年轻人前所未有地迷恋上了体制内的生活。2012年9月15日，河南三门峡，一处公务员考试考场外的长龙。 （孙猛图）

The young man never be stuck on the life within the system.On September 15, 2012,Henan sanmenxia,A place outside the civil service examination examination room long dragon. (SunMeng diagram)

　　

编者按 Editor's note

　　“人岗匹配”是现代人力资源管理的基本原则，而人才流动的基本规律是：劳动力总是从价格低的地方流往价格高的地方。

"People sloping matching"Is the modern human resources management of the basic principles,And the basic law of the flow of talent is:Labor is always low price from the local flow to price high places.

　　一边是大学生就业难的现实，一边是“编制内”稳定、有福利保障的诱惑。于是，研究生、本科生争抢清洁工职位的现象，也就不难理解了。

On one side is the reality of the university student gets employed in the difficult,Side is"organization"stable/Have the temptation of welfare and security.so,Graduate student/The phenomenon of undergraduates for cleaner position,It is not so difficult to understand.

　　哈尔滨市招聘457个清洁工引来1万余人报名，其中近三千人拥有本科学历，25人拥有统招硕士研究生学历。“事业编制”，是此次招聘最大的亮点。

Harbin recruitment 457 cleaner draws more than 10000 people signed up,Nearly three thousand people have bachelor's degree,25 people have TongZhao master graduate student degree."Business establishment",Is the current recruitment biggest luminescent spot.

　　

“没有拒绝的勇气” "No refused to courage"

　　一家培训机构甚至针对本次环卫系统招聘推出了基础精讲班，优惠价580元。

A training institutions and even in the sanitation system introduced a foundation for such class,Preferential price 580 yuan.

　　决定竞聘成为一名环卫工人前，佟鹏用了半年的时间证明：自己的本科文凭“根本不值一提”。

Hired to become a dustbinman front,TongPeng used the time of half an year proof:His undergraduate course diploma"Fundamental doesn't make any sense".

　　2012年6月，他从哈尔滨一家三本院校毕业。原以为好歹也是个本科生，找份工不难。一次次失败却敲碎了他“仅有的尊严”。

In June 2012,He from Harbin a three this college graduate.Thought that somehow is also a undergraduate,Find jobs is not difficult to.After failure but break him"Only dignity".

　　6个月里佟鹏换了3份工作：在一家化工企业制作大大小小的罐头；在药厂做仓库管理员，守着一屋子五颜六色的药盒子；在保险公司做文员，“就是跑腿送传单”。

Six months TongPeng in three job:In a chemical industry enterprise production greatly small canned;In the pharmaceutical factory do warehouse administrator,Keep a room colorful medicine box;In the insurance company do clerk,"Is leg send leaflet".

　　枯燥，朝不保夕，是佟鹏最大的感受，每月不超过1000块的工资，也让他觉得“没有未来”。

boring,precarious,TongPeng is the largest feeling,No more than 1000 pieces per month salary,Also let him feel"No future".

　　于是2012年9月，母亲兴奋地拿着报纸走进屋，把“哈尔滨招事业编制环卫工”的新闻塞到他眼前时，他觉得“好像没了拒绝的勇气和力气”。

So in September 2012,Mother excitedly took newspapers entered the room,the"Harbin recruit business establishment dustbinman"News plug to him when eyes,He felt"He didn't seem to have the courage and strength to".

　　母亲仔细研读了招聘公告，发现了最为闪光的四个字：“事业编制”。

Mother carefully read the recruitment notice,Find the most flash four word:"Business establishment".

　　“这就是给政府干活。”母亲劝说儿子，“扫大街有啥的，政府不垮，我们不垮。”

"This is the work for the government."Mother persuade son,"Sweeping the street have what of,The government does not collapse,We don't beat."

