随迁子女群体庞大集中，轻易涌入挑战城市承载

SuiQian children group huge concentration,Easily into challenge city bearing

　　在12月31日“大限”前一天，“北上广”异地高考方案终于“千呼万唤始出来”。方案的背后，三地都有现实的苦衷。

On December 31,"time"The day before,"North guang"Different college entrance examination plan finally"Call again and again beginning".Behind the plan,Three places are realistic difficulties.

　　面对随迁子女升学考试的难题，北京教育口一致的反应是：人口基数大，压力大。2011年，北京市的常住人口为2018.6万人，其中非京户籍人口占36.8%，为742.2万人。人数多，保障其权益便更显重要，但在具体操作上却需要条件支撑。 北上广一天之内异地高考方案全出齐

The problem of face SuiQian children entrance examination,Beijing education is consistent with the reaction:Large population base,pressure.In 2011,,Beijing's permanent population of 20.186 million,The non - Beijing census register population accounted for 36.8%,For 7.422 million people.number,Safeguard the rights and interests and more important,But in the specific operation requirements. North widely different college entrance examination plan out all in one day? ?? ?[相关]北上广等6城市将异地办.. |  北上广等6城市外地人员..

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　　一位中学校长评价说：“这个压力，不仅眼前大，未来更大。”近年来，北京年增人口60万，目前北京学校的外来就读学生，高中约占10%，初中约占30%，而就读的小学生中，外地生源已达45%，人数为32.5万人。北京朝阳区教委认为可能会出现“小学入学高峰叠加现象”。统计表明，随着奥运宝宝长大，到2014年，全市小学一年级入学人数，将由目前的10万人，剧增到18万人，增长率高达80%。

Evaluation of a high school principal said:"This pressure,Not only the sight of the big,In the future more."In recent years,Beijing increase in population of 600000,At present the school foreign students studying in Beijing,High school about 10%,About 30% of junior high school,While studying in the primary school students,Foreign students has reached 45%,Number of 325000.Beijing chaoyang district education commission that may occur"Primary school enrollment peak superposition phenomenon".Statistics show that,Along with the baby grow up,By the year 2014,The city's primary school enrollment, grade 1,100000 people will be present,Increase to 180000,Growth rate as high as 80%.

　　而全国进城务工人员的第一大省广东，面临的局面也异常艰难。由于当地随迁子女群体较大，且80%以上集中在珠三角地区，教育资源承载能力难以负荷。据统计，2012年，广东省义务教育阶段非户籍学生365.4万人，其中外省户籍188.1万人。如不设准入条件，每年将有超过20万的随迁子女进入高中阶段就读。按现有学生测算，仅珠三角地区需至少增加200多所初中和高中，新增各类学校所需的土地、师资、投入等，在当地政府看来已“难以承受”。

And the first big province of guangdong migrant workers,It is still facing the situation of difficult.Due to the local SuiQian children group is larger,And more than 80% focused on the pearl river delta region,Education resources carrying capacity is difficult to load.According to statistics,In 2012,,Guangdong province compulsory education phase non household 3.654 million students,The provincial census register 1.881 million people.If you don't have access conditions,Every year there will be more than 200000 SuiQian children enter high school.According to current students,Only in the pearl river delta should be at least more than 200 junior and senior high school,Add all kinds of land needed for school/The teachers/Investment, etc,It seems to the local government has set up a file"unbearable".

　　更令人担忧的是，广东省本地高考生源也以每年平均增加4万多人的速度持续增长，今年已达69.2万人，2014年和2015年，该省高考报考人数将处于高峰期。广东省教育厅有关负责人坦言，如果全面放开异地高考，该省高考报考人数将会大幅度增加，优质高校特别是高水平大学在粤招生计划偏少的矛盾将会更加尖锐。“一旦大量人口滞留或居住，还将带来城市人口过快膨胀、水资源缺乏、生活环境恶化、交通、就业等一系列社会问题。”有专家表示。

More worrying,Guangdong province local college entrance examination student also sustained growth at an average annual rate increase of more than 40000 people,This year has reached 692000,2014 and 2015,The province college entrance examination to enter oneself for an examination the number will be rush hour.Guangdong provincial department of education officials said,If fully release different college entrance examination,The province college entrance examination to enter oneself for an examination the number will increase sharply,Quality university, especially high-level university in guangdong enrollment plan less conflict will be more sharp."Once a large number of population stranded or living,Also will bring rapid expansion of urban population/Lack of water resources/Living environment deterioration/The traffic/A series of social problems such as employment."Experts say.

方案为何“分步走”？ Why do plan"Step by step walk"?

综合改革需要综合配套，教育资源建设周期较长 Comprehensive reform needs to be comprehensive,Education resources construction cycle is long

　　在放开异地高考的路线上，“北上广”不约而同地选择了“分步实施、逐步解决”的思路。从表面看，除了广东方案有明确的门槛外，北京和上海方案的“实质内容”仍不明朗。

On let go of different college entrance examination line,"North guang"Happen to coincide to choose"implementing/Solved step by step"The thought of.On the face of it,In addition to the threshold of the guangdong plan with clear,Beijing and Shanghai scheme"substance"Still not clear.

