就业率逼基础学科“改头换面”

Employment forced basic subject"Change the appearance"

　　本报记者 陈竹 《 中国青年报 》

Our reporter ChenZhu [ The China youth daily ]

　　“在中国，力学系还是一个独立的系科，真是太好了。”前段时间应邀到中国访问的国际理论与应用力学联合会主席提莫西·佩德利听到这个消息特别高兴。在他执教的剑桥大学，这位著名的流体力学专家也只能在数学系教授学生。

"In China,Department of force or an independent department,It's very nice."Some time ago to invited to visit China international theory and applied mechanics federation President timothy's heard the news · was especially happy.His time in charge of the university of Cambridge,The famous fluid mechanics experts also only in mathematics professor students.

　　实际上，除少数欧陆国家，在美国、英国、法国等大多数西方国家的高校，专门的力学系都已不复存在，被并入了其他学科中。以美国为例，2009年，美国高校中的最后一个力学系康奈尔大学力学系被撤销，与机械系合并。

In fact,In addition to a few European countries,In the United States/British/France and other most western countries of university,Special force department has ceased to exist,Be incorporated into other subjects.In the United States, for example,In 2009,,American universities in the department of a force at Cornell university department of force revoked,Engineering and mechanics merger.

　　“聪明的学生都去从事金融业了。”在接受中国青年报记者采访时，佩德利不讳言力学系招生难的现状。

"The intelligent students are engaged in the financial industry to the."In accepting the China youth daily reporter to interview,Pelosi is not fair to force was department of difficult situation of recruit students.

　　在西方如此，中国也不例外。这些原本需要最优秀的大脑来从事研究的专业，招生情况却逐年下滑，高校不得不降低录取标准，或将专业“改头换面”来吸引学生，形成了一个恶性循环。

In the west so,China is no exception.These originally need the best brain to engaged in the study of professional,Enrollment situation but decline year by year,Universities have had to lower admission criteria,Or professional"Change the appearance"To attract the students,Formed a vicious cycle.

　　力学专业的命运，折射出的是基础学科面临的困境。一所“985”高校招生办主任这样总结：一流学生学经管，二流学生学高科技，三流学生学工科，分数最低的才会到基础学科。

Mechanical professional fate,Refraction is a basic subject facing difficulties.a"985"College admission office director concluded:First class students learn concession,Second class students learn high-tech,Third-rate students learn engineering,The lowest scores will be to basic subject.

为吸引生源，专业“改头换面” To attract students,professional"Change the appearance"

　　“与工程、技术、航天等相比，‘力学’这个专业名称对学生没有太大吸引力。”佩德利说，大学都想让专业的名字更好听、更“流行”一些，以此来促进招生，这在一定程度上加速了力学系的消失。他举例：20世纪上半期，由于量子力学和相对论变得时髦起来，物理系就曾经不再教授传统的流体力学和固体力学知识。直到近年，流体力学才再次出现在一些大学物理系的教学方案中。在法国，归功于1991年诺贝尔物理学奖得主皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳的影响，物理系中对流体力学研究才一直没有中断。

"And engineering/technology/Space than such as,‘mechanics’This major name to students have no too big attraction."Pelosi said was,Universities want to make professional name is better to listen to/more"popular"some,In order to promote the recruit students,This, to a certain extent, accelerated the force of the department of disappear.He cites:Our twentieth-century,Because quantum mechanics and relativity become fashionable up,Department of physics once no longer professor's traditional fluid mechanics and solid mechanics knowledge.Until recent years,Fluid mechanics to appear again in some university department of physics teaching scheme.In France,Due to the 1991 Nobel physics prize winner Pierre - ji le DE heat's influence,Department of physics convection in physical science research to had not been interrupted.

　　与西方国家一样，为吸引生源，国内高校的力学专业也纷纷进行院系的调整和改名。单纯以“力学”命名的学院和系所正在消失，力学专业大多分散到土木工程、机械工程、航空航天等院系中，并出现诸如“力学与机械工程学系”、“力学与计算机应用系”等似是而非的系名。北京大学力学系就一度改名为“力学与自动控制学系”，后又改为“力学与工程科学系”。2004年，清华大学成立航空航天学院，工程力学系挂靠在该院之下。

And the western countries,To attract students,Domestic university mechanical major also have to departments adjustment and rename.Only to"mechanics"Named college and department are dying out,Mechanical professional mostly disperse to civil engineering/Mechanical engineering/Aerospace and other departments in,And the emergence of such as"Mechanics and mechanical engineering department"/"Mechanics and computer application system"And specious system name.Beijing university department of force is once renamed"Mechanics and automatic control department",And to"Mechanics and engineering science".In 2004,,Tsinghua university was founded institute of aeronautics and astronautics,The department of mechanical engineering in the hospital affiliated under.

