就地高考方案，也即通常所说异地高考方案究竟哪天出台？2013年高考能不能实现异地高考……距离2012年底只剩下一个多月，社会各界对异地高考的关注随着时间推进更加密切。

Local college entrance examination scheme,Also what say normally namely different college entrance examination scheme which on earth day come?In 2013 the university entrance exam can realize different the university entrance exam...By the end of 2012 distance left more than a month,The social from all walks of life to the attention of the university entrance exam with different time promote more closely.

　　到目前为止，虽有安徽、江苏、黑龙江等省有较明确的政策之外，多数省市区仅表示年底前会出台，而异地高考“最坚硬的骨头”北上广等地仍在“谨慎制定”中。从提议到政策发布几经曲折，从政策制定到实施又不知道需要多少路途。异地高考为什么这么难？本期特邀郑若玲教授对异地高考的复杂性、如何解决等问题做一深度探讨。

So far,Although have anhui/jiangsu/Heilongjiang provinces have a clear policy besides,In China most says only is expected before the end of the year,And different college entrance examination"The hardest bone"North wide, is still in"Carefully formulated"in.From the proposal to the policy issued after several twists and turns,From the policy formulation and implementation, and don't know how many road.Different college entrance examination why so difficult?This guest professor ZhengReLing to different places of the complexity of the university entrance exam/How to solve the problems discussed a depth.

异地高考能不能成为解决高等教育入学机会失衡的突破口？ Different college entrance examination can be solve higher education chance to enter the breach of the imbalance?

　　异地高考问题并不是近两年才出现的新鲜事。改革开放以来，随着经济与社会的发展、城市化的推进，流动人口的数量越来越多、规模越来越大、范围越来越广，流动人员随迁子女的教育和升学问题日益凸显，异地高考是其中最引人关注、难度最大的问题。20多年过去了，高考领域的许多改革都有程度不同的进展甚或突破，唯独异地高考问题依然是“一块难啃的硬骨头”，困扰着考生、家长和各级各类教育部门。这是因为，异地高考不仅仅是一个在哪里参加考试的教育问题，而是一个与政治稳定、经济发展、教育资源、文化基础、就业流向、地方投入等多方面密切相关的社会问题。

Different college entrance examination problems are not nearly two years to appear new.Since the reform and opening up,Along with the economic and social development/The propulsion of urbanization,The number of floating population more and more/Scale is getting bigger and bigger/Area became more and more wide,Flow personnel SuiQian children's education and studies increasingly prominent problem,Different college entrance examination is one of the most remarkable/The most difficult problem.For more than 20 years past,In the field of the university entrance exam many reforms have different degree of progress or breakthrough,But the different college entrance examination, the question remains"A piece of hard to chew the hard stuff",Bothering the examinee/Parents and education departments at various levels.This is because,Different college entrance examination is not only a where to take an examination of the education problem,But a and political stability/Economic development/Education resources/Culture foundation/Employment flow/Place in many aspects such as closely related social problems.

　　允许随迁子女在流入地参加高考，固然是出于尊重流动人口教育现状的一种人性化考量。但异地高考之所以被高度关注，并不仅仅缘于这一人性化考量，其背后有更深层的原因，即异地高考将可能成为调整不同省市的高等教育入学机会乃至社会发展水平高度失衡状态的突破口。京、沪等地由于经济与文化相对发达，社会生活水平相对较高，吸引了大量流动人口。更重要的是，高等教育资源尤其是优质资源高度集中的京沪等地，成为最吸引随迁子女就地高考的地区，也是异地高考问题解决难度最大的地区。所以，异地高考问题产生的深层背景，是各地经济、文化、教育发展的不均衡。要减少异地高考发生的概率或者降低异地高考操作的难度，只能在均衡各地社会发展上做文章。

Allow SuiQian children attend the university entrance exam in defined,Is out of respect for floating population education present situation of a kind of humanization consideration.But different college entrance examination are high attention,Not only because the humanization consideration,Behind the more deep-seated reason,That is different the university entrance exam will may be to adjust to different provinces and cities of higher education admission opportunity and social development level height imbalance state of a breakthrough.Beijing/Shanghai, as the economy and culture is relatively developed,Social life relatively high level,Attracted a large number of floating population.More important is,Higher education resources, especially high quality resources of concentration the beijing-shanghai, etc,Become the most attractive SuiQian children in situ college entrance examination's area,The university entrance exam is also different problem solving the most difficult areas.so,Different college entrance examination problems of the deep background,Is the local economic and/culture/Education development is not balanced.To reduce the probability of occurrence in a different the university entrance exam or reduce the difficulty of different college entrance examination operation,Only in equilibrium social development around the fuss.

