生中，本科生初次就业率为93.95%，专科生为95.65%；研究生最低，为90.09%，已连续7年不如专科生。

In some economically developed areas,Graduate employment is inferior to undergraduates and students phenomenon has lasted for many years.Information released by the guangdong province department of education,In the province at all levels of college graduates in 2012,Undergraduate employment rate was 93.95%,Specialized subject is 95.65%;Minimum graduate student,Of 90.09%,Consecutive 7 years as students.

　　研究生就业，为什么难？近期，《瞭望》新闻周刊记者走访了全国东中西部10个省、区、市的数十所高校，在对近百名教育界人士、专家学者、用人单位和研究生的面对面访谈中发现，研究生就业难的苗头确已显现，部分地区甚至出现了“就业率与学历倒挂”的趋势，高端人才就业难的现象引人深思。

Graduate employment,Why is difficult to?The recent,[outlook]Newsweek reporter visited the country east of ten provinces in the central and western regions/area/The city of dozens of colleges and universities,In the hundreds of educators/Experts and scholars/Unit of choose and employ persons and graduate students face to face interview findings,Graduate employment signs have been revealed,Some parts even appeared"Employment and education upside down"The trend of,Top talent employment phenomenon thought-provoking.

　　结构性就业难 Structural employment

　　“比别人多读了3年，多花了好几万学费、生活费，耽误了3年工作机会，毕业后却找不到工作，每月工资只比本科生多几百块钱，甚至还不如本科生，这研究生真是白读了。”华中师范大学研究生李岩感觉“压力山大”。

"Read more than others for three years,Spend tens of thousands of tuition fees/The cost of living,Delayed 3 years job opportunities,But can't find a job after graduation,Monthly salary is only hundreds of dollars more than undergraduate students,Even than undergraduates,Read the graduate student is white."Central China normal university graduate student li yan feeling"Stressed out".

　　麦可思公司调查发现，截至2012年11月14日，被调查的2013届未签约大学毕业生中，超过六成认为求职压力大，其中研究生求职压力最大。与上一届同期调查相比，高职高专生求职压力基本持平，本科生下降6个百分点，但研究生的求职压力却上升了3个百分点。

Michael's survey found,As of November 14, 2012,Of an unsigned university graduates in the class of 2013,More than sixty percent think that job stress,The graduate student employment pressure is the largest.Compared with the same period the previous survey,Higher vocational college have job stress were little changed,Undergraduate students fell by 6%,But the graduate student's employment pressure is increased by 3%.

　　根据本刊记者的调研，当前研究生就业主要表现为结构性就业难，并呈现出较为明显的地域、专业、性别、院校等差异性特征。

According to the survey of your correspondent,The current graduate employment is mainly structural employment difficult,And present a more obvious areas/professional/gender/Colleges and universities etc. Characteristics.

　　从地域看，中东部人才富集地就业相对难。北京大学学生就业指导服务中心主任陈永利介绍说，研究生就业的跨区域性很强，流向十分集中，主要聚集在中东部发达地区，这部分地区的研究生人才已趋于饱和。与此同时，西部地区经济社会正处于高速发展期，人才需求十分旺盛，政府提供了不少岗位，却难以招到足够的研究生人才。

Look from the regional,Eastern central talents employment is relatively difficult.Peking University student career guidance service center director Chen Yongli said,Graduate employment across regional is very strong,Flow is concentrated,Mainly gathered in the eastern developed areas,In parts of the graduate student talent has become saturated.At the same time,In the western region economic society is in a high-speed development period,Demand is very exuberant,The government provide a lot of jobs,Is difficult to recruit graduate enough people.

　　从专业看，文科专业就业相对难。“前程无忧”网校园招聘部2012年初对全国70所高校进行的问卷调查显示，2011年9～12月，毕业生收到录取通知的数量主要集中在“机械工程/电气工程/自动化等工程类”、“计算机科学／电子科学/计算机网络等工程类”、“财务/金融/管理/贸易科学类”等三大类专业。记者走访高校也发现，理工农等学科专业研究生就业情况较为理想，文史哲法等专业就业不容乐观。

Look from the professional,Liberal arts professional obtain employment is relatively difficult."51 job"Network campus recruitment department in early 2012 to the country's 70 colleges and universities to carry on the questionnaire survey,In 2011, 9 ~ 12 months,The number of graduates receiving the admission notification have focused on"Mechanical engineering/electrical engineering/automation engineering"/"Computer science/electronic/computer network engineering science"/"Accounting/finance/management/trade science classes"Professional, the three categories.Reporters visited also found that colleges and universities,Science and sciences graduate employment situation is more ideal,And philosophy method, etc. Professional obtain employment is not optimistic.

