5个生命的陨落，狠狠砸向了制度的软肋。尽管教育部称“全国小学辍学率10多年来从未超过1%的国家控制线”，但相较于庞大的人口基数，这1%仍是一个不容忽视的群体。更何况，在某些西部地区，辍学率远远高于1%。面对这些远离学校的孩童，“辍学”绝非冰冷的数字和理性的分析，而是多舛的命运与现实的伤痛。

5 life infall,Severely hit the system soft rib.Although the ministry of education says"The national primary school dropout rates 10 years, never more than 1% of the state line",But compared with the huge population base,This 1% is still a not allow to ignore group.besides,In some western region,Dropout rates far higher than 1%.Facing these away from the school children,"Drop out"Is not a cold digital and rational analysis,But the fate of a pain and the reality.

　　辍学之责，谁来承担？公众的尖锐发问，直指“辍学链条”上的各个主体。从控辍保学到社会救助，从政府责任到民间力量，从学校义务到家长关怀，每一个环节都在舆论的显微镜下被无限放大。但“毕节事件”终究是个案，在问责与反思之外，更需我们对1%的辍学群体倾注更多的目光，赋予更大的关爱。毕竟，所有的关注与讨论，都只是为了“毕节之痛”不再重演。

School responsibility,Who will bear?The public's sharp questions,Directed at"School dropout chain"Each subject.From the accused of dropping out the learn social assistance,From the government responsibility to folk strength,From the school obligations to parents care,Every link in the public opinion to be magnified indefinitely under a microscope.but"Bijie events"Ultimately be the case,Outside in the accountability and reflection,We need more to 1% of the school group to pour into more eyes,Give more love.After all,All the attention and discussion,Are just for"Bijie pain"No longer repeats itself.

　　编 者

Knitting is

　　

义务教育法 有规定却难操作 Compulsory education law has a regulation but difficult operation

　　法律把接受义务教育规定为“必须”的权利，然而现实的辍学事件乃至因此而导致的惨案，却让人质疑法律的执行力度。网友“莱奥内”

The law to receive compulsory education regulations"must"rights,However realistic school events and therefore in tragedy,But let person question of law enforcement.Net friend"In Leo beenhakker,"

　　现 状

We shape

　　根据教育部统计，10多年来小学辍学率一直稳定在1%以内，但是按照《义务教育法》的规定，“义务教育是国家统一实施的所有适龄儿童、少年必须接受的教育，是国家必须予以保障的公益性事业。” 任何一个适龄孩童的流失都是违反法律的。

According to ministry of education statistics,More than 10 years to primary school dropout rates have been stable in 1% less than,But according to[Compulsory education]regulations,"Compulsory education is the implementation of the national unity of all school-age children/Young have to accept the education,Is the national must be guaranteed public welfare undertakings." Any a school-age children's loss is a breach of the law.

　　北京师范大学教育学部教授余雅风认为，从政府方面来说，《义务教育法》只规定了政府“应该做什么”的义务，对于没有做到的情况下负有怎样的责任、应该如何惩处却没有具体规定，也容易导致政府履职不力。

Professor of Beijing normal university education division, wind more than that,From the government ways,[Compulsory education]Only stipulate the government"Should do"obligations,For has not done cases have what kind of responsibility/How to punish but no specific provision,The government also easy to cause the lack of resumption.

　　难 点

Difficult point

　　银川市教育局副局长马小林认为，毕节事件的发生说明，国家义务教育法的宣传普及还存在一定问题。“目前看来，《义务教育法》还缺乏可操作性。”余雅风坦言。

Yinchuan education bureau deputy director MaXiaoLin think,Bijie events that happened,National compulsory education law publicity and popularization of there are still some problems."Now it looks,[Compulsory education]Also the lack of operability.", wind said more than.