　　大学里弹了四年吉他、喜欢重金属音乐的佟鹏，最终决定听母亲的话。他累了，也想通了：“努力拼搏并不是让梦想实现，只是让自己过得好一点。”

The university four years played the guitar/Like the heavy metal music TongPeng,Finally decided to listen to mother's words.He was tired,Also think the:"Hard work and not make dreams come true,Just let them a little."

　　10月中旬，哈尔滨城管局公布报名结果：457个工勤技能岗位，却引来1万余人报名，最终缴费成功的7186人中，拥有本科学历的2954人，占41.11%；25人拥有统招硕士研究生学历。

In the middle of October,Harbin urban management bureau announced the results:457 a total skills post,But drew more than 10000 people signed up,Eventually capture to expend successful 7186 people,Have a bachelor degree 2954 people,Accounted for 41.11%;25 people have TongZhao master graduate student degree.

　　南岗区城管局计划招聘20名清洁员，有721人报名。佟鹏被吓到了：“要当个清洁工也这么不容易！”

Nangang district of urban management bureau plans to recruit 20 cleaner,There are 721 people signed up.TongPeng was frightened:"To be a cleaner and so is not easy!"

　　哈尔滨人力资源和社会保障局设立的两部咨询热线，每天都接到近千个咨询电话。因为报名火爆，招聘单位不得不将报名时间延长一天。

Harbin human resources and social security bureau set up two consultation hotline,Every day to nearly a hotline.Because the hot,Recruitment unit will have to time signing up by one day.

　　一家培训机构甚至针对本次环卫系统招聘推出了基础精讲班，优惠价580元。

A training institutions and even in the sanitation system introduced a foundation for such class,Preferential price 580 yuan.

　　26岁的张兰迪也是报名者之一。他花了25元钱，在淘宝买到一份《2012年哈尔滨市环卫系统岗位所需知识复习备考资料集》。随后在网上留下了号码，称“可以免费送给大家一些题库”。

26 years old ZhangLanDi is also one of the applicants.He spent 25 yuan,In taobao buy a[In 2012, Harbin city sanitation system for post knowledge review reference set].Then in online left number,says"Can be free to you some question bank".

　　短短3天，先后有一百多个网友向其索要复习资料，“大部分都是哈尔滨的大学毕业生”。

Just 3 days,There are more than one hundred users successively to its claim to review material,"Most of them are Harbin university graduates".

　　仔细研究后，佟鹏明白了这次招聘为何这样“火爆”：第一，有事业编制，这意味着“再差的萝卜都有个坑”；第二，解决哈尔滨户口；第三，3年考核优秀，可以转为管理岗位。

After a careful study of,TongPeng understand the recruitment why so"hot":The first,Prepare a career,This means that"Then sent the carrots are a pit";The second,Solve the Harbin registered permanent residence;The third,3 years appraisal outstanding,Can be converted into a management job.

　　佟鹏白天在公司看着一群保险业务员“焦急得内分泌失调”的脸，晚上则早早回家，开始看各种复习资料。

TongPeng day in the company looked at a group of insurance salesman"So anxious endocrine disorder"face,In the evening, go home early,Start looking at various review material.

　　他看得最多是一套《环卫系统专业知识试题集题库》，印象最深的是一道是非题：“清道工人清扫道路时，扫帚是否要推着走。”

He looks at most is a set[Sanitation system professional knowledge ShiTiJi question bank],The deepest impression is a true and false:"Sweeping workers cleaning road,Broom whether to push away."

　　“简单，但要认真对待。”佟鹏说，“很多人说我们没有追求，‘编制’就是最大的追求。”

"simple,But need to be taken seriously."TongPengShui,"Many people say we didn't pursue,‘establishment’Is the biggest pursue."

　　

“安定感” "Peace of"

　　“有编制能当官，没编制不能当官，这是本质区别。”

"Have compiled can officer,Didn't prepare not officer,This is the essential difference."

　　事业单位的概念产生于新中国建立之初，一般指提供各种社会服务的组织，有着典型的计划经济时代特征：政府直接组织、管理与投入，也能最大程度保证政府意志的实施。

The concept of institutions in the beginning of the founding of produce,Generally refers to provide all kinds of social service organization,Has the typical characteristics of planned economy era:The government directly organize the/Management and investment,To the maximum extent and guarantee the implementation of the will of the government.

