党的十八大提出了提高国家文化软实力，增强中华文化国际影响力的重要任务。文学作为中国文化的重要组成部分，始终是引领风尚、教育人民、服务社会、推动发展的强大力量，也是促进中外文化交流，提高中国文化国际地位的主渠道。

The party's eighteen big put forward in order to improve the national cultural soft power,Enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide important task.Literature as the main component of Chinese culture,Is always lead the fashion/Education people's/Social services/Promote the development of powerful,And to promote Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges,Improve the international status of main channel of Chinese culture.

　　随着莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖，世界对中国文化、中国文学的关注骤然增加。那些反映当代中国改革开放进程、反映中国人民生活情感的文学作品日益引起国际社会的重视，广大国外读者渴望第一时间欣赏到第一流的中国文学。但与中国每年引进的大量外国文学作品相比，中国介绍到海外的文学作品总量依然有限。如何使中国文学更好地走向世界，仍然是中国文学界和出版界在努力探索的课题。

Along with the mo yan won the Nobel Prize for literature,The world of Chinese culture/Chinese literature suddenly increased attention.Those who reflect the contemporary China's reform and opening up process/Reflecting China's people's life emotional literary works increasingly drawn the attention of the international community,The foreign readers are longing for the first time to enjoy the first-class Chinese literature.But every year in China and the introduction of a large number of foreign literature works than,China introduced to overseas literature amount is still limited.How to make Chinese literature better to the world,Is still Chinese literati and publications in an effort to explore the topic.

1. 中国文学加快步伐走向世界 1. Chinese literature to speed up the pace towards the world

　　“近年来，中国文学对外传播从数量上来说，总量有限，相对量在增长。”北京师范大学文学院副院长、中国文学海外传播研究中心负责人姚建彬说，从绝对量来说，输出和输入情况极不平衡，与国外翻译到中国的文学作品相比，中国的文学作品翻译到国外的数量仍旧偏少。据估算，从上世纪90年代以来，国内每年发表的长篇小说有1000多部，而其中被翻译到国外的不过10%左右。

"In recent years,The spread of Chinese literature from quantity speaking,Total co., LTD.,,Relative amount of growth."Beijing normal university, vice President of the college of liberal arts/Overseas Chinese literature communication studies center director YaoJianBin said,For from the absolute quantity,Output and input situation is extremely uneven,And foreign translation to China than literary works,China's literature translation to foreign quantity is still inadequate.It is estimated,Since the 1990 s,Each year the domestic novel published more than 1000 department,Of which was translated into foreign but around 10%.

　　不过，随着中国的快速发展，中国文学走向海外的步伐在加快。据中国作协副主席何建明所做的一项调查，改革开放30多年来，共有近700部中国当代作家的纯文学作品被翻译到国外，其中2/3是近10年翻译出去的。何建明说：“后10年是前20年的2倍，从这个比例也能看出来，中国文学走向海外的力度和规模都在增大。”

but,With the rapid development of China,Chinese literature to speed up the pace of overseas in.According to China's vice chairman HeJianMing attracting a survey,Reform and opening up 30 years,There are nearly 700 department of Chinese contemporary writer's belles-lettres were translated to foreign countries,Two-thirds of that is nearly 10 years translation out.HeJianMing said:"After 10 years is a former 20 years of 2 times,From this proportion also can see,Chinese literature to overseas strength and scale are increasing."

　　近年来，欧美出版界对中国文学的兴趣显著增加，一个重要的特征是：在中国成为畅销书的作品同样也会受到欧美出版界的青睐。余华的《兄弟》、迟子建的《额尔古纳河右岸》、阿来的《尘埃落定》、姜戎的《狼图腾》、艾米的《山楂树之恋》等作品都在国内热销后实现了版权的大规模输出。对此，何建明说：“与国外作家相比，中国作家有个非常大的优势，那就是我们庞大的市场。尽管和80年代文学热时不能比，但现在一本畅销小说在国内少说也有十几万的销量，这对国外绝大多数严肃作家而言，是难以想象的。‘为什么在中国能卖这么多？’这本身就是国外出版商非常感兴趣的。”

In recent years,Europe and the United States on Chinese literature publishing circles interest increased significantly,An important feature is:In China a bestseller works also will be affected by Europe and the United States the favour of the press.Yu hua's[brother]/Chi zijian promotes the[The right altay-ergun river]/ALai of[Dust settled]/Of even[The Wolf totem]/Amy's[Hawthorn of love]All works in China after sell like hot cakes realized the copyright of large-scale output.this,HeJianMing said:"Compared with the foreign writers,Chinese writers have a very big advantage,That's what we huge market.Although and 80 s literature hot than not,But now a popular novel in domestic little say that also have several hundred thousand sales,The foreign most serious a writer,Is hard to imagine.‘Why can sell so much in China?’This in itself is foreign publishers very interested."

