招生规模5年增长30%，引发培养、实践、就业三重矛盾 The recruitment of students scale 5 year growth of 30%,Cause culture/practice/Employment triple contradiction

研究生“大饼”摊薄了谁？ Graduate student"pie"Diluted who?

本报记者 王珏 Our reporter off-label

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　　10月10日，2013年全国硕士研究生招生开始进行正式网上报名。即使对今年的形势尚未可知，但参照连年攀升的考研报名人数，几乎可以预见这股“读研热”依旧难以降温。

On October 10,,In 2013 the nation graduate student enrollment to be an official online application.Even for this year's situation is still not clear,But reference in successive years of one's deceased father grind up the number of registration,Almost can foresee the"Grinding heat"Is still difficult to cooling.

　　而在各高校，研究生的人数也大有与本科生并驾齐驱之势。据悉，2012年全国共招收58.4万名研究生，与2007年的44.9万人相比，5年间研究生招生规模增长了30%。今年，教育部叫停了本科扩招，但研究生扩招却愈演愈烈。当研招“大饼”越摊越大，人们不禁担心：日渐膨胀的研究生大军，是否会重蹈当初本科扩招的覆辙？面对招生与就业、选拔与培养、学术与应用的三重矛盾，卸下“高学历”光环的研究生们又该何去何从？

While in universities,The number of graduate students also have greatly and undergraduate students keep pace with the potential.It is reported,The 2012 national recruited 584000 graduate students,And 2007 in 449000 compared with,Five years dimensions of graduate student recruit students increased by 30%.This year,The ministry of education called for a undergraduate enrollment expansion,But the graduate student enrollment is intensified.When research recruit"pie"The greater the booth,People can not help but worry about:Swelling army of graduate students,Whether it will repeat undergraduate enrollment at all?In the face of the enrollment and employment/Selection and training/Academic and application of triple contradictions,off"Highly educated"Aura of graduate students and the what course to follow?

【矛盾一】招生·就业 [Contradiction a]Recruit students · employment

高校追求“研究型”盲目扩招，硕士生就业不如本科生 The pursuit"research"Blind expansion,Master as undergraduate employment

　　在北京某大学的研究生报到处，来自山东的小娟刚办完入学手续。历经几年考研成功的她，兴奋之余也对未来有着清醒认识。“研究生3年，既要完成学业又要积累实习经历，就业形势又如此严峻，前路依然茫茫。”小娟说。

In Beijing a graduate student of university of check-in counter,From the shandong youngster just when admission procedure.After a few years one's deceased father grind successful she,The excitement I also has a clear recognition for the future."Graduate student three years,Both must finish school and to accumulate practice experience,So severe employment situation,The road ahead is still."Youngster said.

　　小娟的焦虑并非杞人忧天。今年年初，教育部发布《全面提高高等教育质量的若干意见》，叫停了持续13年的本专科生扩招。然而，研究生招生规模却高歌猛进。2012年，我国研究生的计划招生规模达到了584416人，与2007年的44.9万人相比，5年间招生规模增长了30%。

Youngster anxiety are valid.Earlier this year,Issued by the ministry of education[Improve the quality of higher education some opinions],To stop the last 13 years of this specialized subject lays enrollment expansion.however,Dimensions of graduate student recruit students but rapid development.In 2012,,Our country graduate plan the recruitment of students scale up to 584416 people,And 2007 in 449000 compared with,Five years the recruitment of students scale increased by 30%.

　　而不少高校定位于研究型大学的发展目标，更是助长了研究生扩招的势头。目前，在北京大学、中国人民大学、浙江大学等名校中，研究生的数量已经基本和本科生持平，有的甚至已经超过了本科生。中国教育在线总编辑陈志文认为，中国高校有一种倾向，专科学校向本科学校看齐、本科向“211”看齐、“211”向研究型大学看齐。发展定位和层次不明晰，造成一些高校盲目扩招研究生，向研究型大学进军。

But many universities and positioning in the development goal of research university,But also contributed to the graduate student enrollment expansion momentum.At present,In the Beijing university/People's university of China/Zhejiang university in the school,The number of graduate students and undergraduate students has been basically the same,Some even have more than undergraduate.China education online editor in chief ChenZhiWen think,Chinese colleges have a tendency,College undergraduate course school to emulate/Undergraduate course to"211"emulate/"211"More to the research university.Development orientation and levels are not clear,Cause some colleges and universities graduate student enrollment blindly,To the research university.

