八问丽水农村金融改革试点之四

8 q lishui rural financial reform experiment four

　　见习记者 谷 力

Trainee reporter valley force

　　本报记者 王月金

Our correspondent WangYueJin

　　在我国农村存在大量灵活、短期、小额和无抵押的资金需求，而相当多的金融机构都认定不符合现代银行授信条件的“无效需求”，怎样把“无效需求”转变为银行认为的有效需求，解决的途径在于在金融机构和农户之间建立一个信息对称的平台。人民银行丽水市中心支行行长孔祖根对本报记者说，从2009年开始，丽水市开始着力于农村信用体系建设工作，农村信用体系建设，解决的就是农村金融市场信息不对称的问题。

In the presence of flexible in the rural areas of China、short-term、Small and unsecured the financial needs，But quite many financial institutions are that did not meet with the modern bank credit conditions“Invalid demand”，How to“Invalid demand”For bank of change that effective demand，Of the solution lies in financial institutions and between farmer up an information platform of symmetry。The people's bank KongZuGen lishui central subbranch of our correspondent said governor，From 2009 to，Lishui began to focused on rural credit system construction work，Rural credit system construction，The rural financial market is to solve the problem of asymmetric information。

　

　挨家挨户上门收集信用信息 Went from house to house to collect the credit information

　　丽水农村信用体系的建设，包括信用农户等级评价与信用村、信用乡镇与信用县评价两大工作。前者工作大致可分为三部分，即搜集农户信用信息、农户信用等级评价和建立农户信用数据库。

Lishui rural credit system construction，Including credit evaluation and credit village farmers level、Credit village with credit county evaluation work two。The former work can be roughly divided into 3 parts，That farmers credit information collection、Farmer credit rating and establish the credit evaluation farmers database。

　　“为了搞农村信用体系建设，整个丽水市，动用了一万七千多名干部，挨家挨户去搜集农户的信用信息。”孔祖根说。

“In order to make the rural credit system construction，The whole of lishui，With more than seventeen thousand cadres，From house to house to gather the farmer credit information。”KongZuGen said。

　　本报记者了解到，村两委、村会计与大学生村官，是这一万七千多人的绝对主力。

Our reporter to understand，The village two committees、Village accounting and college-graduate village official，More than seventeen thousand people is this nailed down。

　　“其他有的地方就是搞一个乡镇，或者是搞一个县，而且还是有选择地去采集，不是摊开来做。而我们的目标是，把所有的农户的信用信息都采集到。”人民银行丽水市中心支行副行长王筱琴告诉记者。

“Some other place is make a town，Or do a county，And still selectively to gather，Not spread out to do。And our goal is，All the farmers' credit information collection。”The people's bank of lishui, vice governor of the central subbranch WangXiaoQin told reporters。

　　在她看来，让基层干部挨家挨户把农民的信用信息搜集来，是可行的，“因为他们对农民的情况是知根知底儿的，不会被糊弄。”

In her eyes，Let the grassroots cadres from house to house the farmers credit information collection，Is feasible，“Because they are to farmers know too much son of，Won't be responsive。”

　　AAA级信用农民是怎样诞生的 AAA grade credit farmers is the birth of how

　　本报记者了解到，农户信用等级评价的工作，有一个评级办法，实行百分制打分，满足了一些硬性条件，且达到了一定的分数，就会被评为信用农户。按照分数的高低，有A级、AA级与AAA级三种信用户，而这三种信用户能享受到的授信额度不一样。其中，AAA级的信用农户，可以贷到5万元的无抵押无担保的信用贷款。

Our reporter to understand，Farmer credit rating of the evaluation work，Have a rating method，The scoring points，Meet some of the hard conditions，And to reach a certain score，Will be named credit farmers。According to the score height，Have A level、AA and AAA grade three believe users，And the three believe users can enjoy the line of credit。Among them，The AAA level credit farmers，Can borrow for 50000 yuan of unsecured unsecured credit。

