2013年报考国家公务员[微博]通过资格审查的人数达到138.3万，其中最热的一个职位竞争竟然要“万里挑一”，使近年来的“公务员热”再度引发了人们的思考。有人认为，“公务员热”之所以“高烧不退”，与公务员政治和物质待遇优厚不无关系。中国古代虽然并无“公务员”这个概念，但各级官员和办事员其实也属于“公务员”范畴。那么，古代“公务员”的俸禄咋样？

2013 civil servants to enter oneself for an examination [micro bo] through the qualification examination of the number of students has reached 1.383 million,Which one of the hottest position competition unexpectedly to"",Made in recent years"Civil servants heat"Again leads people thinking.Some people think that,"Civil servants heat"are"fever",Civil servants and political and material treatment was related.Ancient Chinese although and no"Civil servants"This concept,But officials at all levels and the clerk actually also belong to"Civil servants"category.so,ancient"Civil servants"How the bread of the?

　　

西汉东汉朝廷有“春赐”、“腊赐” The court has the eastern han dynasty"Spring has"/"Preserved give"

　　

“斗食”级“公务员”月俸仅“十一斛” "Bucket food"level"Civil servants"Them only on"Duhu 11"

　　古代“公务员”也是拿工资靠俸禄生活的，但古代“公务员”更看重补贴的丰厚。所谓补贴，则指正常工资之外的正当收入，不属于贪污腐败、巧取豪夺得来的灰色收入。在古代，公务员最典型的工资性补贴之一，是各式各样的“赏赐”，一直到清代都不绝。

ancient"Civil servants"Salary is also on the bread of life,But ancient"Civil servants"Think more of subsidies of the rich.The so-called subsidy,It refers to the normal salary outside of the legitimate income,Do not belong to corruption/Heist from gray income.In ancient times,Civil servants the most typical one of salary subsidy,Is various"reward",Has been to all of the qing dynasty.

　　以西汉为例，赏赐便有定期赏赐、庆典赏赐、功勋赏赐三大类别，有的直接赏钱，更甚的则是赏缯帛、酒肉、车马，甚至连奴婢、房子都赏赐。

To the western han dynasty, for example,Reward will have regular reward/Celebration reward/Legion reward three categories,Some direct gratuity,What is more reward Zeng silks/Wine meat/horses,Even the maid/Houses are reward.

　　朝廷一年有两次定期赏赐，分为春赐和腊赐。腊赐更实惠：除了钱、粮，连牛肉都赏赐。如“大将军、三公钱各二十万，牛肉二百斤，粳米二百斛”。

Court get two regular reward,Divided into spring give and give wax.Preserved give more benefits:In addition to money/food,Even the beef is a reward.if"napoleon/Three money each two hundred thousand,Beef two hundred jins,Japonica rice two hundred duhu".

　　在汉代，官做得越大，所得赏赐便越多，很多时候得到的赏赐性补贴超过正式工资，官员仅靠赏赐便能致富。如汉武帝时期酷吏张汤，是中国历史上著名的清廉官员。《汉书·张汤传》记载，元鼎二年十一月(公元前116年12月)，因遭构陷，时任相当于今中央监察部部长的御史大夫张汤冤狱自杀，死后清查，其“家产直不过五百金，皆所在、得奉赐，无它赢。”

In han dynasty,Officer to do the,The reward and more,A lot of times get reward sex subsidies than formal wage,Officials only on reward can become rich.If KuLi ZhangShang emperor period,Is China's historic incorruptness officials.[Han · ZhangShang preach]records,Yuan ding two years in November(In December 116 BC),Because had been framed by,The quite this central ministry of supervision minister's empire doctor ZhangShang unjust verdict suicide,Died inventory,the"House straight but five hundred gold,In all/Have to give in,No win it."

　　当时的1金为1万钱，张汤所任最高职位御史大夫月俸4万钱，“五百金”的家产仅靠死工资的话，不吃不喝也要积攒10年。张汤生前不腐败，这些钱财大部分都是靠赏赐得来的。

The 1 gold for 10000 money,The highest position ZhangShang any suggestion on the doctor them 40000 money,"Five hundred gold"Only by the house of death if wages,Don't eat not to drink will accumulate 10 years.ZhangShang was not corrupt,Most of the money by reward it.

