1.制定出台《全面推进依法治校实施纲要》的背景和意义是什么？ 1. Promulgated[Promote the overall governance in accordance with the implementation of the program]The background and meaning of is what?

　　制定出台《实施纲要》是教育部贯彻落实党的十八大精神和《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》的一项重要举措。在各级各类学校实施依法治校是教育领域落实依法治国基本方略的必然要求，也是建立依法办学、自主管理、民主监督、社会参与的现代学校制度，构建政府、学校、社会之间新型关系的必由途径。《实施纲要》共分9个方面，全面涵盖了各级各类学校推进依法治校的目标要求和主要任务，对学校按照法治精神与原则，转变管理理念和手段、方式提出了系统要求，是一个具有里程碑意义的文件，对推动我国学校行政管理体制和内部治理机制改革具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。

promulgated[To the implementation of the program]The ministry of education is implementing the party's great spirit and eighteen[National medium and long-term education reform and development plan outline(2010-2020)]One of the most important measures.In the schools of various levels in accordance with the implementation of the school education field implement the rule of law is the inevitable requirement of basic strategy,Is set up according to law school/Independent management/Democratic supervision/Social participation in the modern school system,Structuring the government/The school/Social relationship between by way of will.[To the implementation of the program]Is divided into nine aspects,Comprehensive coverage of all kinds of schools at all levels to promote governance objectives and main task,According to the rule of law to the school spirit and principles,Change management ideas and methods/Manner the system requirements,Is a landmark document,To promote our country school administration system and internal governance mechanism reform has great realistic meaning and profound historic significance.

　　颁布《实施纲要》，根本目的在于促使各地和各级各类学校深刻认识依法治校的重要性和紧迫性，明确推进依法治校的思路、举措和重点；积极推进依法治校的实践，加快形成政府依法管理学校、学校依法办学、自主管理，教师依法执教，社会依法支持和管理学校的新格局，使法治成为政府管理学校和学校内部治理的基本方式。

issued[To the implementation of the program],Fundamental purpose is to country and various and of all kinds school profound understanding of the importance and urgency of lawful management,Clear in order to push forward the train of thought of governance/Measures and key;Actively promote the practice of administration according to law,Speed up the formation of government management according to law school/School education in accordance with the/Independent management,Teachers teach in accordance with the,Social support and management in accordance with the new pattern of the school,Make the rule of law as the government management school and the school internal management of the basic mode.

2.如何理解全面推进依法治校？ 2. How to understand comprehensively promote the perspectives of structure?

　　教育部早在1999年就提出了依法治校的要求，2003年印发了《教育部关于加强依法治校工作的若干意见》。《实施纲要》根据已有实践和新的形势，提出了新要求：一是全面部署。《实施纲要》抓住了学校办学和管理中核心要素，对各级各类学校提出了普遍要求，全面推进。二是全面阐释内涵和要求。《实施纲要》根据实践发展，全面阐述了依法治校的内涵、意义和指导思想，系统提出了总体要求和具体措施。三是全面推进实施。《实施纲要》从健全依法办学自主管理的制度体系、完善学校内部治理结构、规范学校依法办学行为、健全校内权利救济和纠纷解决机制、营造学校法治文化氛围、健全依法治校评价考核机制和转变政府职能等7个方面，对学校办学管理提出了具体的工作要求和目标任务，将全面提升学校依法治校的能力和水平摆上了教育部门和学校的议事日程。四是全面动员各方力量。《实施纲要》明确了政府及学校内部各个主体，以及社会在推进依法治校中的地位、职责及权利义务，构建了广泛参与、共同推进的格局。