　　尽管力学系纷纷改名易帜，但是源自苏联模式的力学作为一个专业仍然存在着。目前，国内还有80个学校在本科设置力学专业，300多个学校在培养力学研究生。

Although force in department of name),But from the Soviet union model of mechanics as a professional still exist.At present,Domestic and 80 schools in undergraduate course setting mechanical professional,More than 300 school graduate students in training mechanics.

　　“改名不过是换汤不换药。”著名流体力学专家、北京大学力学系教授陈耀松说。他认为，很多学校的力学系改名的真实意图，只是为了在中学毕业生选择填报志愿时造成一个错觉，让人觉得这个系或者专业正是符合当前潮流，是自己所希望攻读的专业。等到进了学校，按照国内高校的现行制度，很难调换专业，于是，这些学生自感上当而又无可奈何，结果就使得他们不安心学习专业，一挨到毕业，就忙不迭地改行就业。而多数的力学专业毕业生会继续攻读研究生，但他们的出路问题照样没有解决，无非是将其推晚而已。

"Name is but mutton dressed as lamb."Famous experts of fluid mechanics/Beijing university professor of department of force ChenYaoSong said.He thinks,A lot of schools of force, the real intention of name,Just for the middle school graduates choose to fill volunteer when cause an illusion,Let a person feel the department or professional it is accord with current trend,You want a professional.Wait until into the school,According to the current system in China,Hard to exchange professional,so,These students self inductance in and helpless,The result is that they are not at ease learning professional,A came to graduate,Is keen to change jobs.And most of the mechanics professional graduates will continue to graduate school,But their way out problem so no problem,It is the late push it.

　　“这个问题反馈到中学，力学就成了落选专业。” 陈耀松说。

"This problem feedback to middle school,Mechanics became the election professional." ChenYaoSong said.

力学专业成了一个很好的跳板 Mechanical professional became a very good springboard

　　30年前，在钱学森、郭永怀等“两弹一星”元勋的鼓舞下，力学曾经是清华大学分数最高的专业之一。“力学专业曾经是年轻学子追求的时髦专业，我们在力学界工作的同志也跟着‘风光’了一阵，‘突然’，报考力学专业的人少了。”陈耀松在上世纪90年代就注意到了这个问题。

30 years ago,Qian xuesen in/Guo yong-huai, etc"LiangDan week"By founding father,Mechanics was tsinghua university scores the highest one of the professional."Mechanical professional was once young students in the pursuit of the modern professional,We in the academic work force comrades also follow‘scenery’a,‘suddenly’,Enter oneself for an examination professional mechanics less people."In the 1990 s ChenYaoSong noticed this problem.

　　为什么不愿意学习力学？“就是因为待遇太差，‘价格’太低。如今市场开放，有选择的自由了，‘价格’低，免选。”陈耀松一语道破。

Why not willing to learn mechanics?"It is because the bad treatment,‘price’Is too low.Now open markets,Have the freedom of choice,‘price’low,Free choose."ChenYaoSong their victims.

　　都柏林大学力学教授弗雷德里克·迪亚兹认为，力学专业的招生之所以出现困境，一方面是因为专业的就业前景不甚明朗；另一方面则是由于专业学习的困难程度。

Dublin university mechanical professor Frederick diaz think,Mechanical professional recruit students appear dilemma,On the one hand, because professional obtain employment prospect unclear;On the other hand is because professional learning difficulty.

　　“最困难的事就是说服学生学这个学科。力学很难，需要经年累月地学习基础知识，经过大量的研究和训练，一般人学不好。”迪亚兹说。

"The most difficult thing is to persuade students learn this subject.Mechanics is difficult to,Need for years to learn the basic knowledge,After a great deal of research and training,General human bad."Diaz said.