　　与招生“加速度”形成鲜明对比的是，研究生就业率近年来持续低迷。据《全国高校毕业生就业状况》显示，自2005年考研人数首次突破百万开始，一直到2009年，硕士生就业率连续下降。其中，2009年和2010年硕士生的就业率均不及本科生。

And recruit students"acceleration"Contrast,Graduate employment rate in recent years sustained downturn.According to[The national college graduates employment status]display,Since 2005, the number of one's deceased father grind for the first time in a start,Until 2009,Master's employment continuous decline.the,In 2009 and 2010, the employment rate of master all not as good as undergraduate.

　　“高学历、低就业的态势正在蔓延。”北京师范大学管理学院教授王建民说，很多硕士研究生就业层次与本科生就业范围重合，研究生和本科生、甚至和专科生竞争同一个岗位的情况不在少数。

"Highly educated/Low employment situation is spreading."Beijing normal university school of management professor wang said,A lot of master graduate student employment levels and undergraduate employment range coincidence,The undergraduate and graduate/Even in the same position and junior college student competition situation is not a few.

　　“研究生扩招，受高等教育的人数增多是一件好事，而且今年研究生50多万的招生规模和本专科招收600多万相比，基数还是比较小的。”中国人民大学中国就业研究所副所长杨伟国在肯定研究生教育普及的同时，也指出要警惕研究生扩招带来教学质量下降、学历贬值、就业困难等问题。

"Graduate student enrollment,Higher education by the multiply is a good thing,And more than 50 this year graduate recruitment of students scale and this specialized subject recruit more than 600 compared with,Base or smaller."Chinese people's university Chinese obtain employment YangWeiGuo deputy director of the institute in graduate education popularization must at the same time,Also points out that in order to alert the graduate student enrollment to bring down the teaching quality/Degree depreciation/The employment difficulty.

　　【建言】我们的研究生扩招缺乏整体设计，招生没有和就业联系，没有和经济转型、社会发展联系。需要根据出口调整研究生招生，根据社会的需求建立反馈机制。国外一流大学如哈佛大学的培养模式值得借鉴，哈佛大学长期与校友保持联系，并有系统、完善的跟踪调查，根据校友和市场的反馈来调整学校的招生和培养，始终保持了就业和招生、专业设置动态平衡。建议我们的高校建立一个就业数据库。

["]Our graduate student enrollment lack of overall design,Enrollment and employment contact no,No and economic transformation/Social development contact.Need to export adjustment of graduate student recruit students,According to the needs of society to establish feedback mechanism.Foreign top universities such as Harvard University training mode is worth reference,Harvard University alumni long-term and keep in touch,And system/Perfect tracking survey,According to the alumni and market feedback to adjust the school recruitment of students and training,Always keep the employment and enrollment/Professional Settings dynamic balance.Suggest our universities to establish a database of employment.

　　王建民

wang

【矛盾二】选拔·培养 [Contradictions two]Selection · culture

“一考制”重分轻能，研究生培养和管理方式粗放单一 "A test system"Subdivision light can,Graduate students cultivation and management mode extensive single

　　面对研究生“摊大饼”的现状，北京理工大学教育研究院教授杨东平甚为担忧：研究生选拔和培养多年来仍无改进，选拔机制和方式类似高考的“一考定终身”，选拔不出有潜能的学生。

In the face of the graduate student"Booth of"Situation of,Beijing university of science and technology education institute professor YangDongPing very concern:Graduate student selection and training for many years is still no improvement,Selection mechanism and mode of similar to the university entrance exam"As a lifelong",The selection of potential students.

　　中国教育科学研究院教育政策研究中心主任吴霓发现，在每年的研究生入学考试中，很多地方性院校的考生考分很高，却缺乏沟通和表达能力，缺乏独立的思考和实践能力。“很多学生从大一开始就一门心思准备考研，这些学生笔试能力很强、考分很高，但能力有所欠缺，而且大多并无意从事学术研究。”

China's education academy of sciences education policy research center director wu aegirine found,Every year in the postgraduate entrance examination,A lot of local colleges and universities the examinee of high test scores,But the lack of communication and presentation skills,The lack of independent thinking and practical ability."Many students from freshman year start one-track mind ready to one's deceased father grind,These students written examination ability is very strong/High test scores,But ability is in,And most and has no intention of engaged in academic research."