难“啃”之处 difficult"chew"place

　　然而，我国东、中、西部地区之间发展极不平衡。尤其是教育基础与资源的巨大差距，要在短时期消弭谈何容易！俗话说，“十年树木，百年树人”。教育发展的差距更需要一个相当长的时期来逐步缩小。而教育资源与机会的差距，在我国现有的高考分省录取体制下带来的直接后果，便是各地高等教育尤其是稀缺的优质高等教育入学机会的不均衡。

however,China's eastern/in/The uneven development between the western region.Especially the education foundation and the big difference of resources,In short level easier said than done!As the saying goes,"Ten years the trees,One hundred years to bear fruit".Education development gap more need quite a long time to gradually reduce.And education resources and opportunity gap,In our country's existing high test scores provincial admission system with a direct consequences,Higher education especially around is scarce of quality higher education admission opportunity is not balanced.

　　再者，异地高考与高考移民关系密切。众所周知，我国的高考政策是考生要在户籍所在地参加考试，换言之，无论考生在何处求学，都必须在原籍参加高考。而“异地高考”顾名思义是指在非户籍地参加高考。虽然“异地高考”的本意是要解决“随迁子女就地高考”的问题，但一旦放开，则很难从技术上对“进城务工人员随迁子女”与“高考移民”作出区分，从而可能因“鱼龙混杂”而加剧本已饱受非议的高考移民问题。近年来，高考录取机会的地域不公平，已年年成为全国“两会”的焦点，时时可能触发不同利益群体的对峙，成为教育领域危及社会和谐与政局稳定的头号难题。而高考录取机会的背后，又有着政治、经济、文化、人口、地理、教育基础与体制等多重复杂的影响因素。凡此种种，决定了解决异地高考问题的巨大难度与复杂性。

moreover,Different college entrance examination and closely related to the college entrance examination immigration.As is known to all,China's college entrance examination policy is the examinee to census register seat for the exam,In other words,No matter where the study,Must be in the home to participate in college entrance examination.and"Different college entrance examination"Just as its name implies is to point to in the registered for attending the national college entrance examination.although"Different college entrance examination"Original idea is to solve"SuiQian children in situ college entrance examination"problems,But once let go,It is hard to technically to"Migrant workers SuiQian children"and"College entrance examination immigrant"To distinguish,Which may be"Good and evil people mixed up"And aggravate the already suffered criticism of the college entrance examination immigration.In recent years,College entrance examination admission opportunity of regional unfair,Has become a national from year to year"lianghui"focus,Every may trigger different interest groups of confrontation,Become education field endanger social harmony and political stability number one problem.And college entrance examination admission opportunity behind,Have political/economic/culture/population/geographic/Education foundation and system, and so on multiple complex influence factors.Every this a variety of,The decision to solve different problems the college entrance examination the great difficulty and complexity.

　　从理论上说，大多数进城务工人员随迁子女在孩提时代就跟随父母进城，有些甚至在城市出生，在城市里上幼儿园、小学、中学，可是与户籍捆绑的高考制度让他们必须回到教学人员与教育内容完全陌生的原籍地参加高考。这既有失公平，也不尽仁道。

In theory,Most of the migrant workers SuiQian children in childhood followed parents into the city,Some even born in the city,In the city in kindergarten/Elementary school/Middle school,But bound and census register of the college entrance examination system that they must return to the teaching staff and education content completely strange home to attend the university entrance exam.It is unfair,Ren is endless also and.

　　对于解决外来务工人员随迁子女异地高考问题，社会各界见仁见智：有r人建议恢复全国统考，有人建议完全松绑异地高考，有人建议实行绝对的录取公平，还有人建议实行高校自主招生。各持己见也各有道理，但都无法根本或完全解决异地高考问题。这些建议可能在一定程度上满足了随迁子女异地高考的利益诉求，却有可能带来其他新的甚至更严重的公平问题。

To solve migrant workers SuiQian children different college entrance examination questions,The social from all walks of life opinions differ from each other:A r people suggest bringing back the national unified examination,It is suggested that completely relax different college entrance examination,It is suggested that the absolute admit a fair,It has also been suggested that implement the autonomous enrollment.Were at sixes and sevens also have each truth,But cannot root or completely solve different problems the college entrance examination.These Suggestions may be in a certain extent to meet the different SuiQian children in the interests of the university entrance exam appeal,But can bring other new and even more serious fair question.

谨防解决一个不公平的同时制造了另一个不公平 Beware of solve a unfair and made another unfair

　　社会各界不仅清醒意识到解决异地高考问题的重要性，而且正在设法解决它，这是好事却非易事。异地高考这一根源于社会发展不均衡、关涉各方面改革与利益重新分配的重大问题，不仅需要相当长的时期来逐步解决，而且也无法达到绝对的公平。对于高考这种牵涉面广、规模巨大的高利害考试，怎么改都可能会让部分群体认为不公平。但是，打破地域界限、破除地方保护主义是一种必然，更是一种必须。这是我们面对异地高考问题必须持有的理性认识。

The social from all walks of life not only conscious awareness to the importance of the problem to solve different college entrance examination,And is trying to solve it,This is a good thing but not easy.Different the university entrance exam this rooted in social development is not balanced/Regarding the reform and interests redistribution major issues,Not only need a long time to solved step by step,But also cannot reach absolutely fair.For the university entrance exam this they are wide/Large scale high interest examination,How to change might make part of the group does not think it fair.but,Break geographical boundaries/Break the regional protectionism is a kind of inevitable,But also a must.This is our face different college entrance examination questions must hold rational knowledge.

