10月27日，《2012中国SAT年度报告》在北京发布，报告显示，参加美国高校入学考试的中国高中生中，只有不到7%的人成绩达到1800分“及格线”，而达到美国优质大学普遍要求的2000分以上成绩的更是只占2%。

On October 27,,[2012 China SAT the annual report]Released in Beijing,The report shows that,Participate in the college entrance examination of Chinese among high school students,Less than 7% of the people achievements reached 1800 points"Passing line",The United States and achieve high quality university universal demand 2000 points above result is only 2%.

　　据悉，SAT考试由美国大学委员会主办，其成绩是世界各国高中生申请美国名校学习及奖学金的重要参考。SAT由批判性阅读、数学、写作三部分试题组成，满分2400分。近年来，伴随留学年轻化的潮流，参加SAT的中国高中生人数呈几何式增长。对于这份报告，有专家分析称：中国高考的阅读题主要指向逻辑性思维，一切判断都要依据文本；美国SAT1的阅读题分为六部分：解释、分析、评估、推论、说明、自我校准，这些都明显指向批判性思维。

It is reported,SAT by the American university sponsored by the committee,The result is high school students apply for the countries all over the world famous American university learning and scholarship of the important reference.SAT by critical reading/mathematics/Writing three parts of questions,Full score 2400 points.In recent years,With the trend of the study younger,In China the number of high school students SAT a geometric type growth.For the report,Have expert analysis says:China's college entrance examination reading problem basically point to logical thinking,All judgment will be according to the text;The United States some reading problem is divided into six parts:explain/analysis/evaluation/inference/explain/Self calibration,These are obvious point to critical thinking.

　　一份SAT报告引发了中国学生“批判性思维”问题的讨论，然而，这份报告究竟意味着什么？中国学生的“批判性思维”状况又如何？中国社科院哲学研究所研究员李河说：“中国学生的批判性思维肯定是不足的，但是用SAT作证据并不合适，SAT成绩合格率很低，更多是因为留学生的群体发生了变化。”

A SAT report caused Chinese students"Critical thinking"The discussion of the,however,The report what mean?Chinese students"Critical thinking"Status and how to?By the Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of philosophy LiHe said:"Chinese students' critical thinking must be insufficient,But the use of SAT as evidence is not appropriate,SAT scores qualified rate is very low,More because students groups changed."

　　

留学人群在变化 Study abroad the crowd in change

　　北京晨报：最近发布的《2012中国SAT年度报告》显示，中国高中生成绩不佳，有分析认为和批判性思维有关，您怎么看？

The Beijing morning post:The recently released[2012 China SAT the annual report]display,China's high school students of poor grades,Have analyzed that and critical thinking about,How do you see?

　　李河：只要谈到中国学生，特别是高中生，批判性思维肯定是不足的，这不是学生的问题，而更多是因为教育的关系。但是用SAT作证据，我认为并不太合适。首先，SAT成绩是美国大学挑选学生和发放奖学金的一个重要参考，作为一个考试，只要进行过针对性的训练，获得好成绩并不难，和批判性思维关系不大，实际上，也可以说，考试从不和批判性思维有关。我过去也遇见过许多中国留学生，口语一塌糊涂，但是听力一样拿高分。所以说，中国学生考SAT总体成绩不佳，和批判性思维关系不大。

LiHe:As long as when it comes to Chinese students,Especially high school students,Critical thinking must be insufficient,This is not the problems of students,But more because of the relationship between the education.But the use of SAT as evidence,I think not very suitable.First of all,SAT scores is the American university students choose the scholarship and an important reference,As a test,As long as a specific training,It is not difficult to get good grades,And critical thinking concern is not big,In fact,Can say,The exam never and critical thinking about.I've also met many Chinese students,Oral English in a great mess,But hearing the same score high.so,Chinese students SAT test overall performance is not good,And critical thinking concern is not big.

　　北京晨报：那么您认为合格率低是什么原因？

The Beijing morning post:Then you think percent of pass low what reason be?

