美国《科学》杂志网站20日公布了该刊评选的2012年十大科学进展，其中发现被称为“上帝粒子”的希格斯玻色子被列为本年度最大科学突破。

The United States[science]Magazine website 20, published by the journal selection of 2012 top ten scientific progress,The discovery is called"The god particle"The higgs boson is listed as this year's biggest scientific breakthrough.

　1 发现“上帝粒子” 1 found"The god particle"

　　希格斯玻色子是英国教授彼得·希格斯在上世纪60年代的理论研究中预言存在的粒子，是物质的质量之源，其他粒子在希格斯玻色子构成的“海洋”中“游弋”，受其作用而产生惯性，最终才有了质量。在物理学“标准模型”所预言的基本粒子中，希格斯玻色子是最后一种被证明存在的基本粒子，由于它极为重要又难以寻觅，曾有人开玩笑说它是“上帝诅咒的粒子”，后来常被称作“上帝粒子”。

The higgs boson is the professor Peter higgs predicted that in theoretical research in the 1960 s of particles,Is the source of the quality of the material,Other particles in the higgs boson"The ocean"In the"cruising",By its function and inertia,Finally have quality.In physics"The standard model"The prediction of elementary particles,The higgs boson is the last kind of fundamental particles was proved to exist,Because it is very important and difficult to find,Have been joked that it is"God curse of particles",Often called later"The god particle".

　　欧洲核子研究中心今年7月4日宣布，该中心的两个强子对撞实验项目——ATLAS和CMS均发现一种新的粒子，具有和科学家们多年以来一直寻找的希格斯玻色子相一致的特性。数据的确定性为5西格玛，即理论物理界可以确认“发现”的水平。《科学》杂志认为，这项发现将“标准模型”拼图中的最后一块填充到位，虽然尚不清楚该发现未来将把粒子物理领域引向何处，但其对物理学界的重大影响不可否认。

European nuclear research center announced on July 4, this year,The center of the two hadron cognition experiment project - ATLAS and CMS are discovered a new particle,Have and scientists over the years has been looking for the higgs boson consistent characteristics.Data of uncertainty for five sigma,Is the theory of physical society can confirm"Found that the"The level of.[science]Journal of think,The findings will be"The standard model"Last piece of puzzle filling in place,Although it is not clear the findings in the future will be to where the particle physics field,But the undeniable influence on physics major.

　2 丹尼索瓦人基因组 2 Danny wai man genome

　　德国马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所科学家开发出一种将特定分子与单股DNA相结合的新技术。通过这种技术，他们利用一个距今7.4万年至8.2万年的指骨碎片获得了丹尼索瓦人的基因组高覆盖率测序数据，重建其基因组全序列。从如此古老的样本中制作出高品质全基因组，意味着科学界在古代DNA测序领域取得巨大进步。

Max Planck institute for evolutionary anthropology in Germany Max scientists developed a particular molecule with single strands of DNA with the combination of new technology.Through this kind of technology,They used a dating from 74000 to eight2000 the phalanx of fragments obtained Danny cable, high coverage rate of genome sequencing data,Reconstruction of the whole genome sequence.From that of the old samples produce high quality whole genome,Means that the scientific community achieve great progress in the field of ancient DNA sequencing.

　3 用干细胞制造卵子 3 with stem cells make eggs

　　日本京都大学研究小组今年10月报告说，他们首次利用诱导多功能干细胞成功培育出实验鼠的卵子，并使其受精从而诞出健康小鼠。实验结果未能达到科学家们的终极目标——完全在实验室中得到卵细胞，但它为研究基因及其他影响生育和卵细胞发育的因素提供了强有力工具。

Japan's Kyoto university research team reported that October this year,They made the first successful use muti_function stem cells induced by mice produced eggs,And fertilize it should be a healthy mice.Experimental results failed to achieve the ultimate goal of scientists - completely get eggs in the lab,But its for the study of genes and other factors affecting the development of fertility and eggs provides a powerful tool.

　4 “好奇”号火星车着陆系统 4 "curious"Landing on the spirit rover system

　　重达900多公斤的美国“好奇”号火星车8月6日借助由火箭提供动力的、名为“天空起重机”的助降系统缓缓在火星表面着陆。从进入火星大气层到着陆仅用了7分钟，虽然难度高、风险大，但着陆过程堪称完美。

Weighing more than 900 kilograms of the United States"curious"August 6 th the spirit rover with powered by rocket/Whose name is"The sky crane"The help system slowly landed on the surface.From entering the Martian atmosphere to landing with only 7 minutes,Although the difficulty of the high/Great risk,But landing process is perfect.