　　北京方案中，提出了两个措施，一是与进京务工人员的管理办法挂钩，一是设置过渡期。对此，北京市教委解释说，作为一项综合改革，必须进行综合配套的制度设计，教育资源的准备和建设周期也较长。据了解，在方案出台前，北京市成立了包括10余个部门的专门工作小组，就进城务工人员就业、居住、社保和随迁子女就学情况展开深入调查。即便不考虑新政策带来的新需求，仅按常态增速，到2020年，北京市小学需新增学位30万个，初中新增11.5万个，任务颇为艰巨。此外，需要相关部门协同支撑，也是设立“过渡期”的考虑之一。目前，北京市的过渡期为3年，异地高考方案将按照“先职业教育后普通教育，先中职后高职、先专科后本科、先借考后高考”的思路，分步实施。

Beijing scheme,The two measures are put forward,It is linked to besides measures for the administration of the migrants,One is to set transition.this,The Beijing municipal education commission explained,As a comprehensive reform,Must be comprehensive design of the system,Education resources of preparation and construction cycle is long.It is understood,Before to come,Beijing established including more than 10 department special work group,And employment of migrant workers/live/Social security and a thorough investigation SuiQian children go to school.Even if take no account of new policy brought the new needs,Only according to the normal growth,By the year 2020,Beijing primary school need to be added 300000 degree,115000 new junior high school,Task is arduous.In addition,Need to related department to support together,Is set up"Transitional period"One of the consideration of.At present,,Beijing's transitional period is 3 years,Different solutions will be in accordance with the college entrance exams"After the first vocational education ordinary education,After the first secondary vocational college/After the first college undergraduate course/JieKao before the college entrance examination"The thought of,implementing.

　　据介绍，2013年，北京将对进城务工人员进行分类服务管理，并把它与随迁子女升学考试工作方案挂钩。从这个做法中，可以看到上海居住证管理办法和天津蓝印户口政策的影子。而在北京市《进城务工人员随迁子女接受义务教育后在京参加升学考试工作方案》也提出：要根据进城务工人员的文化程度、技能水平、工作年限、社会贡献、合法稳定居所、参保情况、从事职业、是否符合计划生育政策等因素，兼顾北京市人口资源环境综合承载能力，出台北京市进城务工人员服务管理措施。

According to introducing,In 2013,,Beijing will classify migrant workers service management,And put it with SuiQian children entrance examination work plan.From this practice,Can see Shanghai residence permit measures for the administration and tianjin blue print account policy of shadow.And in Beijing[SuiQian migrant workers children accept compulsory education entrance exam in Beijing after work]Also put forward:According to the culture of the migrant workers/Skill levels/Fixed number of year of the work/Social contributions/Legal stable habitation/Ginseng situation/Engaged in the professional/Whether accord with the family planning policy and other factors,Give attention to the comprehensive carrying capacity of the population, resources and the environment of Beijing,On Beijing's migrant workers service management measures.

　　而上海方案的核心，则是《上海市居住证管理办法》，并以此作为2014年实施的异地高考方案的依据，对随迁子女父母有一定积分要求。按照文件中的解释，这是在充分考虑上海作为特大型城市的人口、资源、环境和各项公共服务的承载能力，按照“逐渐放宽、分步推进、合理梯度、不断深化”的思路，推出的稳妥有序的方案。

The core of the scheme and Shanghai,It is[Measures for the administration of Shanghai residence permit],And as the basis for the implementation scheme of different college entrance examination in 2014,To SuiQian parents have certain points.According to the documents of the interpretation,This is in Shanghai, fully consider as a large population of the city/resources/The bearing capacity of the environment and the public service,In accordance with the"Gradually relaxed/Step by step forward/Reasonable gradient/deepening"The thought of,The launch of the safe and orderly.

　　至于“分三步走”的广东方案，据广东省教育厅有关负责人介绍，该省教育厅、发改委、公安厅、人社厅、住建厅等部门已在政策出台前联合开展调查摸底，统筹考虑该省随迁子女升学考试需求和教育资源承载能力。

As for the"Separated into three steps"Scheme of guangdong,According to the official in charge of provincial department of education of guangdong province,The province provincial department of education/Development and reform commission/Provincial public security/One club hall/Living building hall before the policy of the department has set up a file in the joint survey touch bottom,Considered the province SuiQian children entrance examination education resources carrying capacity and demand.