　　李河：我想更多的原因可能是人群的变化。有数据显示，从改革开放到2007年的近三十年中，中国到美国留学的学生大概总共有19万人，而2011年，仅一年就超过15万人，在所有留学生中比例最高。这个数量的变化肯定会影响考试通过的比例。其二，2007年以前，大多数留美学生都是大学本科毕业以后考研到美国，他们在国内经历了高中、大学的反复挑选和博弈，本身就是刻苦、优秀的学生，且大多数留学生经济状况不好，必须获得奖学金才能够继续学习，因此非常重视考试。我1998年在密西根呆了两年，碰到的中国留学生全是非常优秀的，我隔壁的小男孩甚至托福考了满分，被哈佛录取，这在哈佛的历史上都是让人震惊的。而现在的留学生，更多的是高中毕业直接去美国读书，这些学生多是家里经济条件比较好，又对国内的高等教育不太满意的，他们到了美国，对这个关系到名校录取和奖学金的考试，可能远远不如以前的学生那么重视，考试成绩不佳也是必然的结果。

LiHe:I think more reason may be that the change of the crowd.Data show,From the reform and opening up in 2007 to nearly 30 years,China to study in the United States students probably has a total of 190000 people,And in 2011,Only a year to more than 150000 people,In all the highest proportion of international students.The number of changes will affect the proportion of passing the examination.The second,2007 years ago,Most of the United States students are university undergraduate course graduation after one's deceased father grind to the United States,They experienced senior high school in China/University selected repeatedly and game,Itself is hard/Excellent students,And most students economic situation is bad,Must be won a scholarship to continue to learn,Therefore attaches great importance to the exam.I in 1998 in Michigan for two years,Meet Chinese students are all very good,My next-door boy even toefl exam the full marks,Was accepted to harvard,In the history of the harvard is surprising.And now foreign students,More is a high school graduation go directly to study in the United States,These students are home economic condition is better,And to the domestic higher education not too satisfactory,And they came to the United States,For the relationship to the school admission and scholarship exam,May be far worse students so pay attention to,Poor test scores is also an inevitable result.

　　李河 中国社会科学院哲学所研究员，专注于现象学、解释学、西方政治哲学史、当代国外文化政策研究、中国传统思想研究。

LiHe the Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the philosophy,Focus on phenomenology/hermeneutics/Western political philosophy/The contemporary foreign cultural policy research/Chinese traditional thought research.

　　尽管SAT考试的成绩并不能说明批判性思维的问题，但是中国学生的批判性思维不足，似乎已经成为一个公认的事实。李河说：“批判性思维比较强的个体肯定会有，但是总体来说，中国的教育在培养批判性思维上严重不足，任何经历过中国教育的人都可以得出这个结论，究竟问题出在哪里？这不是学生的问题，而是文化传统的问题，也是教育的问题，解决它并不容易。”

Although SAT the result of the examination and cannot explain the problem of critical thinking,But Chinese students lack of critical thinking,Seems to have become a universally accepted fact.LiHe said:"Critical thinking is strong individual will certainly have,But overall,China's education in the cultivation of critical thinking is a serious shortage,Any experienced Chinese education can come to this conclusion,What the problem is?This is not the problems of students,But the problem of traditional culture,Is the problem of education,It is not easy to solve."

　　

文化的灵魂来自于创造性 The soul of the culture from creative

　　北京晨报：如何衡量一个社会群体批判性思维的程度？

The Beijing morning post:How to measure a social group the degree of critical thinking?