The ministry of education as early as in 1999 in accordance with the requirements of the school is put forward,In 2003 the issued by[The ministry of education on strengthening the lawful management work certain opinions].[To the implementation of the program]According to the existing practice and the new situation,Puts forward new requirements:One is the comprehensive deployment.[To the implementation of the program]Seize the school education and management of the core elements,For all levels and various kinds of school puts forward the universal demand,promote.The second is the comprehensive interpretation of connotation and requirements.[To the implementation of the program]According to the practice,This article discussed the connotation of lawful management/Significance and guiding ideology,The system puts forward the general requirements and specific measures.Three is to promote implementation.[To the implementation of the program]In accordance with the sound from the independent management system/Perfect school internal governance structure/In accordance with the standard school education behavior/And improve the right remedy and dispute settlement mechanism/To build the school the rule of law culture atmosphere/Perfect by corresponding evaluation mechanism and the transformation of government functions and seven aspects,School management to put forward the specific job requirements and target task,The school will improve the ability to govern the school legally and horizontal pendulum on the education department and school agenda.The fourth is fully mobilize all forces.[To the implementation of the program]Clear the government and school internal each subject,And social in promoting the status of lawful management/Duties and rights and obligations,Constructs the broad participation/Promote pattern.

3.《实施纲要》对学校内部制度体系建设提出了哪些要求？ 3.[To the implementation of the program]The internal system of school construction put forward which requirements?

　　《实施纲要》强调学校要以章程建设为核心，切实推进学校依法办学自主管理的制度体系建设。《实施纲要》明确，学校章程应当着力规范学校的内部治理机构和权力运行规则，成为依法治校的基本依据；要求教育部门建立健全章程核准机制，到2015年全面形成一校一章程的局面。同时，要求学校从程序和实体两个方面，不断提高制度建设质量，凡制定章程和关系师生权益的重要规章制度，都要遵循民主公开的程序，健全师生参与的渠道，征求利益相关方意见。学校规章制度的内容要符合法律保留、公平公正等法治原则，不得非法给师生设定义务，如乱设罚款等。《实施纲要》还要求建立校内规范性文件审查与清理机制，由专门机构依据法律和学校章程对校内规章制度进行审查定期进行清理，保证学校制度体系的合法适当和协调统一。

[To the implementation of the program]Emphasize to the construction of the articles of association of the school as the core,Promote the school education in accordance with the independent management system construction.[To the implementation of the program]clear,The articles of association of school should focus on the standard school internal management mechanism and power operation rules,Become the basic foundation of lawful management;Education department for approval to establish and perfect the mechanism of the articles of association,In 2015 to form a comprehensive school articles of association of a situation.At the same time,Requires schools from the procedure and entity two aspects,Constantly improve the system construction quality,All the teachers and students relations for articles of association and the rights and interests of the important rules and regulations,All want to follow the democratic public program,Improve the teachers and students to participate in the channel,Ask for stakeholder opinion.The content of the school rules and regulations to conform to the legal reserve/The principle of the rule of law and fair,May illegally to teachers and students set obligations,Such as disorderly set fine and so on.[To the implementation of the program]It also requires to establish the normative documents review and cleaning mechanism,The specialized agency according to law and the articles of association of the school rules and regulations to review regular cleaning,Ensure that the school system legal properly and harmonious and unified.

4.《实施纲要》对学校治理结构的完善提出了哪些要求？ 4.[To the implementation of the program]For the improvement of the school management structure is put forward which requirements?

　　依法健全学校内部治理机构，保障学校权力依法规范行使和有效监督是全面推进依法治校的关键。《实施纲要》要求，学校首先要健全科学民主的决策机制，实现决策的科学化、民主化和法治化。在加强和改进学校党的领导的基础上，高等学校、中小学、职业学校、民办学校和中外合作办学机构，要根据各自特点，依法健全决策机制，在重大事项决策上建立相应的决策风险评估机制，完善决策公开和决策执行效果评估制度。同时，要完善决策执行与监督机制，在学校内部形成决策权、执行权与监督权既相互制约又相互协调的治理结构。其次，学校应当以教学科研为核心，探索完善管理体制，克服实际存在的行政化倾向，实现学术权力与行政权力的相对分离，保障学术权力按照学术规律相对独立行使。第三，要完善学校的民主管理和监督机制。《实施纲要》强调，学校要扩大有序参与，加强议事协商，完善基层民主制度，切实通过教职工代表大会、学生会等组织，保障师生的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权。第四，要健全社会参与机制，积极扩大社会参与学校办学与管理的渠道和方式。