　　但张汤所代表的是汉代的高级“公务员”阶层，朝廷的赏赐一般到不了下级官员之中，西汉、东汉皆如此。一般“公务员”不只工资低，补贴也很少，甚至没有。如东汉，当年最普通的“斗食”级“公务员”，月俸仅“十一斛”，相当于1100钱，而当时一个打工仔(雇工)月工资都有1000钱。因工资少，一些下级官员便向老百姓伸手，弄点补贴，逐渐发展成为腐败。

But ZhangShang represent the han dynasty is advanced"Civil servants"class,Court reward is general not to lower among officials,The western han dynasty/Eastern han dynasty are so.general"Civil servants"Not only low wages,Subsidies rarely,Not even.Such as the eastern han dynasty,The most common"Bucket food"level"Civil servants",Them only on"Duhu 11",The equivalent of 1100 money,At that time, a migrant job-hunting boy(hired)Monthly wages are 1000 money.For less pay,Some lower officials he stretched out his hand to the common people,Something to subsidies,Gradually become corrupt.

　　

南朝时期有“杂供给”、“迎新送故” Southern dynasties period have"Mixed supply"/"Welcome send it"

　　

地方“公务员”比京官受青睐 place"Civil servants"JingGuan than popular

　　魏晋时代，官场实行“九品官人法”，对各级“公务员”的评议划分出9等考核标准。魏晋“公务员”低工资，一家老小怎么生活？靠的也是补贴和外快，综合起来，魏晋“公务员”的实际收入并不比汉代低多少，其补贴来源，一是如汉代一样有价值不菲的赏赐，二是在编制内的一至九品官员，可以合法地占有50顷到10顷的土地，还有50户到1户不等的佃户，这笔外快远远超过法定俸额。

Wei jin era,Officialdom implement"Do officer person method",At all levels"Civil servants"Evaluation of the divided into 9 evaluation standard.Wei jin"Civil servants"Low wages,How do the family life?By being also subsidies and a little extra cash,Comprehensive up,Wei jin"Civil servants"The actual income of the han dynasty is not better than low much,The subsidy,One is the same as the han dynasty have value does not poor reward,The other is the organization of the one to do officials,Can legally occupies 50 granule to 10 worthy of land,There are 50 households to 1 family unequal renters,The side money far exceed the legal amount of them.

　　在南朝，国家机关的“公务员”(京官)没有地方“公务员”(地方官)实惠，就是因为地方“公务员”补贴多。地方大员除享有基本的“菜田”之外，还享受“杂供给”、“迎新送故”等制度允许的收入。

In the southern dynasties,State organs"Civil servants"(JingGuan)Have no place to"Civil servants"(prefecture)benefits,Is because local"Civil servants"More subsidies.Local official in addition to enjoy basic"To solve"outside,Also enjoy"Mixed supply"/"Welcome send it"System allow income.

　　“杂供给”，由地方政府根据本地情况自行征收，很多官员将之当福利补贴，甚至连鸡鱼肉蛋都向老百姓征收。南朝齐国吴兴太守谢朏，本为京官，就任吴兴太守后不思政务，整天就盘算着敛财捞外快，萧鸾(齐明帝)当皇帝的建武初年，他向吴兴老百姓征收鸡蛋，收受了数千只鸡。

"Mixed supply",By the local government to levy based on local conditions,Many officials will when welfare subsidies,Even chicken fish eggs to common people collection.Qi in WuXing satrap thank Fei,This is JingGuan,WuXing satrap as after don't think government affairs,All day long I planned PRD get extra income,XiaoLuan(Their emperor)When the emperor's early JianWu,He WuXing people to collect eggs,Received the thousands of chickens.

　　公开收礼则是地方“公务员”工资补贴的又一重要渠道。南朝“迎新送故之法”规定，地方官员调进调出都得送礼，“饷馈皆百姓出”。“送故”所得又叫“还资”，一般送故以三年为期，即离任后三年内，原任职所在地每年都得送礼，当时州郡都设有“送故”官员，称为“送故主簿”。

The public is the place"Civil servants"Wage subsidies and an important channel.Southern dynasties"Welcome to the law of reason"provisions,Local officials have moved into finding a gift,"Rates feed all the people out"."Send it"Income and that"Also endowment",General in order to send for three years,That is three years after leaving his post,The original location for every year to give gifts,At that time there are county"Send it"officials,called"Send the main book".