　　在复旦大学力学系教授、前力学系主任丁光宏看来，在力学专业的培养模式上，中国与美国有很大的区别。美国的人才培养是以市场为导向的，如果不改成机械、土木，很可能就招不到学生，就要关门。中国培养人才的模式则带有一定的计划性，每年，国家都会对专业的招生指标进行宏观调控，规定每个大学的招生数量，以保证基础学科人才的储备。

In fudan university, professor of the department of force/Former mechanics department DingGuangHong looks,In the mechanical professional training mode,China and the United States has the very big difference.American personnel training is take the market as the guidance of,If you don't change machinery/civil,Probably called less than students,Will close.China talent training model, with a certain planning,Every year,The country will be to professional recruitment indexes of macroeconomic regulation and control,Provisions of each university enrollment,To ensure that the basic subject talent reserve.

　　这种计划性，却并不为陈耀松所看好。他认为，长期以来，我们的“有计划”实则“无计划”，国家并不能真正保证为力学系毕业生创造足额的就业机会，使得问题越来越多，包袱越背越重。

This kind of planning,But not for ChenYaoSong have value.He thinks,For a long time,our"planned"actually"all",The country and do not really guarantee of graduates to create full specified amount of employment opportunities,Make the problem more and more,The heavier the burden back.

　　如今，尽管力学系的招生还算可以，但是在陈耀松看来，这是学校和学生双方共同“努力”的结果：从学校而言，学生少了，系就难保，系要不保，大家就得“下岗”，所以赶快降低录取标准；从学生方面来说，力学是一个很好的跳板，不论出国深造还是在国内搞计算机，都十分有利。

now,Although force of the department of recruit students still can be,But in ChenYaoSong looks,This is the school and students joint"efforts"results:From the school in,Students less,System for,System or the,You have to"laid-off",So to reduce the admission criteria;From the student ways,Mechanics is a very good springboard,Whether to go abroad for further study or in domestic make computer,Are very favorable.

基础学科不少专业被“嫁接”到应用上 Basic subject many professional was"grafting"To application

　　在新中国成立之初进行学科设置时，力学与数、理、化、天、地、生并列为自然科学的七大基础学科。如今，力学的状况一般，其他几大基础学科的处境也好不到哪里去。

At the beginning of the new China was founded on the subject setting,Mechanics and number/reason/change/day/to/Life and natural science as the seven major basic subject.now,Mechanical status, in general,Several other big basic subject situation is no better.

　　在某知名论坛上曾有一个红极一时的帖子“中国大学骗人专业一览”，总结了一些“听上去很美”、但大多就业率低的专业，不少基础学科专业赫然在列。比如数学系的“信息与计算科学”专业就被众多人“吐槽”：报考的时候以为是计算机，学了才发现完全是数学。这个专业在今年还被上海市教委列入2012年度预警专业名单，招生计划缩减10%。

In a well-known BBS there used to be a red polar moment of posts"The Chinese university in a professional",Summed up some"Sounds very beautiful"/But most of the employment rate low professional,Many basic subject professional impressively in the column.Such as the department of mathematics"Information and computation science"Professional is many people"Vomit tank":Enter oneself for an examination when thought is a computer,The study found that is completely mathematics.This major in this year also be Shanghai municipal education commission, included in the 2012 annual warning professional list,Recruit students to plan to reduce 10%.

　　一所“985”高校的招生负责人告诉中国青年报记者，基础学科招生难已成为普遍问题，而且呈现出越来越困难的趋势。力学的招生虽然不甚理想，但在基础学科里还处在中等水平，物理等学科的处境可能更加危险。一个班里，常常有一大半学生都是从其他专业调剂去的。招生办公室试图通过自主招生、通识教育等方式来吸引学生学习基础学科，但效果仍不甚理想。

a"985"College admissions officers told the China youth daily reporter,Basic subject hard enrollment has become a common problem,And presents the trend of more and more difficult.Mechanical recruit students though not very ideal,But in the basic disciplines are still in the medium level,Subjects such as physical situation may be even more dangerous.A class,Often have more than half of students from other professional dispensing go.Admissions office trying to autonomous enrollment/General education, and other ways to attract students to learn basic subject,But the effect is not very ideal.

　　除了改名，不少基础学科也仿照国外的专业设置发展趋势，渐渐向应用靠拢，从而“嫁接”出了不少专业：物理系开设了经济物理、统计物理，数学系和金融系合作，设立精算学专业，地理系也有了经济地理、商业地理……

In addition to rename,Many basic subject also imitates the foreign professional Settings development trend,Gradually close to the application,thus"grafting"Out of the many professional:Department of physics opened the economic physics/Statistical physics,Department of mathematics and finance cooperation,Establishment of actuarial science professional,Department of geography also have the economic geography/Business geographic...