Perfect school in accordance with the internal management mechanism,Security school power to standardize exercise and effective supervision is the key to promote the overall administration according to law.[To the implementation of the program]requirements,The school should first improve the scientific and democratic decision-making mechanism,To realize scientific decision-making/Democratization and legalization.To strengthen and improve the leadership of the party school of the basis,Higher school/Middle and primary school/Vocational school/Private schools and chinese-foreign cooperatively-run schools,According to their characteristics,Improve the decision-making mechanism in accordance with law,In the major issues on the decision to establish corresponding decision risk assessment mechanism,The decision open and decision implementation effect evaluation system.At the same time,To improve decision implementation and supervision mechanism,In the school formed within the decision-making power/Executive power and supervision is interacting and coordination of the governance structure.secondly,The school ought to teaching and scientific research as the core,Explore the perfect management system,Overcome in existence security administration tendency,Achieve academic power and administrative power of relative separation,Security in accordance with the law of academic power relatively independent academic exercise.The third,To improve school democratic management and supervision mechanism.[To the implementation of the program]emphasize,Schools to expand orderly participation,Strengthen the consultation,Perfect democracy at the grassroots level system,And through the staff congress/Student organizations such as,Security teachers' and students' right to know/participate/Right to express and supervision.The fourth,To improve the social participation mechanism,Extend the society to participate in school education and management of the channel and the way.

5.为什么要把家长委员会制度作为中小学依法治校的重要内容？ 5. Why do you bring parents committee system as a primary and secondary schools is an important content of lawful management?

　　在中小学全面建立家长委员会制度，既是促进家校合作与沟通的重要途径，也是保障学生家长能够有效参与学校管理，增加学校管理、决策的科学性、民主性，完善学校治理机构的重要机制。《实施纲要》对中小学家长委员会的职能、产生办法以及学校与家长委员会的关系作了全面规定，特别规定在一些涉及学生利益的事项上，家长委员会要有发言权甚至是决策权。要求学校完善制度、提供条件，保障家长委员会在学校治理中发挥更大的作用。

In primary and secondary schools set up overall parents committee system,Is not only promote parent-school cooperative and an important way of communication,Also guarantees the parents of the students can effectively participate in school management,Increase school management/Decision-making more scientific/democracy,Improve school management mechanism is the important mechanism of.[To the implementation of the program]The functions of the committee for primary and secondary school parents/Produce methods, and the relationship between the school and the parents committee made a comprehensive regulations,Special provisions in some involving students interests in matters,Parents committee to have the right to speak even decision-making authority.Require schools to perfect the system/Provide conditions,Security parents committee in the school management plays a more important role.

6.《实施纲要》对学校依法自主办学提出了哪些要求？ 6.[To the implementation of the program]To the school run independently in accordance with the proposed which requirements?

　　教书育人是学校的核心职能和存在根基。依法办学，落实师生主体地位，形成自由平等公正法治的育人环境，是学校推进依法治校的落脚点和具体体现。《实施纲要》从学校组织和实施办学活动、建设平等校园环境、保护学生和教师权利、健全学术自由的保障与监督机制、推进信息公开和办事公开等几个方面，对学校依法办学提出了全面要求。明确了学校在招生、教学、评价等活动中依法实施管理行为的基本规则。要求坚决杜绝教师违反法定义务和国家规定，利用自身特定职权谋取不当利益的行为。强调要在校园中大力弘扬平等意识，注重对学生和教师权利的尊重和保护。要求全面加强学校的信息公开和办事公开，建立便捷有效的信息沟通渠道，公开社会、师生关注的信息，使师生对学校的意见能够及时得到反馈。