　　何建明认为，十八大的召开为中国文学走向世界注入了新的动力。他说，未来5到10年之内很有可能会再有中国作家获得诺贝尔文学奖，中国当代文学走向海外的规模一定会越来越大。他分析说，一方面，随着莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖，国外对中国文学的关注程度在增加。另一方面，莫言的获奖极大刺激了中国文学家从事创作的热情和向海外推广的自觉性。何建明说：“莫言当然是中国最优秀的作家，但与莫言同样水平的中国作家还有一大批，他们的许多作品也极为出色。如果把他们的作品都翻译出去，世界对中国和中国文学的理解一定大不一样。”

HeJianMing think,Eighteen big held for Chinese literature to the world into a new power.He said,The next 5 to 10 years is likely to have Chinese writers to win the Nobel Prize in literature,Chinese contemporary literature to overseas scale will be more and more big.He said the analysis,On the one hand,Along with the mo yan won the Nobel Prize for literature,Overseas for Chinese literature degree of concern on the increase.On the other hand,Mo yan award greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the Chinese writer is engaged in writing and to overseas promotion consciousness.HeJianMing said:"Mo yan, of course, is China's most outstanding writer,But and mo yan the same level of Chinese writers have a large number of,Many of their works are also very good.If their work is translation out,The world of China and the Chinese literature understanding must be different."

　　目前，中国文学走向海外的途径主要有三条：一是国内外出版社之间的版权交易，二是新闻出版总署等部门通过“中国图书对外推广计划”等项目资助国外译者和出版商翻译出版，三是国外出版商直接取得中国作家的授权翻译出版。前两种方式约占90%，是中国文学“走出去”的主渠道。

At present,Chinese literature to overseas ways mainly have three:One is between home and abroad press the copyright transaction,The second is the general administration of press and publication and other departments"The Chinese book foreign promotion plan"Foreign funded projects, such as translators and translation and publication publishers,The third is foreign publishers directly obtain Chinese writers authorized translated and published.The first two ways about 90%,Is Chinese literature"Go out"Main channel of.

　　“作品走出去，作家也要走出去。”何建明说，近年来中国作协每年组织作家代表团参加法兰克福书展、伦敦书展等国际出版盛会，每年会有10到20个中国作家代表团出国交流访问，此外还组织国际写作营、国际汉学家论坛和国际翻译家论坛。“把国外翻译家、汉学家和出版商请进来，和中国作家直接交流，许多当代作家的最新作品就是通过这个渠道翻译出去的。”何建明说。

"Works go out,The writer also want to go out."HeJianMing said,In recent years China each year attracting organization writers delegation to attend Frankfurt book fair/The London book fair and other international publishing event,Every year there will be 10 to 20 Chinese writers delegation exchanges of visits abroad,In addition also organize international writing camp/International Sinologist BBS and international translator BBS."The foreign translators/Sinologist and publishers, please come in,And Chinese writers direct communication,Many contemporary writer's latest work through this channel is out of the translation."HeJianMing said.

2. “走出去”须重视西方出版市场特殊性 2. "Go out"Must pay attention to the west publishing market particularity

　　不过，受制于西方出版市场的特殊性，中国文学的传播范围和传播途径仍旧有限。姚建彬说，很长时间来，中国文学的读者局限在国外的汉学家，经过近几年的发展，已经渐渐扩展到大中小学生、国外的中国文学爱好者等其他团体，但读者接受范围总体而言还是偏小。另外，受到翻译和传播渠道等原因的影响，反映当代中国人的作品还不能及时迅速地流通到国外。

but,Subject to the particularity of western publication market,The spread of Chinese literature scope and transmission way is still limited.YaoJianBin said,For a long time,Chinese literature readers limited in foreign Sinologist,After the development of recent years,Has gradually expanded to colleges and universities and primary and middle students/Overseas Chinese literature lovers and other groups,But readers accept range in general or partial small.In addition,By translation and communication channels of the influence of reason,Reflect the contemporary Chinese works can't timely quickly circulation to foreign countries.