　　李河：我们在培养批判性思维方面确实存在问题，比如有人批判中国文科考试趋同性越来越严重。中国太大了，不排除会出现批判性思维很强的个体，比如韩寒、郭敬明，郭敬明虽然以前有过抄袭，但后来发表的很多作品有不弱的创造性。总体来说，要衡量批判性思维够不够，需要有一套严密的程序，要有社会学家、教育学家、心理学家等共同参与。但是不管怎么样，文化的灵魂来自于创造性，而创造性来自于理性的怀疑和批判，理性怀疑和批判，则来自于哲学的教育和训练，在这个问题上，我们显然是不足的。

LiHe:We in the cultivation of critical thinking did have problems,For example someone criticizes the Chinese arts exam convergence is more and more serious.China is too big,They would not rule out appear critical thinking very strong individual,Such as han han/Guo jingming,Guo jingming although ever had copied,But then published many works are not weak creative.overall,To measure critical thinking enough,Need to have a rigorous program,Want to have social scientists/Education experts/Psychologists and participation.But no matter how,The soul of the culture from creative,And creative from rational doubt and criticism,Rational doubt and criticism,Comes from the philosophy of education and training,In this problem,We is obviously insufficient.

　　北京晨报：考试成绩可不可以作为衡量批判性思维的证据？

The Beijing morning post:Test scores can used as a measure of the critical thinking of evidence?

　　李河：我们教育在培养批判性思维上有所不足，但是培训考试高手是一等一的，中国学生考SAT总体成绩不佳，和批判性思维关系不大。以前中国留学生往往都能考高分，获得名校的奖学金，他们的批判性思维就足够了吗？不见得。

LiHe:Our education in the cultivation of critical thinking has deficiency,But training examination master is a first,Chinese students SAT test overall performance is not good,And critical thinking concern is not big.Before Chinese students tend to get high scores,Get the school scholarship,Their critical thinking is enough?not.

　　

缺少保护异议的特质 The lack of protection of the objection trait

　　北京晨报：批判性思维如何体现？

The Beijing morning post:Critical thinking how to reflect?

　　李河：2004年，亨廷顿写了《我们是谁》，这本书讨论美国人的民族特质。作者例举了六七个特质，如语言、宗教、政治模式等，但值得关注的是其中有一条是保护异议，能把保护异议作为民族特质之一，说明它在美国人心目中跟语言、宗教一样重要。然而，我觉得一个民族能否把保护异议，保护不同的声音和意见，作为文化的特质，和一个民族文化中有没有批判性思维有直接关系。

LiHe:In 2004,,Huntington wrote[Who are we],This book deals with the American national trait.The author enumerated the day trait,Such as language/religious/Political model of,But there is concern is one of which is to protect the objection,Can take the protection of dissent as one of the national characteristics,Explain it in the United States people's minds with language/Religion is as important as the.however,I think a nation can take the protection of dissent,Protect different sounds and ideas,As a cultural characteristics,And a national culture have critical thinking has a direct relationship.

　　北京晨报：我们的文化传统中没有这一条吗？

The Beijing morning post:Our cultural tradition without this one?

　　李河：如果说没有，可能有人会举出诸如“博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之”之类的话，类似的句子也很多，但总体来说，以儒家为主导的中国文化传统，仍旧是一个父慈子孝、君君臣臣、父父子子式的，垂直的、对上依从的文化。而现在的中国，是否可以如亨廷顿一般把保护异议甚至是鼓励异议作为文化的特质之一，谁都不敢说。人文教化，是一整套的系统工程，整个民族的命运都会因此而受影响。缺少保护异议的特质，缺少批判性的思维，文化的发展就会变得浅薄化，缺乏精致、优雅，这其实也就是荀子说的成人之教，就是我们究竟要成个什么人？

LiHe:If no,Some may give such as"learned,Interrogation of,Deliberating the,Right from the,Tuk line of"Words like,There are many similar sentences,But overall,Confucianism as the leading Chinese traditional culture,Is still a father them/JunJun minister minister/The father of the father and the son type,vertical/On the culture of compliance.Now China,Whether can such as huntington's general protection dissent even encourage dissent as one of the characteristics of cultures,Who all dare not to say.Humanistic education,Is a set of system engineering,The whole nation's destiny will therefore affected.The lack of protection of the objection trait,The lack of critical thinking,Cultural development will become superficiality,Lack of delicate/elegant,It is also the xunzi said the adult teaching,Is we really have to become what person?