　　数十年来，事业单位已然成为一个庞大的组织系统中国现有全部事业单位约130万个，纳入政府事业单位编制的人员近3000万，各项事业经费支出占国家财政支出的30%以上。

For decades,Institution has become a huge organization system China has all institutions about 1.3 million,Into the government and institutions of organizational personnel nearly 30 million,Undertakings funds spending accounts for more than 30% of the national fiscal expenditure.

　　作为老工业基地的哈尔滨市则拥有事业单位近8000个、职工近20万人，是党政机关总数的近5倍。

As the old industrial base of the Harbin city have institutions nearly 8000/Staff of nearly 200000 people,Of the total number of party and government organs is nearly five times.

　　26岁的刘林是哈尔滨市宾县宾西镇政府办公室的一名编外职工。工作2年来，他每天都能感受到“不能入编”所带来的不安定感：没有具体工作，“领导安排啥就干啥”；也没有社保，没有晋升空间，甚至工资也不按月发放。

On Sunday, 26, is Harbin bin county guest west township government office a knitted worker.2 years work,Every day he can feel"Not believing"Brought about by the astatic sense to the person:No specific work,"Leadership arrangement what will do";Also have no social security,No promotion space,Even wage is not to extend by the month.

　　于是他选择放弃政府内部的清闲工作，参加这次招聘，试图成为一名城管局的清洁车驾驶员。人事编制是他唯一在乎的东西，“有编能当官，没编不能当官，这是本质区别。”

So he choose to give up the government internal work at leisure,To take part in the recruitment,Try to be a urban management bureau clean car drivers.The establishment is the only thing he CARES about things,"Have knitting can be,No knitting can't officer,This is the essential difference."

　　越来越多的年轻人将人生希望寄托在挤进“公家的单位”：2011年哈尔滨公开招聘市属事业单位工作人员，388个岗位，共有8723人参考，其中东北烈士纪念馆招聘1名讲解员引来1300人报考，成为竞争最激烈岗位。

More and more young people will life hopes on packed into"Public units":In 2011, Harbin city open recruitment business unit personnel,388 jobs,A total of 8723 people reference,The northeast martyrs memorial recruiting a docent draws 1300 people enter oneself for an examination,Become the most competitive position.

　　社会学家孙立平曾撰文指出，到2006年底，全国机关事业单位人员退休金平均高出企业两倍多，随着津补贴改革的到位，差距还将进一步扩大。

Sociologists have pointed out that g. articles,By the end of 2006,The national authority institution staff pension on average more than twice as likely to enterprise,With the reform of tianjin subsidies in place,Gap will also further expand.

　　哈尔滨城管局现有八千余名一线环卫工人，其中高中以上学历的不到10%，年龄在50岁以上的占62%，70岁以上的占23%。哈尔滨城管局环卫办副主任王勇由此对招聘寄予厚望：“我们希望提高环卫工人的素质。”

Harbin urban management bureau existing more than eight thousand a line sanitation worker,The above senior high school degree of less than 10%,Aged 50 years old above 62%,Over the age of 70 accounted for 23%.Harbin urban management bureau, deputy director of the office of sanitation do to recruitment expectations:"We hope to improve the quality of the sanitation workers."

　　对于应聘的火爆，哈尔滨城管局环卫办环境科科长李一也很意外：“我们以为有一两千人应聘就可以了，没想到一万多人报名。”

To apply for the hot,Harbin urban management bureau sanitation do environment coco li long also very accidental:"We think there is a two thousand people apply for it,Didn't expect the more than ten thousand people."

　　李一坦承，事业编制是这个岗位最大的诱惑。为了防止人员流失，城管局也下了一道“紧箍咒”：被聘人员首次签订的聘用合同不得低于5年期限，一旦离开岗位则取消事业编制。

Li admits,Career preparation is the position of the biggest temptation.In order to prevent loss of personnel,Urban management bureau also had a"inhibitions":For the first time by hires a employ contract time limit shall be not less than five years,Once leaving post is cancel business establishment.