　　《义务教育法》第五十八条规定，“适龄儿童、少年的父母或者其他法定监护人无正当理由未依照本法规定送适龄儿童、少年入学接受义务教育的，由当地乡镇人民政府或者县级人民政府教育行政部门给予批评教育，责令限期改正。”然而，这一规定的约束力非常有限。至少对于贫困地区的人们，所谓“批评教育”在“活下去”的前提下是如此苍白无力，“限期整改”在法律条文中也缺乏具体的执行方式。

[Compulsory education]Article 58 the provisions,"School-age children/Young parents or other statutory guardians without justifiable reasons not to send in accordance with the provisions of school-age children/Admission to receive compulsory education of the young,The local township people's government or the people's government at or above the county level education administrative department shall give criticism education,Shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit."however,This rule binding is very limited.At least for people in the poor areas,The so-called"Criticism education"in"live"The premise is so pale,"Deadline rectification"In the items of the law, is also a lack of specific implementation methods.

　　对 策

Strategy to

　　余雅风称，改革不能仅仅局限在法律条款层面，应赋予责任主体实际的权力。在很多国家，公立学校的校长、老师都属于公务员，有更多的权力，甚至能对学生或家长直接进行处罚，以此来加强对父母的监督和威慑力度。

, wind says more than,The reform not only limited in legal terms level,Should endow the main body of responsibility for the actual power.In many countries,Public the headmaster of the school/The teacher all belong to civil servants,More power,Even to the students or their parents punished directly,In order to strengthen the supervision of the parents and deterrence strength.

　　

政府履责 完善查漏补缺机制 The government responsibility perfect shoe leak fill a vacancy mechanism

　　政府不能在“义务教育已然普及”这把大伞下悠然自得。只要有一个辍学案例，政府就应该不间断地“查漏补缺”。网友“木易32郎”

The government can't"Compulsory education is popular"The big umbrella carefree and content.As long as there is a school case,The government should uninterruptedly"Leak fill a vacancy".Net friend"Wood yi lang 32"

　　现 状

We shape

　　九年制义务教育已经深入人心并得到较好的贯彻。但是，政策铺开后，后续的检查与反思工作如果没做好，也容易产生社会问题。

Nine-year compulsory education already thorough popular feeling and get good carry out.but,Policy after the spread,Subsequent examination and reflection work if you don't do,Also easy to produce social problems.

　　清华大学新闻与传播学院副教授周庆安说，完善义务教育制度的基础阶段已经做得比较好了，但现在应该是回头检查入学率的反思阶段。反思阶段是查漏补缺，十分重要，目前做的还不是很到位。

Tsinghua university associate professor of school of journalism and communication, ZhouQingAn said,Perfect compulsory education system foundation stage is good,But it is now up to the back of the enrollment examination on stage.Reflect on stage is the leak fill a vacancy,Very important,Now do not very in place.

　　难 点

Difficult point

　　针对目前已有现状，周庆安认为，检查入学率需要调动从中央到地方多方社会力量进行，工作量巨大，工作任务繁琐，工作要求细致。这是一项牵涉面广的系统工程，需要广泛动员和积极开展。

Aiming at the existing situation,ZhouQingAn think,Check the enrollment rate needs to transfer from the central to local various social forces,Workload huge,Work task trival,Job requires careful.This is a they are wide system engineering,Need to mobilize and actively carry out widely.

　　对 策

Strategy to

　　银川市兴庆区满春中学，外来打工子女占在校学生30%，该校校长王剑明认为，加强对本地没有户籍、流动性大的农民工子女上学信息的关注备查，是避免学生辍学、流失的关键环节。

Yinchuan area full of spring means more than words can tell middle school,Migrant children in the school student accounts for 30%,The school's headmaster, WangJianMing think,To strengthen local no census register/Liquidity big migrant children go to school information attention for future reference,Is to avoid students drop out/The key link of loss.

　　陕西省社科院社会学研究所副研究员尹小俊建议，教育行政部门可以考虑由教育行政部门牵头，联合有关部门和单位（民政、公安、城管、基层社区、学校等），组织专门的调查力量，对重点区域进行排查，逐个统计，登记录入，形成档案，建立对辍学、流浪、失学儿童分类管理的信息数据库。

Shaanxi province academy of sociology research institute associate researcher YinXiaoJun Suggestions,The administrative departments of education can be considered by the education administrative department lead,Combined the relevant departments and units(Civil administration/Public security/Urban management/Grassroots community/schools),Organization special investigation power,The key area of traffic,Statistical one,Registration entry,Form file,To establish a school/stray/Children classification management information database.