　　从性别看，女硕士就业相对难。暨南大学学生就业指导中心老师马钢说，毕业生就业市场可分为四类人群：男、女本科生和男、女研究生，其中女硕士竞争力相对最弱。暨南大学每年办理暂缓就业的学生中，女硕士占多数。本刊记者采访发现，一些用人单位更倾向于招男生，对已到婚育年龄的女生并不欢迎。而女硕士毕业时，多数正处于这一年龄段，在求职时也追求相对稳定、轻松的职业，造成竞争集中，就业难加剧。

Look from the gender,Master of female employment is relatively difficult.Jinan university students employment guidance center of masteel said,College graduates employment market can be divided into four groups:male/Female undergraduate and male/Female graduate students,The female master's competitiveness relative to the weakest.Jinan university for a moratorium on the employment of students each year,Master of female majority.Newspaper reporters found that,Some employers tend to recruit more boys,For girls have to baby age is not welcome.The female master's graduation,Most are in this age group,When a job pursuit is relatively stable/Easy career,Cause competition focus,Difficult employment increase.

　　从毕业院校与初始学历看，非“211”或“985”院校毕业的研究生就业难。一些研究生反映，一些用人单位宁愿选择学校好的本科生，放弃本科院校一般的研究生。贵州民族大学研究生陈光说，一些省外用人单位曾表示没听说过他就读的学校而将他淘汰。广东外语外贸大学英语专业研究生王晶说，很多用人单位明确表示本科必须是“211”或“985”院校，而自己本科毕业于一所二本院校，简历立即被退回。这种现象令一些研究生感到不公，认为受到了歧视。

Graduated from colleges and universities and the initial degree,Non -"211"or"985"College graduate students employment.Some graduate students,Some employers prefer to choose the undergraduate school,Give up undergraduate course colleges and universities graduate student in general.Guizhou university for nationalities graduate student Chen guang said,Some unit of choose and employ persons outside the province has said never heard of his school and took him out.Mr. Wong said guangdong foreign studies university English major graduate students,Must be a lot of unit of choose and employ persons made it clear that undergraduate course"211"or"985"Colleges and universities,And his undergraduate course graduated from a 2 colleges and universities,Resume immediately be refunded.This phenomenon has made some graduate students feel injustice,Think the discrimination.

　　需求不旺+渠道饱和 Demand is not prosperous + channel saturation

　　中国人民大学经济学研究生张芳菲今年已投了三四十份简历，但只有不到1/4回了信。她告诉本刊记者：“这两年经济形势不太好，许多单位都在缩编，减少招人。很多同学虽然考下了很难考的注册会计师证，也进不了大公司。”

Economics graduate student zhang wheatgrass, renmin university of China this year has cast a 30-40 resumes,But fewer than a quarter back to the letter.She told this reporter:"The economic situation is not very good for two years,Many companies are downsizing,Reduce the hiring.Although many students take an examination of the difficult exam CPA certificate,Also couldn't get into the big company."

　　近几年，随着国内外经济形势的震荡，就业市场对于大学毕业生需求量减少，而国家机关、事业单位等传统“用人大户”吸纳岗位也很有限。需求不旺加之就业渠道饱和，导致研究生就业出现困难。

In recent years,As the oscillation of the economic situation at home and abroad,Demand for college graduates employment market,The state organs/Institutions such as the traditional"A large of choose and employ persons"Absorb the positions are limited.Saturated to slack demand and employment channels,Lead to graduate employment problems.

　　“今年，制造业、IT行业等受调控影响用人需求量下降；金融类国有企业招聘量没有增加，外资企业减少；第三产业特别是民营企业缩量；光伏产业彻底‘没戏’。”同济大学就业中心主任徐迅表示，“这些直接影响到对研究生的招聘。”

"This year,manufacturing/A fall in demand for IT industry such as affected by the regulation of choose and employ persons;Financial state-owned enterprises recruitment quantity does not increase,The foreign capital enterprise to reduce;The third industry, especially private enterprises drop-off;Photovoltaic industry completely‘Lionel messi’."Said Xu Xun, director of the career center of tongji university,"These directly affect the graduate recruitment."