　　作为这批应聘本科生、硕士生的前辈，哈尔滨南岗区家政广场作业队的队长刘玉梅，同样担忧年轻人会“中途逃掉”：她每天3点起床，4点到岗，人均要负责7000平米的清扫面积，每天八九个小时都得站着。

As this batch of apply for undergraduate/Master's predecessor,Nangang district of Harbin housekeeping square ZuoYeDui captain LiuYuMei,The same young people will concern"Midway escape":She got up at 3 o 'clock every day,4 to the,Per capita will be responsible for the cleaning of 7000 square meters area,Eight or nine hours every day have to stand.

　　刘玉梅做环卫工人18年，是一百余人的作业队里唯一的在编员工。临时工每月拿1600元，她每月的工资是2200元，“刚够糊口”。

LiuYuMei do sanitation worker 18 years,Is of more than one hundred people work the team only enrolled employee.Temporary workers with 1600 yuan a month,She have a monthly salary is 2200 yuan,"Just living from hand to mouth".

　　在她眼里，这份工作唯一的安慰就是稳定，“老了能领一份退休金”。刘玉梅一直忘不掉一个六十多岁的临时工，扫不动地了，却又穷，只能回家继续种地。

In her eyes,This work only comfort is stable,"Old will bring a pension".LiuYuMei always forget not to drop a more than 60 years old temporary workers,Esau sedentarily the,Yet poor,Can go home continue to sow the land.

　　如今，稳定对于23岁的佟鹏来说，也成了最为稀缺的资源。他期待着“旱涝保收的一生”。

now,Stability for the 23-year-old TongPeng speaking,Has become the most scarce resources.He is looking forward to"The life of drought or waterlogging".

　　报名后，佟鹏常会在路上观察清洁工人如何工作，看着那些“大都40岁以上的老临时工”，他总会安慰自己：“我和他们不一样。他们是临时工，我是会有编制的。”

After application,TongPeng often on the road to observe how clean the workers work,Looked at the"Most of the old temporary over 40 years old",He always consolation:"I and they are not the same.They are temporary,I am there will be designed."

　　

激动的母亲 Excited mother

　　“那个‘事业单位’怎么也比小摊大吧。”

"the‘institutions’How is better than stall big."

　　22岁的李胜峰选择竞聘环卫工人，是因为母亲的一番劝说。46岁的母亲在集市卖衣服，小摊只有“双手张开”那么宽，母亲很激动：“那个‘事业单位’怎么也比小摊大吧。”

The 22-year-old LiShengFeng choose an sanitation worker,Because the mother's a persuasion.46 years old mother in the market to sell clothes,Stall only"Hands open"So wide,Mother was so excited:"the‘institutions’How is better than stall big."

　　今年刚从大庆职业学院毕业的他最初并不愿报名。

This year has just arrived from daqing vocational college graduate is not his first wish register.

　　1990年，李胜峰出生在一座老工业城市，母亲是一家大型服装厂的职工，父亲则与爷爷同在一家80年代曾辉煌一时的机械维修厂工作。

In 1990,,LiShengFeng was born in an old industrial city,Mother is a large garment factory worker,The father and grandfather with a 80 s once flourishing mechanical maintenance work.

　　然而1990年代末，中央提出三年搞活国有企业，下岗的风波随之刮到了父母所在的城市。

But at the end of the 1990 s,The central puts forward three years enliven the state-owned enterprise,The storm laid off then scraped parents city.

　　李胜峰还记得小时候，父亲总会自豪地对他说：“我们一家都是国家的工人。”他没想到一夜之间，全家人手里的“铁饭碗”轻易就被人夺走了。

LiShengFeng still remember when I was a child,Father always proudly said to him:"We are a nation of the workers."He didn't expect overnight,The whole family hands"Iron rice bowl"Easily being killed.