Teaching is the core of school function and existing foundation.Running in accordance with the,Implementation of the subject status of teachers and students,Forming a free equal justice rule of law education environment,Is the school to promote the essences of governance and the concrete embodiment.[To the implementation of the program]From the school organization and implementation of activities of running schools/The construction of campus environment of equality/To protect the rights of students and teachers/Improve the assurance of academic freedom and supervision mechanism/Promote information publicity and public work etc,In accordance with the law to the school education puts forward the comprehensive requirements.Clear the school in the recruitment of students/teaching/Evaluation of the implementation of the management activities in accordance with the basic rules of behavior.Request firmly put an end to the teacher in violation of legal obligation and state regulations,Using their own specific functions and powers for the interests of the improper behavior.To emphasize on campus to promote equality consciousness,Pays great attention to the student and teacher respect for and protection of rights.Requirements strengthen school information publicity and public work,Establish convenient effective information communication channels,Public social/The teachers and students pay attention to information,Make the teachers and students of the school opinion can get the timely feedback.

7.《实施纲要》为什么提出建设平等校园环境？ 7.[To the implementation of the program]Why put forward building equality campus environment?

　　构建平等校园是落实教育公平、权利平等理念的直接要求和集中体现。实践中，有些学校在办学、管理以及招生过程中，制定的政策或者规章制度有意或者无意间，违背了权利平等原则，甚至构成歧视。因此，《实施纲要》从建立平等理念入手，要求以平等对待所有学生为核心，明确学校要在体制和机制上落实和体现师生平等、管理者与师生平等、性别平等和民族平等，消除任何不合法、不合理的分类及区别对待，并特别强调要把保障残疾人的平等受教育权作为依法治校、建设平等校园的重要内容。

Construct campus is equal education fair implementation/The idea of equal rights directly requirements and embodiment.practice,Some schools in the school/Management and recruitment process,Formulate policies or rules and regulations to or by accident,Violate the principle of equality right,Even that discriminates against.so,[To the implementation of the program]From the establishment of equality concept,Asked to equal treatment to all the students as the core,Clear school in system and mechanism implemented and reflect equality between teachers and students/Managers and equality between teachers and students/Gender equality and national equality,Eliminate any illegal/No reasonable classification and discriminating,And special emphasis on the protection of disabled persons to education equality as a lawful management/The important content of the construction of campus equality.

8.为什么要把保障学术自由作为依法治校的内容？ 8. Why do you want to put the security academic freedom as the content of the lawful management?

　　教师和学生是学校的主体，保障教师和学生的研究自由、学习自由和学术自由是学校办学自主权的重要内容。同时，学术自由也需要在法定限度内行使。当前出现的学术失范行为等现象，与缺乏相应的监督机制有直接的关系。因此，《实施纲要》从保障和监督两个层面对学术管理的体制机制提出了要求，要求学校建立公正、公平的学术评价标准和程序，健全完善对违反学术规范、学术道德行为的认定程序和办法，形成良好的学术氛围。

Teachers and students are the main body of the school,Ensure teachers and students study free/Freedom of learning and academic freedom is the important content of school running autonomy.At the same time,Academic freedom also need in the legal limit exercise.The current definition of academic dishonesty behavior wait for a phenomenon,And the lack of corresponding supervision mechanism are directly related.so,[To the implementation of the program]From two aspects to guarantee and supervise on the academic management system mechanism proposed requirements,For the establishment of a fair and school/Fair academic evaluation standards and procedures,Perfect for violation of academic norms/Academic moral behavior identification procedures and measures,Form a good academic atmosphere.

9.《实施纲要》对健全学校内部的救济和纠纷解决机制提出了哪些要求？ 9.[To the implementation of the program]To improve the school internal relief and dispute settlement mechanism proposed which requirements?