　　同时，他提倡在各个学校调研摸底，整理辍学儿童和家庭困难学生的名单，建立针对辍学儿童和有辍学可能性的儿童社会救助和权益保护的长效机制，由教育行政部门申请进行，围绕儿童辍学问题开展相应的预防工作、应急服务工作以及权益保障工作，重点放在城市基层社区范围内的儿童情况方面。

At the same time,He advocates in each school research touch bottom,Finishing school children and family difficulties students' list,Build according to school children and have the possibility to drop out of the children's social assistance and protection of the rights of the long-term mechanism,The education administrative department application,About children drop out problems to carry out corresponding prevention work/Emergency services work, as well as rights and interests protection work,Focus on the urban grassroots community within the scope of the situation of children.

　　

学校教育 建立多元防控手段 School education to establish multivariate prevention and control means

　　在控辍保学的链条中，学校肩负着不可推卸的责任，应当用更富弹性的教育和更重个体的关怀来把孩子们留在学校。网友“大_Melon”

In the control of dropping out the learning in the chain,The school is shouldering the unshirkable responsibility,Ought to use more flexible education and more heavy individual care to put the children to stay in school.Net friend"Big _Melon"

　　现 状

We shape

　　“每学期开学，教育部门考察学校的第一项工作，就是‘是否动员辍学学生复学’。”西安市户县纸房学校校长冯雪红介绍，该校是九年制山区寄宿制学校。在具体做法上，实行政府、教育双线责任制，“如果考核不合格，就要被问责。”冯雪红坦言。

"Each semester,Education departments examine schools to first job,is‘Whether mobilization dropout go back to school’."Xian city paper room school principal FengXueGong is introduced,The school is a nine-year mountain boarding school.In the practice,A government/Education dual responsibility system,"If the assessment is unqualified,Will be accountability."FengXueGong said.

　　此外，冯雪红说，每次教师家访时，都会对学生家长特别是偏僻山区的家庭进行政策宣传，转变家长“读书无用”的认识。

In addition,FengXueGong said,Every time when the teacher family visit,Will parents of students especially in remote mountain families policy propaganda,Transformation parents"Reading useless"understanding.

　　西安市蓝田县玉山镇中心小学校长李增民说，学校会摸清学区内学生的住址，每学期开学，学生名册上少了人，就会让教师去了解情况。对于流动的学生，学校规定，“学生被外地学校接收后，要开回流入证明，我们再开出流出证明。”

LanTianXian xian yushan town center primary school principals LiZengMin said,The school will get school district student's address,Each semester,Students the strength less people,Can let the teacher to understand the situation.For current students,The school rules,"Students were outside the school after receiving,Want to open back into the proof,We'll open outflow proof."

　　难 点

Difficult point

　　“在控辍保学的过程中，学校的解决手段还稍显单一。”尹小俊认为，家访、劝说之外，学校缺乏柔性工作手段。每个儿童的辍学原因千差万别，如用单一的方式解决，问题还会反复出现。

"In the control dropping out the learning process,The school solution also slightly single."YinXiaoJun think,Family visit/Persuade outside,Schools lack of flexible work means.Each child's school dropout reason differ in thousands ways,If use a single way,The problem may appeared again and again.

　　缺乏专业的社会工作者也成为学校软肋之一。尹小俊表示，社会工作者能及时做好前期预防工作，避免问题“由小变大”。

The lack of professional social workers also become one of the school soft rib.YinXiaoJun said,A social worker can promptly do early prevention work,Avoid problems"Turned from small to big".

　　对 策

Strategy to

　　冯雪红称，学校可以通过社会筹措等手段缓解儿童上学的经济压力，“像我们山区学校，很多学生家里比较贫困，一些企业和学校结成了对子，给予赞助支持，并许诺解决部分学生未来就业问题，这样的社会援助多多益善。”在师资和硬件方面，冯雪红也期待有更大的提升，用更好的教育质量和环境来挽留辍学人员，“当然这就需要国家在财政上进一步倾斜和扶持。”

FengXueGong says,Schools can through the social financing methods alleviate children go to school economic pressure,"As we mountain schools,Many students home is poor,Some enterprise and school into one pair,Give support,And promise to solve part of students future employment problem,Such social assistance the more the better."In the teachers and hardware,FengXueGong also look forward to have more ascension,With better education quality and environment to keep school personnel,"Of course it will need to countries in financial further tilt and support."