　　“迎新送故”的数额，似乎没有统一规定，富裕的地方可能多送，穷地则少送。以相当于今市县一把手的郡县太守“迎新”礼金来说，有的数百万钱，有的几十万，最少的也有20万元。“迎新”礼金又叫“见资”、“行资”，应该比还资更丰厚，南朝齐东昏侯萧宝卷时，名叫曹虎的官员出任雍州刺史，“得见钱五千万”。

"Welcome send it"amount,There seems to be no unified regulation,Wealthy place and more likely to send,Poor to send less.With a focus of the cities and counties a satrap counties"welcome"Gift for,Some millions of money,Some of the hundreds of thousands of,At least also have 200000 yuan."welcome"Gift and that"(see"/"Line information",Should be more rich than information,Southern dynasties JiDong faint hou xiao when BaoJuan,Named CaoHu officials as harmony to feudal state,"To see the money fifty million".

　　所以，不少京官都希望出任地方官，希望多得外快和补贴。有的皇帝还把地方官的任命当作一种福利送给宠臣好官。如梁武帝时，扬州刺史府长史萧介比较清贫，梁武帝亲自给吏部尚书何敬容打招呼：“萧介清贫，可以处一郡。”

so,Many JingGuan all hope as local officials,Hope much extra money and subsidies.Some of the prefecture emperor appointed as a welfare to minions good officer.Wudi (such as when,Yangzhou feudal government long history XiaoJie is poor,Wudi (personally to official department minister HeJingRong say "hello":"XiaoJie poor,Can place a county."

　　

唐宋时期有“俸料钱”、“职田” Tang and song dynasties have"Them material money"/"Job field"

　　

宋咸平二年小县县令可享7顷职田 Two years SongXianPing smaller counties county magistrate can enjoy 7 as worthy of field

　　到了隋唐，于东汉末年开始的“菜田”、“禄田”制度被进一步引入“公务员”工资收入体系中。隋朝，在禄米之外，又根据官员地位和品级的不同，提供相应份额的田地作为官员俸禄的补充，称之为“职田”。此外，又提供本钱(公廨钱)和相应田地(公廨田)，以其收入作为办公经费，实则大半被当作了个人补贴。

Sui and tang dynasties to,Began in the eastern han"To solve"/"Paul field"System introduced further"Civil servants"Wage income system.The sui dynasty,Paul meters away in,And according to the official status and different grade,To provide corresponding share fields as officials of bread added,called"Job field".In addition,And provide capital(Male Xie money)And corresponding fields(Male Xie field),With its income as office funds,In fact most be regarded as personal subsidies.

　　唐代“公务员”的收入相对稳定，除了基本工资(禄米)、职田之外，还有以现金形式发放的“俸料钱”：月俸钱、食料、杂用等。月俸钱，就是每月官员俸禄的现金部分；食料用于工作餐和个人生活，有点类似现代餐费补助；杂用则用于自备工作所需物品。

The tang dynasty"Civil servants"Relatively stable income,In addition to basic salary(Paul m)/Position outside the field,And in cash issued"Them material money":Them money on/foodstuff/Miscellaneous, etc.Them money on,Is the monthly officials bread cash part;Foodstuff for working lunch and personal life,A little similar to modern meals subsidies;Miscellaneous is used for auxiliary work necessary items.

　　唐宋“公务员”不仅收入稳定，收入也高，特别是宋代“公务员”，还有更多的补贴，名目多多。虽然也曾因边境开战、财政紧张而减薪，但正常情况下宋代“公务员”的福利还是令人羡慕的。

Tang and song"Civil servants"Not only the income is stable,Income also high,Especially in the song dynasty"Civil servants",There are more subsidies,Names of.Although have for border war/Financial tension and a pay cut,But normally the song dynasty"Civil servants"Welfare or an enviable.

　　宋代“公务员”的俸禄主要有正俸、加俸、职田三类，其中后两类属于补贴性工资。北宋初年，“公务员”的工资并不高，工资水平只有唐代俸禄标准的一半。到赵恒(宋真宗)当皇帝时，国家财政有了好转，“富有多积”，于是在祥符五年(公元1012年)开始考虑给公务员加工资。

Song dynasty"Civil servants"The bread of the main have is them/Add them/Job field three,After the two belong to subsidized wage.The early northern song dynasty,"Civil servants"Salary is not high,Wages in the tang dynasty only half of the standard bread.To ZhaoHeng(Emperor song zhenzong)When emperor,National finance have improved,"Rich many product",So in fu five years(A.D. 1012 years)Began to consider to the civil service wage increase.