　　同搜集农户信用信息一样，农户信用等级评价工作的主力军，依然是村两委、村会计和大学生村官。在王筱琴看来，让他们着手做这项工作是最佳选择，“只有这些人才是最了解基层的。专门让一个机构，来给千家万户的农民做评级？这不现实，费用吃不消，时间上也搞不起。整个丽水市要是这么做，3年时间也做不下来。”

Farmers with credit information collection，Farmer credit rating of the evaluation work forces，Still is the village two committees、Village accounting and college-graduate village official。In WangXiaoQin seems，Let them set out to do the job is the best choice，“Only these talents are the most basic understanding。Special let a institutions，To give farmers to everyone's rating？It's not realistic，Cost too，Time can also make。The whole of lishui if to do so，3 years time also do not come down。”

　　“信用等级评价，打分是一个方面，也要村民代表开个会评一下，”云和县凤凰山街道柘园村村支书雷贤坤在接受本报记者采访时表示，“比如最近几年的贷款还款是否及时，还有就是要看家里的财产情况，山林、土地、房子有没有啥变化。”

“Credit rank evaluation，Scoring is an aspect，Will the villagers' representatives a rate it，”Clouds and county street garden party zhe phoenix mountain village LeiXianKun in accepting our newspaper reporter to interview said，“In recent years, such as the mortgage payments are in time，Still another is to see the property of the home，Mountain forest、land、House if something changes。”

　　在农户信用等级评价的打分表里面，除了农户的家庭基本信息、拥有的财产、家庭信用等信息列作打分项目之外，是否遵纪守法，则成了农户能否评上信用农户的硬门槛。“在以前，农民要违反计划生育、玩儿个赌博啥的，没人管得了。现在，农民去赌博，违反计划生育了，就一票否决，不能评为信用户。”孔祖根对记者说，“信用评级成了乡村干部开展工作的一个抓手了，而这也提高了他们参与农村信用体系建设的积极性。”

In the farmers of the current credit rating evaluation play inside，In addition to the basic information of the family farmers、Has the property of the、Family information such as credit scores outside the fundamentals for project，Whether the law，Was the farmers can judge on credit the farmers hard threshold。“In the past，Farmers to violation of family planning、Playing a gambling what of，Nobody tube had。now，Farmers to gambling，Violation of family planning，Just one ticket veto，Can't believe as users。”KongZuGen told reporters，“Credit rating became rural cadres in a means，And it also improves their participation in the rural credit system construction the enthusiasm。”

　　丽水市中心支行的工作人员告诉记者，村里在给出一个初步的评估意见后，将结果报到乡镇里去，其他部门包括金融机构、派出所、计生委都要参与复议，复议之后没有异议，就要拿到村里张榜公示，最后报到县里，收录到人民银行的信用信息数据库中。

The central subbranch of lishui staff, told reporters，The village in the given a preliminary assessment advice，Will the results of villages and towns in the report，Other departments including financial institutions、Police station、State family planning commission all must participate in the review，After reconsideration have no objections，Will get the village public implementing，Final report to the county，Included in the people's bank credit information database。

　　截至今年一季度，除去6O岁以上及18岁以下、五保户、整家出国或长期外迁打工的农户，丽水市共搜集到了38万农户的信用信息，农户信用信息的采集评价覆盖面达到了92%，行政村信用信息的采集评价覆盖面则达到了100%。全市38万农户当中，有32.79万户评上了信用农户，有32.01万信用农户获得了金融机构94.21亿元授信，有14.35万信用农户累计获得贷款116.65亿元。

By the first quarter of this year，Remove 6 O years and under the age of 18、5 protect door、The whole house go abroad or long-term outsourcing jobs of farmers，Total to 380000 farmers lishui collection of credit information，Farmer credit information collection evaluation coverage to 92%，Administrative villages credit information collection evaluation coverage reached 100%。The whole city of 380000 households，About 327900 families reviewed top credit farmers，There are 320100 credit farmers get the financial institutions 9.421 billion yuan credit，There are 143500 credit farmers get loans accumulative total is 11.665 billion yuan。