　　

社会救助 筑牢最后一道防线 Social assistance build up the last line of defense

　　健全规范公开的收容制度，应该是社会救助的最后一道防线。网友“剑行天响”

Perfect standard public holding system,Should be social assistance, the last defense line.Net friend"Sword HangTian ring"

　　现 状

We shape

　　云南省家馨社区儿童救助服务中心是在省民政厅注册成立的非营利民间组织。据中心主任陆超群介绍，家馨除为流浪儿童提供食物、医疗、生活用品等基本需求，也资助他们接受教育或技能培训。家馨成立8年来共救助1200多个孩子，已资助200多个孩子重回学校。

Back home in yunnan province community children salvage services center is incorporated in the provincial civil administration office of the nonprofit non-governmental organizations.According to the center director lu supergroup is introduced,Back home in order to provide food street children/medical/Articles for daily use, and other basic needs,Also aid they accept education and skills training.Sweet home was a total of 8 years in more than 1200 children,Already funded more than 200 children went back to school.

　　对于这样的民间组织，周庆安认为，它们已经在很多方面协助政府部门降低了义务教育实行过程中的成本，如免费午餐等。

For such folk organization,ZhouQingAn think,They have been in many ways to help the government reduces the compulsory education in the process of the cost,Such as free lunch, etc.

　　难 点

Difficult point

　　民间救助机构运作的难处，陆超群深有体会：“我们也像在流浪。” 家馨成立以来搬了5次家，节节攀升的房租导致他们很难找到一个稳定的工作场所。政府除了给予政策空间，在资金方面支持不多。而且，社会对救助机构的认识也存在误区。他说，家馨曾在一个社区租房，开始时遭到许多居民反对，说这些孩子有病、会偷盗。后来通过沟通，才得到了居民的理解。

Folk aid organization operation difficulty,Lu supergroup have experience greatly:"We also like on the wall." Back home since the establishment of the house moved five times,Climbing rent cause them it is difficult to find a stable place to work.In addition to giving the government policy space,In the capital support not much.and,The understanding of the social relief agencies also exist misunderstandings.He said,Back home once in a community renting a house,Many residents are opposed to start when they were,Says such children sick/Will steal.Then through the communication,To get the understanding of the residents.

　　与前几年相比，“显性”的、在街头流浪的孩子少了，更多的辍学儿童变成了“隐性”的，比如童工。这样的转变增加了家馨的工作难度，如何找到“隐性”流浪儿童，是目前迫切需要解决的。

Than in previous years,"dominant"of/In a street child less,More children into the school"recessive"of,Such as child labor.This change increases the difficulty of jasmine home work,How to find"recessive"Street children,Is the urgent need to solve.

　　对 策

Strategy to

　　陆超群强调，建立健全救助机制固然重要，建立预防机制同样刻不容缓。家馨的工作经验显示，造成流浪的主要原因是家庭暴力或家庭破碎。大人只关心这些孩子有没有做好功课，而不关心他们的心理健康。应当健全教育评价标准，不能只关心成绩。同时，政府可以更信任民间救助机构的作用和力量，给予资金方面的支持。

Lu supergroup emphasize,Establish and improve rescue mechanism is important,Prevention also urgent.Sweet home work experience display,The main reason is caused by stray family violence or broken homes.Adult only care about these children have done her homework,And don't care about their mental health.Should improve the education evaluation standard,Not only care about results.At the same time,The government can be more trust folk relief agencies role and power,Give capital support.

　　（综合本报记者胡洪江、姜峰、周志忠、朱磊、马龙、周飞亚报道）

(Comprehensive our reporter HuHongJiang/JiangFeng/ZhouZhiZhong/ZhuLei/Malone/Week reported fiat)