　　无奈下，母亲只能摆摊卖衣服，父亲则借钱买了一辆小货车，在城里跑运输。如今，李胜峰一家五口人仍居住在一套40平米的二居室里。

Helpless under,She could only sell clothes to sell,Father, you can borrow some money to buy a pickup truck,Run in the city transportation.now,LiShengFeng family members still lived in a set of 40 square meters two bedroom.

　　突变的家境，以及伴随而来的拮据生活，让李胜峰从小对“编制”、“铁饭碗”抱有怀疑及埋怨。母亲的一番劝说却让他没法反驳：“任何单位都能黄，国家还能黄了？况且环卫这种单位国家也不太可能舍弃吧？”

Mutation family,And with embarrassment life,Let LiShengFeng from childhood right"establishment"/"Iron rice bowl"Doubts and blame.Mother's a persuade but let he couldn't refute:"Any unit can be yellow,Countries can still yellow?Besides sanitation this unit state is unlikely to part with it?"

　　摆摊卖衣服的母亲常会碰到淡季，有时一个月卖不出10件衣服。母亲反复地对儿子呢喃：“还是应该相信国家。”

Stall selling clothes mother often encounter off-season,Sometimes a month to sell out 10 clothes.The mother again and again to whistle son:"Should still believe that state."

　　李胜峰认同了母亲的说法。这也源于他自己对社会的观察：毕业后，他先后做过机械维修、超市理货员与钢材管理员，最长一份工也只做了1个月。

LiShengFeng identification with the mother said.This also comes from his own observation to society:After graduation,He has done mechanical maintenance/The supermarket tally clerk and steel administrator,The longest one job also only do for a month.

　　而他有个同龄的好朋友，父母在一家国有卷烟厂工作，朋友也被安排进了这个单位，如今每月轻轻松松六七千工资。

And he has a good friend of the same age,Parents in a state-owned cigarettes factory work,The friend is also arranged into the unit,Now 67000 salary monthly with ease.

　　“有钱的进卷烟厂，没钱的干清洁工。”李胜峰最后报了名，“但终归还算是国家的人，给国家打工。”

"Rich in cigarettes factory,No money dry cleaner."Erin: LiShengFeng finally,"But after all is country,Work to the country."

　　李胜峰没有想到的是，即使是环卫工人的岗位，也会吸引如此多的竞争者。

LiShengFeng didn't think of,Even the sanitation worker post,Also will attract so many competitors.

　　26岁的张兰迪想要放弃在哈尔滨一家暖气公司的白领工作，因为“没有保障，也无法养老”。

26 years old ZhangLanDi want to give up in Harbin a heating company white-collar job,because"No security,Cannot endowment".

　　开公交车的梁志伟每个月能挣5000元，他还是觉得没有养老保险的工作“太危险，不划算，都是硬着头皮干”。

Open the bus liang zhiwei every month can earn 5000 yuan,He still do not feel the endowment insurance work"It's too dangerous,Not be to one's profit,Are crustily skin of head dry".

　　“养老”、“保障”几乎是报名者都会谈到的问题。李胜峰也一样，他的父亲快50岁了，和他每天在城里奔波的小货车也快报废了，刹车常会失灵。疲惫的父亲总对他说：“你还年轻，但要为以后打算了。”

"endowment"/"security"Is almost applicants will be talking about problems.LiShengFeng too,His father fast 50 years old,And he every day in the city of the small truck also quickly condemned,Brake often failure.Tired father always said to him:"You are still young,But after the for going to."

　　李胜峰确实也在做打算：城管局规定，3年考核优秀，可以转为管理岗位。“我愿意等，等前面的人都老了，我就能往上爬了。”

LiShengFeng really also doing going to:Urban management bureau provisions,3 years appraisal outstanding,Can be converted into a management job."I would like to, etc,In front of such as are old,I can climb up the."

　　（文中部分受访者为化名）

(The part of the respondents for alias)