　　当前，教育领域的各种矛盾也开始日益突出，学校与学生、教师之间纠纷也呈多发趋势。学校传统的管理手段正在面临挑战。面对新的形势，学校要依法健全校内权利救济和纠纷解决机制，切实增强运用法治思维和法律手段解决学校改革发展中矛盾、纠纷的能力。这既是依法治校的重要要求，也是维护和谐稳定校园环境的必要条件。《实施纲要》要求学校依法建立和畅通纠纷解决渠道，特别是要建立校内教师申诉或者调解制度，规范学生申诉制度，落实正当程序原则，积极运用听证等方式，保证处理程序的公开公正。针对目前学校安全面临的较大压力和复杂局面，《实施纲要》强调，要健全校园安全管理及突发事件的应急处理机制，妥善处理因为安全事故引发的纠纷，积极借助政府部门、社会力量、专业组织，多方合作共同构建学校安全风险管理体系，探索建立学生伤害事故调解等制度，通过法治手段，建设平安、和谐校园。

The current,Education in the field of various contradictions also began increasingly prominent,The school and students/Disputes between teachers also shows multiple trend.The school of the traditional management methods are facing challenges.In the face of the new situation,According to the law school and improve the right remedy and dispute settlement mechanism,Strengthen the rule of law thinking and use legal means to solve the contradiction between the school reform and development/Dispute ability.This is not only an important lawful management requirements,Maintaining harmonious and stable campus environment is also the necessary conditions.[To the implementation of the program]In accordance with the requirements of school set up and clear dispute resolution channel,Especially to establish the teacher appeal or mediation system,Standardize appeal system,Carry out the principle of due process,To use the hearing, etc,Ensure that processes of public justice.In view of the present school security is faced with larger pressure and complicated situation,[To the implementation of the program]emphasize,To improve the campus safety management and emergency emergency treatment mechanism,Properly handle for safety accident caused disputes,Positive with government departments/Social forces/Professional organization,Cooperation to establish school safety risk management system,Explore to establish students' injury accident mediation system,Through the rule of law means,Construction peace/Harmonious campus.

10.为什么要加强学校法治文化氛围建设？ Why want to strengthen the rule of law school culture construction?

　　全面推进依法治校，加强法制宣传教育，增强校长、教师和学生学法尊法守法用法的意识是基础。《实施纲要》进一步强调了学校法制教育的重要作用，针对学校管理者、教师和学生三个群体分别提出了要求。要求学校管理者要带头增强法治意识，养成依法办事的习惯，提高运用法治解决问题的能力，要求在学校领导任职前，教育部门以适当方式考察其法律知识和依法治校理念；要求在教师入职、岗位培训和履行职责的全过程都要包含法制教育的内容，全面提高教师依法执教的意识与能力。同时，要加强和改善学生法制教育，开展好“法律进课堂”活动，把法治文化作为校园文化建设的重要内容。

Promote the overall administration according to law,To strengthen the publicity of legal system education,Enhance the principal/Teachers' and students' research method and method, abide by and apply the consciousness is the foundation.[To the implementation of the program]Further emphasized the important role of the legal system education school,According to the school administrators/Teachers and students three groups were put forward requirements.For school administrators should take the lead to strengthen the rule of law consciousness,Develop the habit of work according to law,By using the rule of law to solve the question ability,Requirements in the school leader before work,Education department in the proper manner on the legal knowledge and lawful management concept;Requirements in the teachers' appointment/On-the-job training and perform their duties are to include the whole process of the legal system education content,Improve teachers teach in accordance with the consciousness and ability.At the same time,To strengthen and improve the students' legal education,develops"Law into classroom"activities,The rule of law culture as an important content of the construction of campus culture.

11.就提高学校依法治校水平的能力与水平，教育部门将采取哪些具体措施？ 11. Improve school by corresponding level of ability and level,Education department will take what specific measures?