　　不过，这种“嫁接”出来的专业，似乎也更多地偏离了基础学科的轨道。张元文(化名)在一所“985”高校理论物理专业读博士，眼下系里最热门的方向是经济物理，可这位博士生至今也没搞清楚前几年新设的这个专业到底是学什么的。

but,this"grafting"Out professional,Also seems to be more to deviate from the track of the basic subject.ZhangYuanWen(alias)In a"985"The theoretical physics professional dr read,At present the most popular direction is economic physics,The doctoral student has also didn't know that a few years ago by the newly established the professional exactly is to learn what.

　　实际上，经济物理学起来不难：该专业的学生只需要学习物理学的两门专业基础课，其余学分都在经济学院修读。“感觉有点把物理的东西硬往金融里套。”不过，他也承认，经济物理的学生好找工作，自己的专业理论物理则是最大的“就业困难户”。

In fact,It is not difficult to economic physics:The professional students only need to learn physics two foreign professional basic course,The rest of the credits are in school of economics study."Feel a little the physical things hard to finance in set."but,He also admitted that,Economic physics students good looking for a job,Their professional theoretical physics is the biggest"Euro-area ones: employment".

就业率挤压基础学科生存空间 Employment extrusion basic subject living space

　　国内高校多年来对就业率的关注，不知不觉中在挤压着基础学科的生存空间。21世纪教育研究院副院长熊丙奇认为，重视就业率，已经使我国越来越多的高校都变为“职业培训所”。“985”高校和“211”院校本应以能力为导向培养学生，如果只关注就业率，就会对一些就业率不高、但对国家、社会有十分重要作用的基础学科、专业受到冲击。

Domestic university for many years to the attention of the employment rate,Unconsciously in extruding the basic subject of living space.The 21st century education institute, vice President of the XiongBingJi think,Attaches great importance to the employment,Have made our country more and more colleges and universities have become"Vocational training have"."985"Universities and"211"Colleges and universities should be oriented to cultivate students with ability,If only pay attention to the employment rate,Will to some employment rate is not high/But for countries/Society has very important basic subject/Professional impact.

　　佩德利说，这也是西方基础学科普遍遭遇的现状。他仍然认为，力学有必要像在中国、俄罗斯和一些欧陆国家一样，作为一个独立的学科存在。“在工程、航天等其他科系，应该教授应用力学以回答现实中的问题，但以独立专业为依托的基础人才培养是非常重要的。”

Pelosi said was,This is the western basic subject generally encounter situation.He still think,Mechanics is necessary as in China/Russia and some European countries,As a independent discipline exists."In engineering/Space and other department,Professor should be applied mechanics to answer the problems of reality,But the independent professional relying on the basic talents training is very important."

　　“现在有许多专业叫做长线专业，不是太热门，但是有的学科可以用发表论文、SCI的数量来评价，像力学这样的基础研究，是不能用这些指标评价的。正是‘两弹一星’保证了我国和平50年，这种人才的培养，不能以市场作为导向。”丁光宏认为。

"Now there are many professional called long term professional,Not too hot,But some discipline can use published/The number of SCI to evaluation,Like mechanics such basic research,Is can't use these indicators evaluation.It is‘LiangDan week’Ensure the peace 50 years in China,This kind of talents,Not by the market as guide."DingGuangHong think.

　　还是以美国为例，尽管本科取消了力学专业，但美国并未放松真正的基础理论研究，比如在土木专业里，绝大多数课程都是力学的内容，如果学生在本科阶段对力学的基础研究产生兴趣，读研究生时就可以转入力学专业的研究。因此，在研究生阶段，美国培养了很多力学研究人才。

Or in the United States, for example,Although cancelled mechanics undergraduate professional,But the United States did not relax the real basic theory research,For example, in the civil engineering specialty,The vast majority of course is the content of the mechanics,If a student in the undergraduate stage to mechanics basic research interest,When reading a graduate student can turn into mechanical professional research.therefore,At the graduate school level,The United States has trained a lot of mechanics research talents.

　　“人才也是有梯队的，如果在危急时刻恰恰没有这方面的人才，是很危险的。基础研究的人才不必很多，但需要学得非常高深的学生。”丁光宏说。

"Talent is the echelon,If in a crisis just have this aspect of talent,Is very dangerous.Basic research talent need not many,But need to learn very advanced students."DingGuangHong said.