　　接下来的是信息维护，“政府花大力气把信息采集到，评价一次，这个没问题。而维护与更新农户的信用信息，才是我们接下来工作的重点。”王筱琴告诉记者，市政府在每个县设立一个金融服务中心，专门用来维护更新农户数据的。

The next is the information maintenance，“The government spend the strength to information collection，Evaluate a，This no problem。And maintenance and update the farmer credit information，Is the focus of the work we do next。”WangXiaoQin told reporters，The city government in each county establish a financial services centre，Dedicated to the maintenance of the data update farmers。

　　人民银行云和县支行行长何献平告诉本报记者，农户的很多信息是需要更新的，比如林木信息，林木挂牌卖掉了，林业部门就要把这一信息提供给金融服务中心。而其他的信息如果发生较大变化，村里要报到乡里，乡里要报到县里，一年一次，由金融服务中心对数据进行更新。

The people's bank HeXianPing subbranch of a cloud and county governor told the reporter，Many of the farmers need to update the information is，Such as trees information，Trees for sold，The forestry department will take the information to financial services centre。And other information if substantial change，The village to village report，Village to report for duty county，Once a year，The financial service center of data updated。

　　没有政府主导，农村信用体系建设，搞不起来 No government leading，Rural credit system construction，Don't up

　　“农村信用体系建设不是一个金融机构的事情，而是整个社会的事情。”中国农业大学金融系教授何广文对本报记者表示，“从某种程度上来讲，个人的信用信息可以被视作为一种准公共物品。”

“Rural credit system construction is not a financial institutions things，But the whole social thing。”China agricultural university professor of finance society (afs HeGuangWen our correspondent said，“To some extent，Personal credit information can be seen as a kind of quasi-public goods。”

　　在他看来，整个社会的信用体系，包括借贷信息、纳税信息、各种缴费信息与违法处罚信息等等，如果想掌握全面的信用信息，只有政府才有这个能力，通过一些方式，把这些信息整合起来。

In his view，The whole social credit system，Including lending information、Tax information、All kinds of pay cost information and illegal punishment information, etc，If want to have comprehensive credit information，Only the government would have the ability，Through some way，Take the information together。

　　“这些工作是政府应该干的。干得不好，信息搜集失真，那就是政府的失职。”他说。

“The work is that the government should do。Do well，Information gathering distortion，That is the government's negligence。”He said。

　　事实上，丽水市政府与市县两级人民银行，就是丽水农村信用体系建设工作的主要推动者与执行者。

In fact，The government and the city and county level of lishui two people's bank，Lishui rural credit system construction is the main drivers of work and performer。

　　“农村信用体系建设一开始难到什么程度？市委开常委扩大会议，四大班子领导全到，会上书记拍板儿下来："我和市长各去两个村，其他所以的副厅级以上干部，必须一个村，都要下去。"”孔祖根对记者说，“像以前土改一样。”在他看来，没有市委市政府的大力推动，农村信用体系建设，搞不起来。

“The rural credit system construction began a difficult and to what degree？Open enlarged meeting of the standing committee of municipal party committee，Four big team leadership to all，The meeting, secretary of the clappers son down："I and the mayor to two village，Other so of more than a pair hall class cadre，Must be a village，Will go down。"”KongZuGen told reporters，“Land reform as before。”In his view，No municipal government in the boost，Rural credit system construction，Don't up。

　　“农村信用体系建设，不能指望商业银行来做。光靠他们，他们肯定是要站在自己的利益角度上来考量问题的。”人民银行丽水市中心支行办公室副主任梅继承对本报记者表示。

“Rural credit system construction，Can't count on commercial Banks to do。Light on their，They must be must stand on its own interest Angle consideration of the problems come up。”The people's bank of lishui central subbranch of vice director of office of our newspaper reporters may inherit。