　　加俸，主要有职钱、傔人衣粮、傔人餐钱、茶酒厨料、薪蒿炭盐以及各种添支。其中职钱是最主要的补贴性收入，也是正式工资之外的一项固定性补贴，主要加给大学士等职名奉差遣外任的官员，依级别享受6万至1.6万钱不等的加俸。

Add them,As the main have money/傔 people garment grain/傔 people eat money/Tea wine cooking material/Pay estragon carbon salt and various feed branch.The money is the main position of subsidized income,As an official wage outside of a stationarity subsidies,Main added to university, etc ZhiMing sent outside as officials,According to level 60000-16000 range enjoy money with them.

　　职田补贴始于咸平元年，之前并没有，其补贴对象是外任差遣官员。依咸平二年的规定，当时一个小县县令可以有7顷职田，中县县令8顷，边远小州、大县州长、县令10顷；最高的是两京、大藩镇官员，可以分到40顷职田。

Position of field subsidies begins with the first salty flat,Before and no,The subsidy object is external let sent officials.In accordance with the provisions of the salty flat two years,When a smaller counties county magistrate can be seven as worthy of field,County magistrate in 8 worthy of,Remote small state/County governor/County magistrate 10 worthy of;The highest is two Beijing/Big FanZhen officials,Can be assigned to the 40 as worthy of field.

　　职田雇人耕种，收入全部免税。职田年收入相当可观，多的一年能收入900斛，少的也有二三十石，一般都在二三百石到四五百石之间，比正式工资高出数倍，甚者十几倍。

Position of field to employ people farming,All income tax exemption.Position of field considerable income,Many a year can income is 900 duhu,Little also have twenty or thirty stone,Generally in two or stone to - between stone,Higher wages than formal several times,Ten times worse.

　　宋代“公务员”除了加俸、职田外，赏赐也是少不了的，另还有“公使钱”、可以支配的有价证券等。公使钱相当于现代的接待费，实际也都被官员之间用来下馆子、买礼品消费了。证券有驿券(免费乘用交通工具)、馆券(免费住宿)、仓券等，这些券和现代各种消费券无异。

Song dynasty"Civil servants"In addition to add them/Position outside the field,Reward is little not,The other"Minister money"/Can dominate securities, etc.Minister money equal to that of modern entertainment,The actual were between officials used to eating out/Buy gifts for consumption.Securities have post voucher(Free by using traffic tools)/Museum ticket(Free accommodation)/Warehouse voucher, etc,These coupons and modern various consumption coupon is.

　　

明清两代有“养廉地”、“养廉银” During the Ming and qing dynasties have"YangLian to"/"YangLianYin"

　　

洪武四年一品大员俸禄仅900石 Hongwu four years a bread official only 900 stone

　　到了明清，政府奉行“薄俸”制度。比较起来，明代“公务员”的工资是中国历代最低的。洪武四年(公元1371年)制定的工资标准，相当于今中央政治局委员的正一品大员，俸禄仅900石；洪武十四年(公元1381年)提高了标准，正一品为1000石。至于普通“公务员”，其俸禄就更低了，相当于副科级的从八品为65石，后加至70石。

To the Ming and qing dynasties,The government has"Them thin"system.compare,In the Ming dynasty"Civil servants"Salary is the lowest of Chinese past dynasties.Hongwu four years(A.D. 1371 years)Make the salary standard,This is the central committee &secretary of CPC is a high ranking official,Bread is only 900 stone;Fourteen years hongwu(A.D. 1381 years)Improve the standard,Is a for 1000 stone.As for ordinary"Civil servants",The bread is more low,Equivalent to FuKeJi from eight product for 65 stone,After increased to 70 stone.

