数据来源:中公教育

Data sources: the public education

　　2013年国家公务员考试超150万人报名。图为浙江温州某考点，考生结束考试后走出考场。 In 2013 the national civil servant exam over 1.5 million people signed up.The graph is zhejiang wenzhou a test,After the end of the test walked out of the room.

　　人民视觉

People's visual

源 source

环卫成求职“香饽饽” Sanitation into job"favourite"

编制竟有强大号召力 Prepare have the powerful rallying point

　　“就算是死，我也要死在编制里。”这恐怕是近几天最热的网络流行语之一。据报道，尽管落选了哈尔滨环卫工的招考，研究生毕业的王洋说了这样一句“豪言壮语”，表达了自己对“编制”的痴情。29名报考的研究生中，只有7名通过考试，正式走上了哈尔滨的清扫保洁岗位，拥有了他们孜孜以求的铁饭碗。据介绍，此次参加竞争的7000余人中，超过四成应征者拥有本科及以上学历。

"Even death,I also will die in the preparation."I'm afraid that in the past few days is one of the hottest network catchword.According to the report,Despite the election of Harbin dustbinman of recruitment,The graduate WangYang said such a"grandiloquence",Express their sense of"prepare"so.And the name of the graduate student to enter oneself for an examination,Only 7 students pass the exam,Official on the Harbin cleaning cleaning jobs,Have they're striving for the iron rice bowl.According to introducing,The competition in more than 7000 people,More than forty percent candidates with bachelor degree or above.

　　“编制”，这个富有中国特色的词语，在大学生的就业抉择中所占权重越来越大。不仅是环卫工，即便是号称“冷岗位”、被多数人觉得有点晦气的殡葬业，也因为有着“事业编制”的标签，在就业市场上颇受追捧。上海市殡葬行业协会发布的数据显示，大学毕业生数量已逾从业人员的30%，2009年入行的108名大学毕业生，至去年3月份在职比例超过85%。

"prepare",The words full of Chinese characteristics,In the college students' employment in the choice of more and more weight.Is not only dustbinman,Even if is known"Cold position"/The majority of people feel a little mishap of funeral and interment industry,Also because it has"Career preparation"label,In the job market is quite chase after hold in both hands.Shanghai funeral and interment industry association released data show,Number of college graduates has more than 30% of the employees,In 2009 into 108 college graduates are done,In march last year to more than 85% in proportion.

　　其实，政府部门的“编制”有着更为强大的号召力。近年来，号称“国考”的国家公务员考试热得烫手，报考人数每年都在100万人以上的高位运行。其中，2013年国考最热岗位的考录比竟然达到了令人咋舌的8436∶1。而前不久，一则考生开着豪车参加国考的新闻，更成为“编制”诱惑的有力注脚。国考的红火还“烘焙”出培训市场的“大蛋糕”，以10万元起家的公务员考试培训机构华图教育，凭借国考东风成长为营业额过亿元的“大户”。而整个公务员培训的市场规模，据称已有数十亿元之巨。

In fact,Government departments"prepare"A more powerful rallying point.In recent years,claims"Countries test"The national civil servant exam hot hot,Number of applicants in more than 1 million people every year high operation.the,In 2013 countries of the hottest post test KaoLu ratio should be left speechless with wonder or fear at a 8436:1.And not long ago,An open house car the PLA test news,Become more"prepare"The strong temptation footnote.Countries of the test is also"baking"The training market"Big cake",Started with 100000 yuan of the civil service examination training institutions China map education,With countries exam dongfeng grow into a turnover of one hundred million yuan"leader".And the whole civil servant training market scale,It has the huge billions of dollars.

　　国企“编制”也“一票难求”。在很多人眼中，国企的工作不仅稳定，而且收入高、很体面。据人人网发布的《2013应届毕业生求职意向调研报告》显示，2013届毕业生最愿意去的单位是国有企业。

State-owned enterprises"prepare"also"One ticket is hard to find".In many people's eyes,The job is not only stable,And high income/A good.According to renren released[2013 graduate job objective research report]display,2013 sessions of graduates would like to go to the unit is a state-owned enterprise.

　　改革开放初期，许多人主动跳出体制纷纷“下海”，曾一度形成风潮。而如今，年轻人却越来越偏爱“编制”、回归体制内。稳定性、低风险、高保障，被不少人视作体制内的优势。但专家指出，体制内诱惑的精髓之处，在于隐性权利、身份赋予等账面之外的好处，这也是众人逐鹿的真正动力。

The early reform and opening up,Many people are active jump out of the system"sea",Once formed agitation.now,Young people are more and more preference"prepare"/Return within the system.stability/Low risk/High security,By many people as system within the advantage.But experts say,The essence of temptation in the system of the place,Is recessive right/Identity and the benefits of the book to outside,This is all the real power.