　　实际上，能够登上欧美畅销书排行榜的中国文学作品数量极少。这一点在美国这一最大最重要的图书市场上表现得尤为明显。美国出版界长期存在一个“3%”的怪圈外国翻译作品占美国图书的总量从来不超过3%。“美国人不爱读外国文学”成了美国出版商的共识。新世界出版社总编辑张海鸥曾和美国最大的几家出版企业如兰登书屋、哈珀科林斯等有过深入交流，她说：“这些大出版社的CEO都承认，外国作品翻译得太少，这其实反映了美国作为强者的傲慢。”

In fact,Can land on Europe and the United States bestseller list of Chinese literature quantity rarely.This point in the United States, the largest and most important books on the market particularly.American publishers to exist for a long time a"3%"The strange circle of foreign translation works account for the amount of the American library never more than 3%."Americans love to read foreign literature"Became the United States the consensus of publishers.New world press editor in chief ZhangHaiOu once and the United States the largest several publishing enterprises such as langdon bookstore/Harper Collins had in-depth communication, etc,She said:"These large press CEO will admit that,Translation of foreign works too little,It reflects the United States as the strong pride."

　　受到美国读者冷遇的不仅仅是中国作家，就是非英语的西方作家也一样。2002年德国出版社从美国引进并翻译出版了3782种图书，而同期美国只从德国引进了150种。同属西方文化、同属发达国家的德国尚且如此，作为文化传统迥异的发展中国家的中国，其文学和文学家不为美国大众所知也就不难理解了。

The United States by the readers cold shoulder is not only the Chinese writers,It is English as well as western writers.In 2002 the German press imported from America the and translated and published the 3782 kinds of books,Over the same period, only the United States introduced from Germany 150.Belong to western culture/Belong to the developed countries of Germany do so,As a cultural tradition different China of the developing country,The literature and writer not for the American public know it is not so difficult to understand.

　　对美国出版商而言，出版外国文学作品差不多是一件无利可图的事。出于财务安全，很多出版社并不愿意冒险出版外国文学作品。只有一些独立的小出版社和大学出版社在坚持出版外国文学。莫言小说的美国出版商Arcade出版社就是一家独立的小型出版社，他们坚持出版外国文学作品很大程度上是出自公司创始人的偏好。美国汉学家、翻译家葛浩文在接受上海一家媒体采访时曾说，商业出版社绝对不会长久地卖销量很少的作品，目前美国出版的中国文学作品主要是小说，每年大概出版三五本的样子。“可是呢，现在卖得如何我不大知道，但是一定不会很畅销，绝对不会的。”葛浩文说。

In the United States for publishers,Foreign literary works published almost is a not-for-profit things.Out of financial security,A lot of press is not willing to risk publishing foreign literary works.Only a few independent small press and university press published in adhere to the foreign literature.Mo yan novels of American publishers Arcade press is an independent small press,They insisted on publishing foreign literary works is to a great extent from the company founder preferences.The Sinologist/Translators GeHaoWen in accepting a Shanghai media interview said,The commercial press absolutely not long sell sales very little work,At present the issue of the Chinese literature mainly is a novel,Published every year about 35 this appearance."But it,Now I don't know how to sell,But won't sell very well,Absolutely won't."GeHao said.

　　张海鸥说，相比较而言，欧洲人特别是法国、英国、德国和意大利读者对外国文学的热情要高得多。据调查，欧洲图书市场30%以上的图书是翻译自其他国家的作品。但由于英语是世界语，一部作品被翻译成英语以后，再被其他语言翻译的机会就大大增加，所以还是要高度重视英语市场。

ZhangHaiOu said,compared,Europe, especially France/British/Germany and Italy to the enthusiasm of foreign literature readers would be much higher.According to the survey,European book market more than 30% of the books is translation from other country's works.But because English is a world language,A works were translated into English later,Be other language translation opportunities will increase greatly,So still should attach great importance to the English market.