　　但明代低工资并不等于没有补贴，如在洪武十四年的工资改革中，便在岁米之外，增加了不同数额的现金(俸钞)。废除了中国古代“公务员”传统补贴制度中的“职田”，在部分地方官员中实行“养廉地”补贴，其享受对象是镇守边疆的官员。正德年间规定：“镇守给水旱田各十顷，副总兵各半之……原无者各给水田一顷，永为养廉定例。”

But in the Ming dynasty is not equal to the low pay no subsidies,As in the hongwu 14 years of salary reform,Then in the years old meters away,Increase the different amount of cash(FengChao).The abolition of the ancient Chinese"Civil servants"In the system of traditional subsidies"Job field",In some local officials in practice"YangLian to"subsidies,Its enjoy object is the frontier guard officials.Zhengde years provisions:"Guard feed dry soil every ten granule,Deputy company commanders of the half and half……The original no person to a worthy of paddy field,YangLian statute for ever."

　　明代“公务员”是一个特权阶层，享有诸多特权，如赋优免(免税)，这其实也是一种变相的工资补贴。

In the Ming dynasty"Civil servants"Is a privilege class,Enjoy many privileges,Such as optimal assignment from(duty-free),It is also a form of wage subsidies.

　　清代“公务员”待遇，比明代也好不到哪去，靠死工资连饭都吃不饱。清政府吸取了明朝薄俸易发贪腐的教训，增加了“公务员”的工资性补贴。顺治年间一度实行柴薪银、心红纸张银、蔬菜烛炭银、案衣什物银等，后因财政紧张方取消。

The qing dynasty"Civil servants"treatment,Not much better than in the Ming dynasty,By death wage even rice are do not have enough to eat.The qing government from the Ming dynasty thin them prone to corruption teaching,increased"Civil servants"Salary subsidy of.Shun zhi period years once a bavin firewood silver/Heart red paper silver/Vegetables candle carbon silver/Case clothing articles for daily use silver, etc,Later on, because of the financial strain party cancel.

　　为了生活，地方政府便采取半合法的手法，增加“公务员”个人补贴，实物征税时增大消耗比率，向纳税人多征，多出的部分叫“耗羡”，截留在地方使用，实际多被官员作为补贴吞没。

In order to live,The local government will take half legal technique,increase"Civil servants"Personal subsidies,When real tax increase consumption ratio,To the taxpayer much sign,A part of the call"HaoXian",Entrapment in place to use,The actual was officials as subsidies swallow.

　　胤禛(清世宗，雍正皇帝)当皇帝后，改革全国财税制度，耗羡归公，但考虑地方没有耗羡后，官员生活可能困难，首创“养廉银”制度，发给一笔补贴，远远高出正俸，导致官员靠补贴生活。

禛 as(Clear ShiZong,Yongzheng emperor)When the emperor after,The national finance and tax system reform,HaoXian go to the public,But consider the local not after HaoXian,Officials life can be difficult,first"YangLianYin"system,Send a subsidy,Well above them is,Lead to officials rely on subsidies life.

　　但养廉银标准各地各人并不一样，依“地方远近、事务繁简、用度多寡”原则分配。如各地督抚的养廉银，江苏巡抚12000两、江西浙江等10000两，安徽为8000两，后来一般都增到10000两以上。而州县级官员少多了，差别也大，如江苏知县在1000-1500两，而贵州只有400-800两。

But all YangLianYin standard each are not the same,In accordance with the"Place far and near/Affairs and simplified/Capability amount"Principle distribution.As the governor YangLianYin around,Jiangsu governor 12000 two/Zhejiang, jiangxi, two,Anhui for 8000 two,Then generally increase to 10000 more than two.And state officials much less at or above the county level,Difference is big also,Such as jiangsu magistrate of a county in 1000-1500 two,And guizhou only 400-800 two.

　　出于公平原则，除给部分京官发放养廉银外，在京员中则实行“恩俸”制和“双俸”制。所谓“双俸”，就是再领取一份与正俸一样多的补贴，也就是现代 的“双工资”。

From the principle of fairness,In addition to giving part JingGuan issue YangLianYin outside,In Beijing is a member"Grace them"System and"Double them"system.The so-called"Double them",Be again to receive a with them is as much subsidies,Also is modern"Double salary".

　　声明：“一方钩沉”栏目文章系著名历史学者倪方六先生供本报专稿，摘转请务必与作者本人联系

statement:"One party involved"The column is a famous historical scholars NiFang six sir for this feature,Pick turn please and contact the author