　　“研究生起点较高，单位感到安排难度大，经济困难时期，研究生们的就业困难也更加明显”。上海交通大学就业指导中心主任钱静锋说，从部分企业前期招聘进程可以判断，今年毕业生就业市场有可能呈现“早高峰、早收工”的趋势，预计后期可能出现毕业生需求信息迅速减少。上海市人力资源和社会保障局就业促进处处长张得志也表示：“研究生就业难的现象很可能在今年三四月份更加明显。”

"Graduate students starting point is higher,Feel difficult to arrange,Tough economic times,Graduate students' employment difficulty is more obvious".Shanghai jiaotong university employment guidance center director Qian Jingfeng said,From some previous recruitment process can be judged,This year graduate employment market may be present"Morning rush/Call it a day earlier"The trend of,Is expected to reduce possible late graduates demand information quickly.Human resources and social security bureau of Shanghai employment promotion commissioner of zhang also said:"Graduate employment phenomenon is likely in March and April this year."

　　与经济不利因素相叠加的，是传统就业渠道的饱和。中山大学就业指导中心主任李明章表示，“长期以来，研究生主要流向研究机构、事业单位和党政机关。而近年来，我国正处在深化事业单位改革和推进国有企业改革的关键时期，体制内就业渠道对研究生的吸纳能力明显减弱。这些用人单位的编制是刚性的，只有减员才能增加，不像企业可以根据自身发展的需要自主扩张。”

With economic headwinds,Saturation is the traditional channels of employment.Sun yat-sen university employment guidance center director Li Mingzhang said,"For a long time,Graduate mainly to research institutions/Institutions and party and government organs.In recent years,In our country is in deepening the reform of institutions and the key period to push forward the reform of state-owned enterprises,System within the channels of employment of the graduate student's absorption capacity decreased significantly.The unit of choose and employ persons of the establishment is rigid,Can only increase the attrition,Unlike enterprise may need to expand independently according to their own development."

　　清华大学就业指导中心主任熊义志说，在目前的经济形势下，经济、计算机等热门专业的研究生相对较容易就业，但冷门专业、基础学科的研究生较难就业。尤其是女硕士、冷门专业博士、新开设的专业学位研究生，今后的就业前景将更加困难。

Tsinghua university employment guidance center director Xiong Yizhi said,In the present economic situation,The economy/Popular major, such as computers, graduate employment is relatively easy,But less popular professional/Basic subject of graduate employment more difficult.Especially female master's/Dr Unpopular professional/A new professional degree graduate students,Future employment prospects will be even more difficult.

　　辽宁科技大学招生就业处副处长鲁焱对本刊记者说，研究生规模迅速扩大，但社会岗位的需求量却基本守恒，这导致学历市场贬值，研究生就业压力不断增大。

Admissions liaoning university of science and technology division, deputy director of the national LuYan told your correspondent,Graduate students scale expands rapidly,But the basic conservation society demand for jobs,This leads to a degree in market value,Graduate employment pressure increasing.

　　连年扩招+质量下滑 Years of enrollment expansion + quality decline

　　飞速的经济社会发展，渴求着高端人才的智力支撑。新世纪以来，中国仅用十余年时间就实现了研究生教育规模的跨越式发展。2003年，中国开始研究生规模扩招，当年，全国高校招收研究生26万人，2013年高校研究生招生计划已达58.4万人，十年间翻了一番。与此同时，我国研究生教育的培养机构数量及指导教师人数也迅速增长。教育部网站截至2012年1月的统计数据显示，我国研究生培养机构共有797所，研究生导师人数26万余人。

Rapid economic and social development,Looking for top talent intelligence support.Since the new century,China with more than 10 years of time alone to realize the leap-forward development of graduate education scale.In 2003,,China began graduate scale expansion,That year,Colleges and universities across the country recruit graduate student 260000 people,2013 university graduate admissions program has amounted to 584000 people,Ten years has doubled.At the same time,Graduate education in our country the number of training institutions and teachers is also rapidly increasing in number.The ministry of education website statistics show that as of January 2012,A total of 797 postgraduate training institution of China,Graduate student tutor number more than 260000 people.