　　此外，由人民银行牵头农村信用体系建设工作，梅继承说，因为人民银行本身有征信管理的职能，而且能做到客观、公正。正是这样的独特地位才能把各部门协调起来，如果让某一个银行牵头来搞的话，其他银行可能就不会太积极。

In addition，The people's bank lead rural credit system construction work，May inherit said，Because people's bank itself has the credit reporting management functions，And can be objective、justice。It is such a unique position to coordinate departments，If let a bank lead to make words，Other Banks might not too positive。

　　农村信用体系建设的基础性工作，即农户信用信息的搜集与农户信用等级的评价工作，动用的是广大基层干部，是行政的力量。而农村信用体系建设的后续工作，同样离不开政府的支持。

Rural credit system construction of the infrastructure work，That is the credit information collection and farmers farmer credit rating evaluation，Use the broad grassroots cadres，Is the power of the administration。While the rural credit system construction of the follow-up work，The same cannot leave the government support。

　　“每年云和县县财政要拨付14万元的经费给县里的金融服务中心，用来维持日常的工作。”何献平告诉记者。此外他还提到，云和县有两万农户，而这两万农户是信用信息更新工作要依托各乡镇、村组织和驻村干部来搞，县里的专项经费会拿出一部分钱来，给予这些人适当的劳务费用。这一块儿在经费保障上还是比较到位的。

“Cloud and county every year to 140000 yuan county finance fund of funds to the county financial service center，Used to maintain the daily work。”HeXianPing told reporters。In addition, he also mentioned，Clouds and county has twenty thousand farmers，And this is the twenty thousand rural credit information update work to rely on all the villages、Village organization and the officers assigned to do it，The county's special funds will take out a part of the money，Give these people appropriate charges for services。This together in ensuring funding or compare in place。

　　丽水市的农户信用信息数据库对所有金融机构都是开放的，提供的是无偿的信息共享服务。

The credit information database of lishui farmers to all financial institutions are open，The offer is freely Shared information service。

　　“政府出面整合信用信息是有必要的，其成本是最低的，”何广文对记者表示，因为政府采集到信息之后是要拿出来共享的，而这也可以避免信息的重复采集。

“The government come forward integrated credit information is necessary，Its cost is the lowest，”HeGuangWen told reporters，Because the government information is collected after and take out of sharing，And this can also avoid the repetition of information collection。

　　激活农村金融服务 Activate the rural financial services

　　“我们的农户信用信息数据库，就是一个为金融机构服务的平台。”王筱琴如是说。

“Our farmers credit information database，Is a service platform for financial institutions。”WangXiaoQin said。

　　中国社科院农村发展研究所研究员任常青在接受本报记者采访时表示，以工农中建为首的大型银行坚持大项目、大企业、大客户导向，而在农村金融领域，大银行远离农户，在服务农户、农村小微企业方面有很多劣势。在他看来，目前的农村金融领域还是农信社一家独大的局面。

By the Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of rural development of evergreen in accepting our newspaper reporter to interview said，With workers and peasants led large Banks insist on big projects、Big enterprise、Big customer orientation，In rural areas of the financial sector，Big Banks away from farmers，Farmers in service、Small rural small enterprises have lots of disadvantages。In his view，The present rural financial field or the cooperatives monopoly situation。

　　然而，在丽水，这种情况正在发生某种变化。

however，In lishui，This is a change。

　　“丽水的农村信用体系建设，给我们农信社带来了威胁。”龙泉市农信联社理事长宋武龙对记者说。

“Lishui rural credit system construction，Give us the cooperatives brought threat。”1 SongWuLong press association of longquan told reporters。

　　本报记者了解到，丽水农户信用信息数据库建好之后，在当地所有的银行都可以进入到这个系统去查询情况，比如贷款对象农户有多少房子，有多少林地，家庭成员是否遵纪守法，村内口碑如何，信用等级如何等等，都能看到。“如此一来，农民向金融机构申请贷款的时候，金融机构就不再需要跑到村里去实地调查这些基本情况了，”王筱琴告诉记者，只需要调出数据库信息就足够了。