　　

教育围绕考试制度转 Education turn around examination system

　　北京晨报：如何培养批判性思维呢？

The Beijing morning post:How to cultivate the critical thinking?

　　李河：在西方，哲学是人文学的灵魂，它塑造年轻人的思维方式，培养年轻人的批判性。从2010年开始，我们组织了一批学者，一直在做德国、法国包括美国的高中哲学教育研究。在法国，高中毕业，文理科都要考试，和我们的高考有些相似，这个考试中，关于哲学的内容非常多，包括理科考试也有不少哲学问题，都是批判性很强的。德国的高中哲学课也非常丰富，非常重视哲学教育，并且塑造历史上最重要的那些哲学家典范，把保护文化、批判现实的两大责任在教育中传达给学生。

LiHe:In the west,Philosophy is the soul of the humanities,It shaping young people's way of thinking,Cultivation of the young critical.Begin from 2010,We organize a group of scholars,Germany has been doing/France, including the United States of high school philosophy education research.In France,Graduated from high school,Academic will test,And our college entrance examination some similarity,The examination of,About the philosophy of the content is very much,Including science exam also have many philosophical questions,Are critical strong.The German high school philosophy class is also very rich,Attaches great importance to the philosophical education,And to shape history the most important those philosophers model,The protection of cultural/Critical realistic two big responsibility in education to convey to students.

　　北京晨报：这样的教育我们是否可以借鉴？

The Beijing morning post:Such education whether we can draw lessons from?

　　李河：我们无论在社会环境上，还是文化传统、教育观念上，本身就缺少保护异议的特质，如果这些不能得到改善，就很难培养出有批判性思维的学生。就说在一个家庭中，父母想让孩子有个快乐的、轻松的童年，可以自由地表达不同的观点，但他们敢吗？如果父母这么做，很快这个孩子就会被考试机制淘汰掉，进而被社会环境所淘汰。我们的教育从家庭开始，一切都是围绕着学校在转，也就是围绕考试制度在转，这样培养出来的人，不仅具有批判性不足的问题，甚至连一个公民的基本素养都不足。

LiHe:We both in social environment,Or cultural tradition/Education ideas,The lack of protection of the objection itself characteristics,If these can't improve,It is hard to cultivate have critical thinking of students.He said in a family,Parents want to let the children have a happy/Relaxed childhood,Free to express different points of view,But they dare??If the parents to do so,Soon the child will be eliminated examination mechanism,And then be out by social environment.Our education begins at home,Everything is in turn around the school,Also is in turn around examination system,This train out of the people,Not only has the problem of insufficient critical,Even a citizen's basic literacy are not.

　　

人不仅是市场要素 Man is not only the market factors

　　北京晨报：如何才能改变这种状况呢？

The Beijing morning post:How to change this situation?

　　李河：这需要整个社会全面的改变，教育是社会最重要的功能之一。我们常说教化，教化是什么，就是心灵的塑造。我们现在的学生，包括许多学者在和老外打交道的时候，表现出来的不仅是批判性思维不够，还有遵守社会公德的不足，甚至待人接物的基本礼仪不足。我们的教育确实有功劳，它尽可能地普及了基础教育，也为社会发展提供了充足的劳动力，但仅有这些还不够。

LiHe:This requires the all-round social change,Education is one of the most important function of society.We often say enlightenment,Enlightenment is what,Is the heart shape.We are students,Including many scholars in dealing with foreigners,Expression comes out is not only critical thinking is not enough,And abide by social morality of shortage,Even the basic way to get along with people lack of etiquette.Our education really have the contribution,Its popularity as far as possible the basic education,Also for social development provides plenty of Labour force,But are often not enough alone.

　　北京晨报：还需要什么？

The Beijing morning post:Still need what?