　　针对西方出版市场的这种特点，有业内人士建议多种途径增加对外国译者和出版商的扶持，在版权、翻译费用等方面给予适当补贴，提高他们翻译出版中国文学作品的积极性。

According to the characteristics of western publication market,The personage inside course of study suggest many kinds of ways to increase foreign translator and publishers support,In the copyright/Translation cost etc give appropriate subsidies,Improve their Chinese literature translation and publication work enthusiasm.

　　“翻译的问题非常重要。这次莫言能够获奖，和葛浩文、陈安娜等人高水准的翻译有直接关系。”张海鸥说，尽管他们的翻译对原作做了相当程度的改写，但无疑更符合当地读者的欣赏口味。她认为，以往中国文学走出去的效果不甚理想的重要原因就是翻译质量差。她说，有的译者不是以外语为母语，对于文学作品里一些只可意会不可言传的精妙之处理解不到位、翻译也不到位，所以难以达到预期效果。但是，优秀的翻译往往要价很高，国外小出版商难以承受，如果国内相关部门能适当提供一些翻译费用的补贴，相信有助于中国文学更好地走出去。

"Translation is very important.The mo yan to winning,And GeHaoWen/ChenAnNa, high level of translation has a direct relationship."ZhangHaiOu said,Although their translation of the original works done considerable rewriting,But no doubt more accord with local readers' appreciation taste.She thinks,Previous Chinese literature go out of the effect is not very ideal important reason is that the translation quality difference.She said,Some of the translator is not in English as their mother tongue,For in the literature of some is not words but meanings of the fine detail of understanding does not reach the designated position/Translation also does not reach the designated position,So it is difficult to meet the expected effect.but,Excellent translation often high in cost,Small foreign publishers unbearable,If domestic related departments to provide some appropriate translation fee subsidy,Believe that help to Chinese literature better go out.

3. “走出去”也要“三贴近” 3. "Go out"Also want to"Three close to"

　　中国文学走向世界的道路不会一帆风顺，但中国文学界和出版界依然在默默努力。

Chinese literature to the world of the roads not plain sailing,But the Chinese literati and publications are still in the silent efforts.

　　今年5月，中国外文局下属新世界出版社和中国作协、中国作家出版社签署战略合作协议，共同编辑出版英语、法语和西班牙语三种版本的《中国文学》系列图书。张海鸥说：“中国作协和作家出版社拥有大量优秀作家的作品版权，外文局的翻译力量和对外市场化运作能力也很强，双方合作是优势互补、强强联合。”

In may this year,China WaiWenJu subordinate new world press and the Chinese one/Chinese writers press signed strategic cooperation agreement,Common editing and publishing English/French and Spanish three versions of the[Chinese literature]Series of books.ZhangHaiOu said:"China wenjun and writers publishing house has a large number of outstanding writer's works copyright,WaiWenJu translation strength and foreign market operation ability is also very strong,The cooperation of both sides is complementary advantages/The power-and-power union."

　　为了使这套书更加贴近国外读者特别是青年读者的阅读需求，合作双方在作品选择、翻译质量乃至开本大小、字体字号、封面设计等方面狠下功夫。张海鸥说，“我们选择的全部是2000年以来中国作家的作品，反映的是当下最鲜活的中国社会生活，力争能引起外国读者的共鸣。”入选第一辑的作家包括铁凝、韩少功、范小青、张翎、潘向黎五人。题材包括婚恋、医疗、养老、就业、子女教育等方面。张海鸥说：“现在是地球村时代，这些问题是世界各国普遍存在的，只是表现形式不同而已。”

In order to make this series more close to the foreign readers especially young readers' reading needs,Both partners in the choice of work/The translation quality and format size/Font size/Cover design work hard.ZhangHaiOu said,"We choose are all 2000 years Chinese writer's works,Today is the most fresh reflects the Chinese social life,Strive to can cause foreign readers' resonance."In the first album writers including tie ning/HanShaoGong/FanXiaoQing/ZhangLing/Pan li five people to.Subjects including marriage/medical/endowment/employment/Children education, etc.ZhangHaiOu said:"Is now a global village era,These questions are the prevalence of countries all over the world,Just forms different ways."

　　目前，《中国文学》第一辑三种语言版本已顺利出版。在今年的伦敦书展上，该系列图书实现了向英国和格鲁吉亚等国的版权输出。

At present,[Chinese literature]The first album three languages version has been successfully publishing.In this year's London on the book fair,This series of books to realize the British and Georgia and other countries of the copyright output.