　　目前，我国研究生选拔机制还是采取统考加面试的形式，统考中英语和政治占有相当比重，初试统一划线基本决定了录取，而复试往往流于形式，导师的自主权相对较弱。

At present,Our country graduate selection mechanism or take an examination and the form of interview,English unified examination and political occupies a specific gravity,First try unified line basic decided the admission,And reexamine often become a mere formality,Teacher autonomy is relatively weak.

　　博士研究生选拔同样不够规范，各高校有高度自主权，缺乏监督管理，少数招生单位把博士入学考试当作一门生意，博士成为官与校、商与校之间的交易，直接影响了博士培养质量。

Doctoral candidate selection also is not standard,Various universities have a high autonomy,Lack of supervision and management,A few recruit students unit doctor entrance examination as a business,Doctor become officer and the school/Business and between the trading,Dr. Has a direct effect on the training quality.

　　“研究生培养过程中，或者是大班化的教学和管理，或者是将学生作为科研项目的免费劳动力，并没有培养学生独立研究能力。”吴霓认为，研究生培养的问题很明显：教学方式和本科相差无几，管理方式相对粗放，培养方式千篇一律。

"In the process of graduate student training,Or executive change of teaching and management,Or will the students as research project free labor,And not to cultivate students' independent study ability."Wu aegirine think,The problem of graduate student training is very obvious:Teaching methods and undergraduate course little difference,Management mode relatively extensive,Cultivation mode in a rut.

　　选拔过程重分数轻能力、教育过程重理论轻实践，以及课程设置陈旧、毕业论文选题肤浅、毕业答辩把关不严……面对这些问题，有专家感叹：“如此选出的研究生，能有多少含金量和竞争力，如此培养研究生，不过是本科教育的延续和本科就业压力的延缓。”

Selection process heavy fraction light ability/Education process heavy theory light practice,And curriculum obsolete/Graduation thesis superficial/Graduation reply control is lax...In the face of these problems,Some experts exclamation:"So choose graduate student,How many are the gold content and competitiveness,Such training graduate students,But is undergraduate course education and the continuation of undergraduate employment pressure delay."

　　【建言】研究生选拔和培养机制的改革可以从改革研究生入学考试制度开始，不过目前改革还未提上日程，其实相比于高考，研究生改革阻力更小。研究生入学考试可以由单一的统考加面试，转变到注重学习能力水平测试，国外的GRE考试就有成熟可借鉴的经验。研究生入学考试的改革，也可以作为高考改革的尝试。

["]Graduate student selection and cultivation mechanism reform can reform the postgraduate entrance examination system from the start,But at present reform has not put on the agenda,Actually compared to the university entrance exam,Graduate student reform resistance smaller.Graduate entrance examination can be made by a single unified examination and interview,Change to focus on learning ability level test,Foreign GRE have mature experience can be used for reference.The reform of postgraduate entrance exam,Also can be used as the university entrance exam reform attempt.

　　杨东平

YangDongPing

【矛盾三】学术·应用 [Contradiction three]Academic · application

扩招摊薄学术资源，专业硕士遭遇师资与实践“两难” Enrollment diluted academic resources,Professional master's teaching and practice experience"dilemma"

　　业内人士指出，研究生扩招带来学生总体质量下降已是不争的事实。更多专家担心，研究生无法培养出学术型人才，扩招使得学术资源摊薄，学生的学术研究水平不高。

The personage inside course of study points out that,Graduate student enrollment bring students overall quality decline is tangible.More experts worry that the,Cannot develop a graduate student academic talented person,Enrollment makes academic resources diluted,Students' academic research level is not high.