　5 X射线激光给出蛋白质结构 5 X-ray laser protein structure is given

　　一个科学家团队利用比传统同步加速辐射源亮10亿倍的X射线激光确认了布氏锥虫所需的一种酶的结构。这一进展证明用X射线激光照射的方式来解密蛋白质结构的可能性。

A team of scientists use 1 billion times brighter than traditional synchronous speed emitters of X-ray laser confirmed brinell trypanosome an enzyme needed for the structure.This proof of progress with X-ray laser to decrypt the possibility of protein structure.

　6 基因组的精密工程 The genome of precision engineering

　　对高等生物DNA的修改和删除一般而言无法确定结果。不过在2012年，一种名为“转录激活子样效应因子核酸酶”的工具赋予研究人员改变或消灭活的斑马鱼、蟾蜍、牲畜甚至病人细胞中特定基因的能力。这种技术被证明与基因靶向技术一样有效但较为廉价，而且能让研究人员确认基因及突变在健康人和病人中的特定作用。

To higher biological DNA, modify and delete in general can not be sure the results.But in 2012,A name"Transcriptional activation son sample effect factor nucleic acid enzymes"The tools to live zebrafish researchers change or destroy/toad/Cattle even patients the ability of specific genes in the cell.This technique was proved as effective but relatively cheap as gene targeting,But also can let the researchers confirmed and mutations in healthy people and the specific role of the patient.

　7 马约拉纳费米子 7 Mayo rana fermions

　　它是一种反粒子就是自身的粒子，物理学界有关其是否存在的争论已持续了70多年。荷兰代尔夫特理工大学科学家今年首次观测到马约拉纳费米子存在的坚实证据。这一发现已促使科学家努力将马约拉纳费米子结合到量子计算中，因为他们认为，由这些神秘粒子组成的“量子比特”会比目前数字计算机中所拥有的比特更有效率地存储和处理数据。

It is an antiparticle is the particle itself,Physics the debate over its existence has lasted for more than 70 years.The Dutch scientists delft university of technology for the first time this year to Mayo rana fermion solid evidence of existence.The discovery has encouraged scientists to combine Mayo rana fermion into the quantum computing,Because they think,Composed of these mysterious particles"Quantum bits"Than in the present digital computer have bits to store and process data more efficiently.

8 “DNA元素百科全书”计划 eight "DNA elements in an encyclopedia"plan

　　国际科学界9月5日宣布，“DNA元素百科全书”计划获得了迄今最详细的人类基因组分析数据，这是“人类基因组计划”之后国际科学界在基因研究领域取得的又一重大进展。本次公布的数据显示，人类基因组中约80%的基因都有某种确定的功能。这些新细节能帮助研究人员理解基因受到控制的途径，并摸清某些疾病的遗传学风险因子。

The international scientific community announced on September 5 th,"DNA elements in an encyclopedia"Plan won so far the most detailed analysis of the human genome data,This is the"The human genome project"The international scientific community after another major progress in the field of genetic research.The figures showed,About eight0% of genes in the human genome has a definite function.These new details can help researchers understand genes control approach,And understand the genetic risk factors of certain diseases.

9 人脑-机器接口 9 - the brain machine interface

　　美国布朗大学等机构研究人员今年展示了让瘫痪病人用意念移动机械臂并从事复杂三维运动的技术。这种技术仍然是试验性的，而且极其昂贵，不过科学家们希望，更先进的计算程序可改善这种神经性假肢，用以帮助因中风、脊髓损伤等而瘫痪的病人。这种“人脑-机器”接口研究在未来有广阔的应用空间，除了能帮助残疾人外，在军事和太空探索等领域也有非常高的实用价值。

Institutions such as the United States brown university researchers showed this year let paralyzed patients with thoughts of mobile manipulator and engaged in complex three-dimensional movement technology.This technology is still experimental,They were very expensive,But scientists hope,More advanced computing program can improve the neurological prosthesis,To help because of stroke/Spinal cord injury, and paralyzed patients.This kind of"Human - machines"Interface research have broad application of space in the future,In addition to helping the disabled people,In fields such as military and space exploration has very high practical value.

　10 中微子振荡 10 neutrino oscillation

　　大亚湾中微子实验国际合作组3月宣布，大亚湾中微子实验发现了一种新的中微子振荡，并测量到其振荡几率。这一重要成果对于最终揭开宇宙起源和演化之谜有着重大意义。

Daya bay neutrino experiment international cooperation group announced in March,Daya bay neutrino experiments have discovered a new neutrino oscillation,And measured the oscillation.The important achievements for the final is significant to the mystery of the origin and evolution.