析 analysis

转型风险催生求稳心理 The risk for psychological transformation gave stability

资源富集诱发编制情结 Resources enrichment induced prepare complex

　　“非编制不要”的心态之所以盛行，在北京大学教育学院院长文东茅教授看来，与就业市场供大于求的大背景和学而优则仕的传统观念有关。

"Not prepare don't"State of mind is prevailing,In Peking University, dean of the college of education WenDongMao prof,And the job market supply exceeds demand big background and he who excels in learning about traditional ideas.

　　“学而优则仕的传统观念为体制内工作带来了较高的社会声誉，今天的环卫工人有可能就是明天的环保局长。”文东茅说。

"He who excels in learning traditional ideas for work within the system brings higher social reputation,Today's sanitation worker may be tomorrow's environmental protection agency."WenDongMao said.

　　而社会的急剧转型所带来的职业选择风险，加剧了人们“求稳图安”的心理。“体制内的工作因为稳定、未来可预见，成为规避风险的极佳选择。”中国青年政治学院副院长李家华说，“同时体制外工作的社会保障体系尚待完善，升迁渠道很受局限，这就可能迫使一个研究生宁愿选择环卫工这样的边缘岗位，也不愿意进入薪酬较高的私企。”

And the sharp social transformation brought about by the career choice risk,Intensifies the people"Play it safe diagram,"psychological."System of the work for stability/Foreseeable future,Avoid risk become an excellent choice."The China youth political college, vice President of the LiGuHua said,"At the same time, system working outside the social security system is yet to be perfect,Promotion channels is very limited,This may force a graduate student would rather choose dustbinman such edge position,Don't want to enter the salary higher private companies."

　　一方面是社会保障的缺失，另一方面却是体制内部门的“过度”保障。浙江大学社会学系教授王小章认为，目前中国的制度环境使资源高度集中于公权力部门。而个人找工作的标准，多是寻求利益的最大化，体制内为求职者提供了体制外无法获取的资源，显然更为诱人。

On the one hand is the lack of social security,On the other hand is in the system of the department"excessive"security.Zhejiang university department of social WangXiaoZhang think professor,The current Chinese system environment resources highly focused on public power department.And the standard of personal looking for a job,Is to seek interests,In the system for the applicant to provide the system unable to get outside resources,Obviously more attractive.

　　所以，有网友认为，大学生热衷报考公务员，不过是基于现行资源配置倾斜体制内部门而作出的利益最大化选择，不宜过度指责。

so,Netizens think,College students' keen to enter oneself for an examination civil servants,But is based on the current allocation of resources within the department and tilt system to maximize the profits of choice,Shoulds not be too blame.

　　体制内心态不仅是中国的热议话题，还具有世界语境。李家华认为体制内心态是一个世界性现象，包括美国、新加坡、香港等地区都有这种情况。

In the system is not only China's mind a topic of hot debate,Also has the world context.LiGuHua within that system mentality is a worldwide phenomenon,Including the United States/Singapore/Hong Kong and other regions have this condition.

　　据了解，在香港，公务员同样也是大学毕业生热捧的铁饭碗。以2010年为例，香港特区政府推出5154个职位，共接到超过65.5万份申请，相比内地“国考”毫不逊色。

It is understood,In Hong Kong,Civil servants are also university graduates hold heat the iron rice bowl.Taking 2010 as an example,The Hong Kong SAR government launched 5154 jobs,Common received more than 655000 applications,Compared with the mainland"Countries test"No less.

　　不过，香港中文大学政治行政学教授黄伟豪表示，香港大学生对公务员的崇拜尚算理性，与内地的“国考热”不是一回事。

but,The Chinese university of Hong Kong political administrative science professor HuangWeiHao said,Hong Kong university students of civil servants is the worship is rational,And the mainland"Countries heat test"Is not the same thing.

　　黄伟豪解释道，一来，香港大学生在报读专业时已对未来有了初步职业规划，报考公务员的学生多为政治行政系或公共管理系的大学生，其他专业的学生对公务员的兴趣并不高。二来，公务员的福利待遇虽然不俗，但在香港市场经济完善、社会保障制度健全、就业取向多元化的大环境下，从事其他工作也可以达到相当的生活水准甚至更好。

HuangWeiHao explained,way,College students in Hong Kong to read professional, has initially in the future career planning,Enter oneself for an examination officeholder students more for political administrative department or the public management of college students,Other professional students to civil servants' interest is not high.secondly,Civil servants welfare although not common,But in Hong Kong market economy perfect/The social security system is perfect/Employment orientation diversification of the environment,Engaged in other work also can achieve a good standard of living even better.

解 solution

安逸心态可能扼杀创新力 Ease mentality could stifle innovation

靠法治挤掉编制多余水分 By the rule of law firm establishment excess water

　　“编制”情结，看上去只是个人选择，然而它会形成强大的示范效应，对社会带来的隐患不容忽视。王小章认为，优秀人才过度集中于公职部门，可能令其他行业沦为人力资源的洼地，致使人才供需结构不均衡，最终可能导致个人的最优选与社会的最优需之间不能有效匹配。

"prepare"complex,Look just personal choice,However, it will form a strong demonstration effect,To the society brings hidden trouble that nots allow to ignore.WangXiaoZhang think,Talents excessive focus on public department,May make other industries into human resources depression,The talent supply and demand structure imbalance,Could eventually lead to the optimization of the individual and society between the optimal need not effective matching.