　　研究生规模在短期内迅速膨胀，而培养质量却未得到相应提高。“现在的博士生水平跟上世纪80年代的硕士生差不多”，在邱均平看来，如今的研究生缺乏创新意识，没有兴奋点和好奇心，对科研提不起兴趣，仅满足于灌输式的知识传授，老师讲什么就是什么，没有批判精神，也提不出什么问题，这已成为一种普遍现象。

Graduate students scale expands rapidly in a short time,And the training quality is yet to be improved."Now the doctoral level is similar with the master of the 80 s",It seems to high equality,Today's graduate students lack of innovation consciousness,There is no excitement and curiosity,Interest in scientific research,Only content with the knowledge of the non-computer majors,The teacher say what is what,No critical spirit,Also don't what's the problem,It has become a common phenomenon.

　　研究生扩招也对师资队伍等提出了严峻挑战。2008年，五年一次的全国科技工作者状况调查显示，我国15.7%的研究生导师指导的在读研究生在10人以上，还有近1%的导师指导的在读研究生在20人以上，有的甚至达到30人。而美国高校中每个导师同时指导的研究生人数一般为2～3人，5～6人就已属较高水平。

Graduate recruitment has also put forward severe challenges on teaching staff, etc.In 2008,,Once every five years the state of the national science and technology workers according to the survey,Our graduate student tutor guidance of 15.7% in more than 10 people,There are nearly 1% of the graduate student tutor guidance in more than 20 people,Some even up to 30 people.And each mentor and guide the number of graduate students in American colleges and universities is commonly 2 ~ 3 people,5 ~ 6 people belong to a higher level.

　　“扩招速度太快，超过了学校和导师的承受能力。有的导师校内外带的研究生多达几十个，许多导师还有行政职务，哪有时间和精力去管那么多学生？”邱均平说。

"Expand too fast,More than the schools and teachers to bear ability.Some teachers with graduate students as many as dozens of face-to-face,Many teachers and administrative duties,Which have time and energy go to tube so many students?"The high equality said.

　　东南大学2012年上半年对2044名研究生的调查问卷发现，该校每周都与导师交流的学生仅有33.76%，40.66%的学生每月向导师汇报1～2次，19.81%的学生一学期向导师汇报1～2次，5.77%的学生和导师基本不见面。

Southeast university in the first half of 2012 questionnaires of 2044 graduate students found that,The school every week to tutor students only 33.76%,40.66% of the students report to tutor 1 ~ 2 times a month,19.81% of the students in a semester report to tutor 1 ~ 2 times,5.77% of the students and teachers basic don't meet.

　　一位研究生对记者说：“一位导师教授众多弟子，质量参差不齐现象不可避免，研究生学历的‘含金量’大幅降低，不被‘市场’看好也是必然的。”

A graduate student told the reporters:"A mentor professor many disciples,Quality is uneven phenomenon is inevitable,Graduate student degree‘Gold content’Greatly reduced,Don't be‘The market’Value is also inevitable."

　　高期望值+低含金量 High expectations + low gold content

　　“念了这么多年书，我不愿就低，希望找到挣得多、地位高的工作。”辽宁大学国际关系专业的一位研究生说出了这一群体的心声。部分研究生过高的期望值与较低的就职能力之间的落差，也是其就业难的内在因素。

"Read the book for so many years,I don't want to lower,Hope to find/Job of higher status."Liaoning university, a graduate student majoring in international relations out of this group.Part of the graduate student office high expectation and low ability gap in between,Internal factors as well as the difficult employment.

　　尽管研究生的学历“含金量”不足，但在一些研究生眼里，学历依然是其高于本科生的“资本”。江苏省教育部门的最近调查显示，本科生的工薪期待底线是2695元，研究生则接近5000元。然而，这样的高期望值并未得到企业的认同，一些企业负责人更倾向于本科生，“与研究生相比，本科生生源多、姿态低，对工作岗位认可度和珍惜度较高，跳槽几率小一些。”

Although graduate degree"Gold content"Less than,But in some graduate student's eyes,Education is still its higher than undergraduate students"capital".Education department of jiangsu province in the recent survey,Undergraduate students working forward to the bottom line is $2695,Graduate students are close to 5000 yuan.however,This has not been high expectations of the company for approval,Some companies head more inclined to undergraduates,"Compared with the graduate students,More than undergraduate students/Low profile,Approval of jobs and higher value,Job-hopping rate."