　　李河：有一个很奇特的词，叫做人力资源，就是说把人当做资源，从市场元素的角度去看待人，我们的大学做到了这一点。但是人不仅是市场元素，他还是一个公民，还是艺术的元素，还是追求精神超越性的元素，还是需要趣味的。成人之教，要成为什么人之前，首先要成为人，而不是单纯的市场元素，不是单纯的劳动工具，成了人，然后是成什么人的问题，这些都是教育要考虑的。

LiHe:There is a very strange words,Called human resources,Is the person as resources,From the point of view of market elements to look at people,Our university to do it.But man is not only the market element,He is a citizen,Or art elements,Or the pursuit of spiritual transcendence elements,Still need interesting.Adult teaching,To be what people before,First of all to become one,Rather than simple market element,Is not purely a Labour tools,Became a man,And then into what person,These are all education to consider.

　　对于SAT不必神话

For SAT don't myth

　　北京晨报：关于SAT的讨论，是否说美国的教育模式，更容易培养批判性思维？

The Beijing morning post:The discussion about the SAT,If say the U.S. education mode,Easier to cultivate critical thinking?

　　李河：我觉得SAT有点儿美化美国人，美国的中学生就一定批判性很强吗？也未必。美国的中学生，确实很幸福，中学老师大都是博士担任，比如上了一节历史课，或者生物课，老师会留下五个要点作为作业，学生每一点写一句话就算完成作业，或者对某个有想法，写一篇长文章也可以。门槛很低，基本上都能轻松完成，然后他们就可以去踢球、去玩儿。如果对某些方面的问题确实有兴趣，还可以单独找老师，老师也有能力指导更深入的学习，空间的张力非常大。这种教育模式，第一是保证学生有一个快乐的童年，第二是保证有兴趣的学生可以获得良好的指导。这种模式容易培养出执著于兴趣的学者、研究者、尖端的人才。但是另一方面，要看到，大部分学生还是平庸的。

LiHe:I think SAT a little beautification americans,American high school students will be critical strong?Also may not.American high school students,Really very happy,Middle school teachers are mostly as dr,Such as a day history,Or biology,The teacher will be leaving five points as homework,Each point of students write a word even finish the homework,Or to have some ideas,Write a long articles can also.Threshold is very low,Basically could easily finish,Then they can go to play football/play.If for some problems really interested in,Can also be looking for the teacher,The teacher also has the ability to guide more in-depth study,The tension of the space is very large.This kind of education mode,The first is to ensure that students have a happy childhood,The second is to ensure that students who are interested in can get good guidance.This model easy to cultivate attachment in interest of scholars/The researchers/Advanced talents.But on the other hand,Want to see,The majority of students or mediocre.

　　北京晨报：为什么有那么多的学生愿意在美国参加考试，进入美国大学学习呢？

The Beijing morning post:Why there are so many students in the United States to take the exam,To enter the United States university learn it?

　　李河：上世纪二三十年代，美国是一个学习型的国家，而今天，美国是一个教师型的国家。今天的美国，本身对于外部世界的了解并不足够，他们的电视几乎没有太多世界性的东西，也就是美国本身，还有欧洲的一些比较先进的东西。相对来说，美国学生的视野还不如我们的学生。美国的优势在于，它能够吸引全世界最优秀的人才，到美国这个金字塔的宝塔尖上，因此显得他们的人才非常丰富。所以，对于美国教育，确实有很多好的地方值得借鉴，但是对于SAT也不必神话。记者 周怀宗

LiHe:During the s,The United States is a learning country,And today,The United States is a teacher type country.The United States today,Itself to the outside world understand is not sufficient,Their TV almost no too many things worldwide,Also is the United States itself,And some of the more advanced European things.relatively,The view of the American students as our students.America's advantage,It can attract the world's most excellent talents,To the United States this pyramid precious pinnacle,Therefore appear their talent is very rich.so,For the United States education,Do have a lot of good places worth reference,But to SAT also need not myth.Reporter ZhouHuaiZong

　　(来源:北京晨报)

(Sources: Beijing morning post)