　　从2010年开始，教育部决定减少学术型硕士数量，招收“全日制专业型硕士”，2012年继续推行将硕士研究生教育从以培养学术型人才为主向以培养应用型人才为主的转变政策。据悉，今年的专业硕士学位已达到39个，招生人数占据硕士研究生数量的30%，到“十二五”末期，学术型硕士与专业型硕士将各占50%。

Begin from 2010,The ministry of education to reduce the number of academic type,recruit"Full-time professional master",In 2012 continued to implement will master graduate student education to train from academic type talent persons to train applied talents give priority to change policy.It is reported,This year's professional master's degree has reached 39,Recruit students number occupies 30% of the number of master graduate student,to"1025"The end,Academic type master and master of professional each accounted for 50%.

　　不过，“理想丰满”的专业硕士却遭遇了“现实骨感”。江西某大学的专业硕士小李读新闻出版专业，“班上20个同学，8个是应届生保送。”但专业硕士的教学和学术型硕士没有太大区别，实习和找工作基本还是得靠自己。

but,"Ideal plump"Professional master is encountered"Reality bone".Jiangxi university's professional master's xiao li read news in the publication profession,"20 students in the class,8 it is fresh raw walks."But professional master's teaching and academic type master no much difference,Practice and to find a job basic still have to rely on their own.

　　王建民也认为，专业硕士一般都是两年的学习时间，一年上课，一年找工作，教学显得很仓促，实践容易沦为“名义”，且存在很大的随意性。虽然很多学校提出了双导师制，在现实中却很难实现。

Wang also think,Professional master are generally two years of study time,In a class,A year looking for a job,Teaching appears very rush,Practice easy to become"name",And there is a very big optional sex.Although a lot of school puts forward the double tutorial system,In reality it is difficult to realize.

　　数据显示，2010年全国第一次招收了11万专业硕士，到2011年这个数字达到了14.8万，而2012年专业硕士招生人数更是达到18.7万。面对如此增长速度，如何匹配与专业硕士所需的实践性教学资源和师资，成为摆在各高校面前的一道难题。

Data display,In 2010 the first national recruited 110000 professional master,To 2011, the number rose to 148000,And in 2012 professional master recruit students number is 187000.In the face of such a growth rate,How to match and professional master the practical teaching resources and teachers,Be in front of each college a difficult problem.

　　“专业硕士无疑对老师提出了更高的要求，教MBA的老师没有商业的经验，教MPA的老师没有政府工作的背景，学校没有配套的机制来培训老师，也没有新增加编制来引进老师，又怎么指导学生呢？”杨伟国说。

"Professional master's face for the teacher put forward higher request,Taught MBA teacher no business experience,Teach MPA teacher no government work background,Schools have no supporting mechanism to training teacher,No new increase compilation to introduce the teacher,And how to guide students?"YangWeiGuo said.

　　此外，专业硕士学费不菲，MBA学生一年学费在7万元以上，学校招收一届MBA动辄就是二三百人，高收益、低支出的专硕经费成为一些学校和学院的“另类生意经”。“一般来说，专业硕士的费用学校提取30%—40%后，留给学院负责收支。学院有专门的院长和老师来负责管理，但这些钱怎么花、课时费和专家费怎么给，缺少公开制度和相应监管，难免存在利益寻租。”一名高校老师透露。

In addition,Professional master's tuition does not poor,MBA students a year tuition is in 70000 yuan of above,The school recruits MBA frequently is two or people,High yield/Low spending following special funds become some schools and colleges"Alternative business"."Generally speaking,The cost of professional master school extraction 30% - 40%,To institute is responsible for the balance of payments.The college has a special director and teacher to responsible for management,But the money how flowers/KeShiFei and expert fee how to give,The lack of public system and corresponding supervision,There is interest rent-seeking."A university teacher said.

　　【建言】在正视学术型硕士搞不了学术、专业型硕士出现实践不足等问题的同时，也要看到，专业硕士制度发展不过几年，需要一个完善的过程。建议将专业硕士、专业博士放到有专业背景的高职院校、民办高校，利用高职院校的专业性资源培养具有实践能力的专业硕士，是一个发展方向。

["]In the face of academic type don't the academic/Professional master to the practice the problems at the same time,Also want to see,Professional master system development for a few years,Need a perfect process.Suggestions will be professional master/Professional doctorate in a professional background of higher vocational colleges/Private universities,Higher vocational colleges use professional resources to develop a practical ability of professional master,Is a development direction.

　　杨东平

YangDongPing