　　提高学校依法治校的能力和水平需要制度保障，《实施纲要》从组织工作机制和考核评价机制两个方面规定了具体措施。要求学校将依法治校纳入学校整体工作规划，作为年度工作专门内容进行报告。强调学校要有专门机构或专职人员负责法律事务，有条件的可以聘请法律顾问，协助学校处理法律事务。学校出台有关管理措施、签订合同、实施改革方案等，都要进行合法性评估、论证。《实施纲要》要求，教育部门在对学校办学和管理评估考核中，更加突出依法治校综合考核的作用，减少对学校具体办学和管理活动的干扰。要把依法治校作为对学校领导班子考核的重要指标，创新考评机制，听取师生和社会公众意见。

Improve school the ability to govern the school legally and level need system security,[To the implementation of the program]From the organizational work mechanism and evaluation mechanism two aspects set specific measures.Requires schools to manage the school according to law in the whole program of work,As the annual work report special content.Emphasize the school to have special agencies or full-time personnel responsible for legal affairs,Conditional can legal adviser,To help schools deal with legal affairs.The school issued relevant management measures/Sign a contract/Reform plan, etc,To the evaluation of legitimacy/argument.[To the implementation of the program]requirements,Education department in the school education and management in the evaluation,More prominent by corresponding comprehensive assessment of the effect,Reduce the specific school education and management activities of the interference.The lawful management of school leadership as an important indicator of the evaluation,Innovation appraisal mechanism,Listen to the teachers and students and social public opinion.

12.《实施纲要》对转变政府职能提出了哪些要求？ 12.[To the implementation of the program]To change the functions of the government put forward which requirements?

　　转变政府职能是全面推进依法治校的关键因素。《实施纲要》 提出两个方面要求：一是切实转变对学校的行政管理方式，强调依法监管、提供服务，减少过多、过细的直接管理，要主动协调有关部门为学校解决法律问题，为学校改革发展创造良好外部环境。二是依法建立健全对学校的监督和指导机制。教育部门要积极探索建立教育行政执法的体制机制，提高执法能力，依法纠正学校的违法、违规行为，要建立对公办学校及其负责人的问责机制，健全对违法办学活动的投诉机制，改革和完善行政监管机制，实现对学校的依法管理。

Transformation of government functions is to promote the key factor of lawful management.[To the implementation of the program] Puts forward two demand:One is the change to the school administration way,Emphasize supervision in accordance with the/Provide service,Reduce too much/Meticulous direct management,Should take the initiative to coordinate the relevant departments for school solving legal problems,For the school reform and development to create a good external environment.The second is to establish and perfect the supervision and guidance of school system.Education departments should actively explore education to establish the system of administrative law enforcement mechanism,Improve law enforcement ability,Correct in accordance with the law school/violations,Should establish public schools and the accountability mechanism,Perfect for illegal activities of running schools complaints mechanism,To reform and perfect the administrative supervision mechanism,Realize the school management according to law.

13.为全面推进依法治校，教育部近期有何举措和要求？ 13. To promote the overall administration according to law,Recently the ministry of education what measures and requirements?

　　近期，教育部将根据《实施纲要》制定依法治校的具体评价指标体系，明确中小学、高等学校依法治校的行为规则，指导各地深入开展依法治校示范学校创建活动。将按照分类指导的原则，推动示范学校创建活动的制度化、规范化，集中推广一些典型经验，促进各级各类学校依法治校水平的整体提高。

recent,Education department according to[To the implementation of the program]In accordance with the specific set of governance evaluation index system,Clear primary and middle school/Higher school governance in accordance with the rules of behavior,In accordance with the guidance of in-depth development around the school campus school create activities.According to the principle of classification,Promote demonstration school create activities of institutionalization/standardization,Some typical promotion focus experience,Promote various and of all kinds school governance in accordance with the general level of increase.

　　各地教育行政部门、各级各类学校要从新的高度认识全面推进依法治校的重要意义。按照《实施纲要》要求，把全面推进依法治校作为推进学校管理体制改革，建设现代学校制度的一项核心工作，切实抓好落实。

All education administrative department/Schools of various levels from the new height know comprehensively promote the important significance of administration according to law.According to the[To the implementation of the program]requirements,To promote the overall administration according to law school as advance reform of the management system,The system of modern construction of a core work,Practical implementation.