　　解决异地高考既要采取权宜之计，更要制定治本之策。综合改革、稳步推进、逐步放开，是解决这一问题的理性选择。首先，可将愿意参加全国统一高考省市的自主命题权收回，扩大全国试题覆盖面积，在试卷相同地区实行异地借考，藉此可扩大异地借考的范围。其次，对高职高专院校的招生完全解除户籍限制，允许考生不分户籍自主提出申请，不仅能给高职高专多提供一条生路，也在很大程度有利于解决异地高考问题。最后，按“先易后难”、“先地方后中央”的顺序，结合各地的实际情况和教育资源承受能力来制定具体细则，将具体决策权交给地方，有限放开或者完全放开异地高考。如果要求各地“一刀切”地贸然放开，对流动人口子女随迁就读京、沪等地的行为乃至对未来的务工流向等，都将产生极大的刺激作用，从而可能给流入地的教育、经济、就业、人口管理等带来很大压力，造成在地与流入双方人士的矛盾。即使在不损害流入地户籍学生教育机会的前提下，采取增量的办法给随迁子女分配招生指标，在高等教育规模不变的情况下，增加随迁人口子女的招生指标，必然意味着减少其他地学生的升学机会，从而可能带来新的不公。因此，各地在制定异地高考方案时，应当避免因政策失当引发新的社会矛盾，与改革初衷背道而驰。

Solve different college entrance examination should not only take stopgap,More to make permanent cure.Comprehensive reform/steadily/Gradually let go,Is the solution of this problem's rational choice.First of all,Will be willing to take part in the national unified college entrance examination provinces and cities and autonomous proposition right back,To expand the national exam coverage area,In the paper the same JieKao different areas,Through which can enlarge the scope of the different JieKao.secondly,The enrollment of higher vocational colleges to completely remove census register restrictions,Allow the examinee regardless of census register apply independently,Not only can give higher vocational colleges to provide more than a chance to live,Also in large measure to solve different problems the college entrance examination.finally,According to the"After the first easy to"/"After the first place of the central"order,Combined with the actual condition of each district and education resources to bear ability to formulate specific rules,Will the decision-making power to the place,Co., LTD., release or completely let go of different college entrance examination.If requires all"One size fits all"Ground rushed let go,The floating population SuiQian children in Beijing/Shanghai, behavior and even the future work flow, etc,Will produce great stimulation,Thus likely to the defined the education/economic/employment/Population management bring great pressure,Cause the land and the people into the contradiction.Even without prejudice to household education opportunity defined the students under the premise of,Take incremental method to SuiQian children enrollment distribution index,In the higher education scale under the condition of constant,Increase SuiQian population children's enrollment index,Necessary means to reduce other students entrance opportunity,Thus may bring new injustice.therefore,Everywhere in the college entrance examination for different solutions,Should avoid for policy misconduct trigger new social contradictions,And reform original intention run in the opposite direction.

　　由于随迁子女高考问题长期存在、积弊甚深，眼下只能先以逐步和有限放开、划拨增量等治标之策以对付其紧迫性。但强化资源均衡，加大扶持弱势地区各级教育尤其是高等教育的规模与质量，改变目前优质高等教育资源高度集中的局面，以及改革高考制度等，才是解决异地高考和高等教育机会地域失衡的治本之策。需要强调的是，高考毕竟只是高校选拔新生的一种手段，其功能是有限的，不能指望高考来解决教育乃至社会存在的所有不公平问题。高考面对教育资源失衡这一复杂问题，其实很无力，也很无奈。(郑若玲 作者单位：厦门大学高等教育发展研究中心)

Because SuiQian children the university entrance exam problems existing for a long time/Any very deep,Now can only be gradually and limited to let go/Transfer increment for take temporary solution to deal with the urgency.But strengthen resource equilibrium,Increases the support vulnerable areas at all levels of education especially higher education scale and quality,Change the present higher education resources quality highly centralized situation,And reform the university entrance exam system, etc,To solve the university entrance exam is different and higher education opportunity of regional imbalance permanent cure.Need to be emphasized,The university entrance exam after all is the selection of the new a means,Its function is limited,Can't expect the university entrance exam to solve the education and social being all the unfair problem.College entrance examination in the face of the education resources imbalance this complicated problem,Actually very weak,Is also very helpless.(ZhengReLing author unit:Xiamen university higher education development research center)