　　“中国文学海外传播工程”是另一项重要的“走出去”工程，该项目由国家汉办批准立项并全额资助，由北京师范大学文学院和美国俄克拉荷马大学文理学院联合承担。姚建彬介绍说，作为实施“中国文学海外传播”工程的重要突破口，英语杂志《今日中国文学》（Chinese Literature Today，CLT）2010年在美国创办。《今日中国文学》向英语世界介绍当代中国优秀的作家作品，每一期都主推一名作家，目前已经推出了四期。杂志参照了美国的《当代世界文学》杂志，是一本真正由中方完全掌握主编权限，由中外双方共同著、译、编、校，面向英语世界发行的刊物。

"Chinese literature overseas communication engineering"Is another important"Go out"engineering,This project by hanban approval and full funding,By Beijing normal university faculty of arts and the United States the university of Oklahoma liberal arts college held jointly.YaoJianBin said,As the"Chinese literature spread overseas"An important breakthrough in engineering,English magazines[Today's China literature](Chinese Literature Today,CLT)Founded in 2010 in the United States.[Today's China literature]Introduced to the English speaking world contemporary Chinese excellent writers and works,Each period are main a writer,At present have introduced four period.With reference to the American magazine[The contemporary world literature]magazine,Is a really by the Chinese a complete mastery of editor in chief authority,By the Chinese and foreign joint the/the/knitting/school,Facing a publication of the English world.

　　“中国文学海外传播工程”计划在5年内出版由10部作品组成的“今日中国文学”英译丛书。2011年底，“今日中国英译丛书”中的第一本，诗人食指的诗歌选集《冬日》已经正式由美国俄克拉荷马大学出版社出版。该丛书中的第二本，莫言2004年发表的长篇小说《檀香刑》已经由葛浩文全部翻译成了英语，将于2013年年初出版。本丛书中其他各书的审读、翻译、编校、出版等工作也正在按照计划有序推进。

"Chinese literature overseas communication engineering"In the five years plan published by 10 department of works"Today's China literature"Translation series.By the end of 2011,"Today's China translation series"Of the first,The poet forefinger poetry anthology[winter]Have officially by the American Oklahoma university press.This series of the second book,Mo yan's novel published in 2004[Sandalwood punishment]Has the GeHaoWen all translated into English,In 2013 will be published at the beginning.This series of books every other consideration/translation/edit/Publishing, etc are also according to plan and orderly propulsion.

　　姚建彬坦言，翻译的困难不在于选择哪些作家、哪些作品，而在于怎样把我们选定的作家作品翻译出去，用英语世界的人认可的高水准的语言传达中国文学的真实面貌。他说：“《今日中国文学》编辑部达成了共识，尽可能聘请母语为英语，且对传播中国文化、译介中国文学有热情和经验的高水平翻译家参与我们的工作。而高水平的译者通常意味着要支付高额的报酬。这也是很多中国文学对外传播面临的共同困境。”

YaoJianBin said,The difficulties of translation is not choose what writers/What works,But in how to put our selected translation writers and works out,In English the world recognized high level language convey the real appearance of Chinese literature.He said:"[Today's China literature]Editorial office reached consensus,Hire native English as much as possible,And to spread Chinese culture/China's literary translation have enthusiasm and experience a high level translators to participate in our work.And the high level of the translator usually means to pay higher pay.This is also a lot of Chinese literature foreign spread face a common difficulties."

　　尽管面临着许多障碍，但在何建明看来，文学是了解一个国家最好的途径。“文学是客观的、立体的，充满思想与情感，最易为外国读者所接受。尤其是今天，国外对中国的兴趣在增加，许多外国人都想知道当代中国人是怎么生活的，在想些什么，这就给中国文学走向世界提供了契机。”何建明说。(张贺王珏)

Although faces many obstacles,But in HeJianMing looks,Literature is getting to know a new country in the best way."Literature is the objective/stereo,Full of thoughts and feelings,The most easily accepted for foreign readers.Especially today,Foreign interests in China on the increase,Many foreigners want to know the contemporary Chinese are how to live,In what,This will give Chinese literature to the world provides opportunity."HeJianMing said.(ZhangHe off-label)