　　纵容“编制”情结更为严重的后果，是扼杀社会的创造力和活力。西南政法大学社会法学教授陈布雷认为，在法治社会中，公务员只需循规蹈矩即可获得一定程度的升迁。但是，真正的一流人才应当去更具挑战性、创造性、高收益的岗位，这样才能激发社会的活力与创造力。

indulge"prepare"Complex more serious consequences,Is killing social creativity and vitality.Southwest university social law professor Chen mining think,In a society ruled by law,Civil servants can be achieved only to a certain degree of promotion.but,The real first-class talent should go to more challenging/creative/High yield post,In order to inspire social vitality and creativity.

　　社会创新的制约威胁，不只是中国在面对，即使在市场机制比较健全的韩国，公务员热也引发了本国舆论的担忧：太多的青年追求稳定，可能导致国家失去创新力和发展力。

The restriction of social innovation threat,Not only in the face of China,Even in the market mechanism is sound South Korea,Civil servants heat also sparked concerns about their opinion:Too many young people the pursuit of stability,May lead to national lose creativity and development force.

　　“体制内对于创新价值的鼓励不足，而大学生也看不到创造性劳动的价值，这就让社会越来越远离创造性。”李家华说，“我们需要引导学生认识到社会对人才的需求是多层次的，尤其在强调创新的中小企业，急需优秀大学生的加盟。”

"In the value of the innovation system to encourage shortage,And college students can't see the value of the creative work,This let the society more and more from the creative."LiGuHua said,"We need to guide the students to understand the demands of the society for talents is mutiple level,Especially in the emphasis on innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises,Need outstanding college students to join us."

　　但是，目前中小企业却遭遇了“人才荒”问题。中国人民大学劳动人事学院院长曾湘泉教授表示，现在大学生都不愿意到中小企业去，因为中小企业在薪资、社会保障等方面都不如大企业和国家机关规范。

but,Small and medium-sized enterprises at present is encountered"Talent shortage"problems.People's university of China labor personnel dean of college CengXiangQuan professor said,Now college students do not want to go to the small and medium-sized enterprises,Because of the small and medium-sized enterprise in salary/Social security and so on than large enterprises and state organs specification.

　　“我们依然需要通过改革用工体制，将体制内岗位所附加的不正当利益剔除，为体制外岗位提供更多的保障，使之招工、用工逐渐规范，拓宽和延伸升迁通道，如此才能引导就业正常化。只有真正实现不同工种、不同岗位的同工同酬，只有实行相对公平的分配制度，才能使人们摆脱对体制内的盲目留恋。”陈布雷说。

"We still need to reform through labor system,In the system of post additional profiteering eliminate,The post for system to provide more security,To hire/Labor standard gradually,Broaden and extension promotion channel,So we can guide the normalization of employment.Only truly achieve different type of work/Different position of equal pay for equal work,Only a relatively fair distribution system,To make people to get rid of the system within the blind be reluctant to leave."Chen said the mine.

　　有人建议，政府应制定政策，加强引导，让年轻人摒弃非编制不要的心态，鼓励他们走入市场，在充分竞争中寻找到真正的自我定位，实现自身价值的最大化。然而，专家认为这种观点只是治标之策。“体制机制的修补及对青年就业观念的引导只能治标，我们要从根上将体制内部门拉回合理的性价比区间。”建立法治社会，用制度约束公权力，被王小章视作扭转心态的根本之道。

It is suggested that,The government should formulate the policy,To strengthen guidance,For young people to abandon the establishment don't mind,Encourage them to walk into the market,In the full competition to find the real self positioning,To realize their own value maximization.however,Experts think this view is just take temporary solution for."System mechanism and the repair of the concept of youth employment guidance can only take temporary solution,We must from the root of system inside department back to reasonable price interval."To establish the rule of law society,Public power with institutional constraints,Be WangXiaoZhang as torsional mentality fundamental way.

　　他建议，要将公权力置于法律法规的监督与制约之下，还应该使之受到民众监督，建立公权力与民众之间的制度化联系，“只有这样，人才的职业选择才会更加多元，主动分流才能成为可能。”

He suggested that,To public power in laws and regulations under the supervision and restriction,Should also make by the public supervision,Establish public power and the contact between the institutionalization,"Only in this way,Talent career choice will be more diverse,Active shunt can become possible."

　　（本报记者 马 龙 杨 旭 李永宁 实习生莫梓芫、王雨琦对本文有很大贡献）

(Our reporter horse dragon Yang xu LiYongNing Chinese MoZi interns/WangYuQi has made great contributions to this paper)