　　除了过高的期望值，部分研究生还缺乏求职训练，欠缺求职技巧。辽宁大学哲学系的梁强对本刊记者说：“我出去实习都不好意思说自己是研究生，就连复印机正反面复印、写作申请办公用品的公文这样简单的工作都不会。”

In addition to the high expectations,Lack of job training part of the study are still alive,Lack of job skills.Liaoning university philosophy departments Liang Jiang said to your correspondent:"I go out to practice are embarrassed to say oneself is a graduate student,Even the copier copy of the front/Writing to apply for office supplies documents such simple work."

　　“进入职场与在校不同，必须学会如何在职场上与人打交道，尽快适应从学生到职场人的角色转变”。今年硕士毕业的张芳菲说：“但学校的就业指导只是教我们如何写求职简历这类简单的事情，希望得到更有针对性的就业培训。”

"Enter the workplace is different from school,Must learn how to deal with people in the workplace,As soon as possible to adapt to the transition from students to professionals".This year the master graduates said zhang wheatgrass:"But the school career guidance just teach us how to write resume such simple matter,Hope to receive more specific job training."

　　本刊记者在调研中发现，在严峻的就业形势压力下，一些研究生已经开始“被迫”转变观念，在就业的地域、岗位、薪资要求等方面放宽标准。“许多以前看不上的企业，现在硕士们都排着队递简历。”中国人民大学新闻学院研究生肖凌云说。中山大学法学院硕士研究生张鹏程则表示，现在很多同学处于“饥不择食”的状态，什么样的单位都会投一下。来自复旦大学等高校的数据更显示，今年有意向或者签约前往西部、基层就业的研究生毕业生有了大幅度提高。

Your correspondent found in the survey,Under the severe employment pressure,Some graduate students has started"Was forced to"Change ideas,In the job/jobs/Relax standard salary requirements, etc."Many disdains companies before,Now master have lined up to resume."School of journalism, renmin university of China the Chinese zodiac lingyun said.Sun yat-sen university law school graduate Zhang Pengcheng said,Many students now in"Beggars cannot be choosers"The state of the,What kind of unit will drop.Data shows more from fudan university and other colleges and universities,This year have intention or sign up to the west/Grass-roots employment of graduates has increased significantly.

　　受访教育界人士认为，研究生就业难将造成国家教育资源的严重浪费。北京师范大学校长钟秉林对本刊记者说，近年来国家不断加大研究生培养投入，每生每年教育经费已达1.2万元，学术型研究生学费全免，专业型研究生交纳1/2或1/4学费。但研究生规模在短期内迅速膨胀，带来了过度教育、文凭贬值等问题，研究生教育的经济社会效益并没有充分发挥，还有可能带来国家教育资源、人才资源的严重浪费。

Educators believe that questioned,Graduate employment will cause serious waste of national education resources.Beijing normal university President Zhong Binglin told your correspondent,In recent years, countries continue to increase investment in graduate education,Every education funds reached 12000 yuan a year,Academic graduate tuition is free,Professional graduate students pay the half or a quarter tuition.But the graduate scale expands rapidly in a short time,Has brought too much education/Diploma depreciation, etc,Postgraduate education didn't give full play to the economic and social benefits,And may lead to national education resources/Serious waste of resources.

　　受访业内人士和就业领域专家表示，一方面研究生应该“转观念”，另一方面政府、学校、老师、就业服务部门也要强化研判和分析，大力开展职业素养宣教、就业心态辅导，提供并拓宽就业信息渠道；加强引导，出台鼓励政策，建立引导高端人才去西部、去基层的“绿色通道”，避免研究生出现待业人数累积扩大、啃老现象加剧、人才浪费等现象。□

The personage inside course of study and obtain employment domain experts questioned said,On the one hand, graduate students should be"Turn ideas",On the other hand the government/The school/The teacher/Employment services, also must strengthen the study and analysis,Vigorously carry out professional quality education/Employment psychology counseling,Provides information and broaden the employment channels;We need to strengthen guidance,The policy of encouraging,Set up guide top talent to the west/To the base"The green channel",Avoided graduate unemployment toll to expand/Chew old phenomenon intensified/The phenomenon such as talent waste.-

　　(文中受访研究生均为化名)

(This paper surveyed the nces is not her real name)