　　毕竟，“北上广”方案的决策者都明白，解决进城务工人员随迁子女参加升学考试，不仅是一项教育改革，也是一项涉及就业、住房、社保、公共服务、人口管理等诸多方面的综合改革，是一项复杂的社会系统工程。正如北京市分管教育工作的副市长洪峰所言：“此事看起来是教育问题，实质也是加强社会管理的问题，是坚持以人为本、促进社会公平的问题。”

After all,,"North guang"Scheme of the decision makers are understand,Solve migrant workers SuiQian children take part in the entrance examination,Is not only a education reform,Is also a related employment/housing/Social security/The public service/The population management, and many other aspects of the comprehensive reform,Is a complex social system project.As deputy mayor for education work of the Beijing flood peak:"It looks like is the question of education,Essence is to strengthen the management of social problems,Is to adhere to the people-centered/To promote social fairness problem."

哪些政策先落实？ What policy first?

中职高职考试先开豁口，多部门联动防“高考移民” Secondary vocational or test first,Many departments linkage"College entrance examination immigration"

　　尽管设置了3年的过渡期，让很多即将面临高考的非京籍考生有些失望，但北京方案打开中职和高职考试的“豁口”，还是让一些随迁子女看到曙光。

Although set up three years of transition,Many will face the university entrance exam of Beijing examinee some disappointment,But Beijing scheme open the secondary and higher vocational the exam"rarely",Let some SuiQian children see dawn.

　　2013年起，针对符合条件的随迁子女，将开放中职考试。农村学生若学习涉农专业，还将享有北京市中等职业教育免学费和国家助学金政策。2014年起，符合相关条件的随迁子女，可以参加高职考试录取。学生从高等职业学校毕业后，可以参加优秀应届毕业生升入本科阶段学习的推荐与考试录取。

Since 2013,,To comply with the conditions of SuiQian children,Will open the secondary test.If the countryside student learning related major,Will also enjoy Beijing secondary vocational education free tuition fees and the state grants policy.Since 2014,,Qualified SuiQian children,May participate in the vocational college admission test.Students from higher vocational school after graduation,May participate in the outstanding graduates into undergraduate study recommend and enrollment.

　　高考“借考”也将成为新举措，满足的条件则为：持有有效北京市居住证明，具有合法稳定职业及合法稳定住所，其随迁子女具有本市学籍且已在京连续就读高中阶段教育3年学习年限的，可选择在京借考高考。北京市按教育部相关文件规定，经学生户籍所在省同意后为学生提供高考文化课在京借考服务，学生回户籍所在省参加高校招生录取。

The university entrance exam"JieKao"Will also be new measures,It is to meet the conditions:A valid proof of Beijing,Legally stable occupation and stable legal residence,The SuiQian children with the city and the university has set up a file in the Beijing high school stage education three consecutive years learning fixed number of year,Can choose JieKao the university entrance exam in Beijing.Beijing related documents according to the ministry of education,With students household province consent to provide students with the university entrance exam of literacy class in Beijing JieKao service,Students back to census register of the province in the enrollment of colleges and universities.

　　除了中职、高职考试外，北京还将对持有有效北京市居住证明的外来务工人员的随迁子女提供多样化服务，包括和户籍学生同等待遇报名参加北京市成人高等教育、高等教育自学考试、网络高等教育、开放大学的考试录取。

In addition to the school/Higher vocational test outside,Beijing will also be in a valid proof of SuiQian children of migrant workers to provide diversified services,Including the same treatment and census register students enrolled in adult higher education in Beijing/Higher education self-study exam/Network of higher education/The Open University's enrollment.

　　广东方案则为政策执行划定了“边界”，以防止“高考移民”。该省教育厅相关负责人介绍说，教育部门负责随迁子女连续就学年限和学籍的审核工作；公安部门负责进城务工人员居住证的审核工作；人力资源和社会保障部门负责进城务工人员稳定就业和按照国家规定参加社会保险年限的审核工作；住房城乡建设部门负责对进城务工人员及其随迁子女的合法住所进行审核。

Guangdong scheme for policy implementation defined"The boundary",In order to prevent"College entrance examination immigration".Relevant person in charge of the provincial department of education said in that province,Fixed number of year of the education department responsible for the continuous SuiQian children go to school and university of audit work;Public security department is responsible for the residence permit the audit work of migrant workers;Human resources and social security department is responsible for the migrant workers stable jobs and attend social insurance in accordance with the provisions of the state of the audit work;Housing urban and rural construction department is responsible for migrant workers and their SuiQian children's legal domicile in audit.

　　而针对就地录取可能引发的挤占本地生源招生指标的问题，该负责人表示，等待方案具体实施后，将依据随迁子女参加升学考试人数规模，合理调配教育资源，争取国家适当增加招生计划，既积极稳妥地推进随迁子女升学考试工作，又保障本省户籍考生高考录取比例不受影响。

And according to the on-site acceptance may be caused by the occupy the local indicators of student enrollment,The person in charge said,After waiting for project implementation,Will be based on the number of SuiQian children to participate in the entrance examination,Reasonable allocate education resources,For countries increasing enrollment plan,Not only actively promote SuiQian children entrance examination work,And ensure the province census register examinee college entrance examination admission rate shall not be affected.

　　记者 朱竞若 贺林平 魏 薇 姜泓冰

Reporter ZhuJing if royal LinPing wei wei JiangHongBing