Our reporter to understand，Lishui farmers credit information database after built，In all the local Banks can enter the system to check，Such as a loan object farmers have how much house，How many forest land，The family member is pleasant，Village how public praise，How credit rating and so on，Can see。“so，Farmers from financial institutions to apply for a loan，Financial institutions will no longer need to run to the village of these basic on-the-spot investigation，”WangXiaoQin told reporters，Only needs to transfer information from a database is enough。

　　“农信社在下面是有网点和机构，是有优势的，而工农中建，包括城市商业银行在农村是没有网点机构的，他们没有优势。”孔祖根对记者说，可现在，他们能进入到我们的数据库拿到农户的信用数据，不需要再进行调查评估了，不需要机构了，直接批发授信，大大降低了银行的成本。农行目前就是这么做的。

“The cooperatives below is a network and institutions，Is of the advantages of the，And the workers and peasants，Including the city commercial bank in the countryside is no outlets of the organization，They have no advantage。”KongZuGen told reporters，But now，They can enter into our database of credit data to farmers，Don't need to investigate assessment，Don't need institutions，Direct wholesale credit，Greatly reduce the cost of the bank。The agriculture bank at present is doing just that。

　　农户贷款一年增加超100亿 Farmers an increase over 10 billion loans

　　在孔祖根看来，农村信用体系建设，是有利于新设的金融机构同农信社进行竞争的。“像村镇银行，他的网点少，或者像小贷公司，没有网点，怎么深入到农村去？这个成本是很高的。”他说，“而依托我们的数据库，他们就可以批发，做量。成本马上就可以降下来，就能和原有的农村金融机构同等竞争。”

In KongZuGen seems，Rural credit system construction，Is a new established financial institutions to compete with the cooperatives。“Towns like bank，His site less，Or as small loan company，No network，How deeply to the country？The cost is high。”He said，“Our database and rely on，They can wholesale，Do quantity。Costs can come down soon，Can and original rural financial institutions equal competition。”

　　“现在农行进村了，建行也想搞进村，还有民泰村镇银行。邮储银行就更不用说了，都开始打算跟我们平分秋色了。”宋武龙对记者说，“在龙泉市，我们农信社辛辛苦苦六十载，才搞了23个亿的存款余额，他们邮储银行才搞了几年功夫就有13亿。这里面，农户信用体系建设起了很大的作用。信息共享了，好的客户他都可以直接拿去放贷。”

“Now agriculture bank got to the village，The construction bank also want to make her few remaining，And the people's bank of villages。Not to mention the YouChu bank，Are we going to start with equal shares。”SongWuLong told reporters，“In longquan，We worked hard in rural credit cooperatives sixty，To find the 23 deposit balance，They YouChu bank to find a few years kung fu has 1.3 billion。there，Farmer credit system construction plays a large role。Information sharing the，Good customer can be taken directly to lend to borrowers。”

　　孔祖根告诉记者，“原来有的金融机构说，农民没有什么贷款需求，我们已经满足他们了。结果农村信用体系搞下来一年，农户贷款增加就超过了100亿元。我再问他们，他们就没话了。”

KongZuGen told reporters，“The original some financial institutions said，Farmers have no loan demand，We have to meet them。Results the rural credit system make down a year，Farmers increased lending, more than 10 billion yuan。I'll ask them，They have no words。”

　　“现在对于我们农信社而言，邮政储蓄银行就是我们最大的竞争对手。”宋武龙对本报记者表示，“我现在就是研究邮储的金融产品。他们怎么做，我就及时跟上，服务比他还要更好。”

“Now for our for rural credit cooperatives，The postal savings bank is our biggest competitor。”SongWuLong to our reporter says，“I now, is the study of the YouChu financial products。How do they do，I will keep up with in time，Even better than his service。”