来源：《瞭望》新闻周刊　

 source:[outlook]The weekly news magazine

　乡村小学：消亡与重生的纠结 Rural primary school:The tangle of death and rebirth

　　在2000年到2010年间，我国农村平均每天消失63所小学、30个教学点、3所初中，几乎每过1小时，就有4所农村学校消失

In 2000 to 2010,Disappeared on an average day 63 primary schools in rural areas in China/30 to teach/3 junior high school,Almost every 1 hour,Four rural schools

　　凋敝的乡村，萧索的小学，老旧的教室，白发苍苍的老师，几个脸被冻得通红的留守儿童……在城镇化过程中，作为“教育末端”的农村地区村级小学(下称村小)“越来越少，越来越小”似乎成了大势所趋：生源大幅度减少，班额逐年萎缩，办学举步维艰，学校面临硬件、经费、师资和生源等多方面问题。

The depressed rural,Often primary school,The old classrooms,White-haired teacher,Several left-behind children face was red with cold……In the process of urbanization,As a"The ends of education"Rural village primary school(According to the school)"Less and less,More and more small"Seems to be the trend of The Times:Students are greatly reduced,The forehead is shrinking year by year,The school is struggling,Schools face hardware/funding/Problems in many aspects of teachers and students.

　　基层教育工作者认为，在合理调整农村教育布局的同时，改善村小的教学条件，加大对农村寄宿制学校建设的投入力度，以更好适应城镇化和人口转移的趋势，也许才是未来之路。

Basic education workers,At the same time of adjusting the layout of rural education,To improve school teaching conditions,Increase the intensity of investment in construction of rural boarding schools,In order to better adapt to the trend of urbanization and population transfer,Perhaps is the road to the future.

　“教育末端”之困 "The ends of education"The trapped

　　去年底，21世纪教育研究院发布的《农村教育布局调整10年评价报告》显示，在2000年到2010年间，我国农村平均每天消失63所小学、30个教学点、3所初中，几乎每过1小时，就有4所农村学校消失。十年间，农村小学减少22.94万所，减少52.1%；教学点减少11.1万个，减少六成。

At the end of last year,The 21st century education research institute[Rural education layout adjustment evaluation report for 10 years]According to,In 2000 to 2010,Disappeared on an average day 63 primary schools in rural areas in China/30 to teach/3 junior high school,Almost every 1 hour,Four rural schools.In ten years,Rural primary school by 229400,Reduced by 52.1%;To teach children to reduce 111000,Reduced by sixty percent.

　　近年来，随着城镇化的加速，农村人口向乡镇、乡镇人口向县城“梯度转移”的趋势日益明显，加上人口出生率下降导致适龄儿童减少，作为“教育末端”的村小或者因生源减少，或者因乡镇撤并而大量“消亡”。

In recent years,With the acceleration of urbanization,The rural population to the villages and towns/Village and township population to the county seat"Gradient shift"The trend has become increasingly apparent,Coupled with declining birth rates reduce the school-age children,As a"The ends of education"The school or students,Or because of villages and towns should a lot"die".

　　三峡库区移民大县云阳县在2005年，有村小482所(100人以上村小287所)，学生近4.7万人，而到2012年，村小数量减少到254所(100人以上村小仅35所)，学生总人数也降至近1万人，7年时间消亡了228所，减少学生3.7万人。即使是偏远的贫困山区，也出现了同样的情况。地处秦巴山区集中连片特殊困难地区的巫溪县，是重庆最偏远的区县，这些年村小也呈现生源大幅度减少、班额逐年萎缩的趋势。该县胜利乡中心小学5年前下属有8所村小，而今只剩下了1所，仅有学生12名。

The three gorges reservoir immigrant YunYangXian big county in 2005,There are school 482(School more than 100 people by 287),Nearly 47000 students,And by 2012,The decrease in the number of school until 254(More than 100 school only 35),Students also dropped to nearly 10000 people in total,Seven years destroyed by 228,Reduce the student 37000 people.Even the poor mountainous areas,, there is the same situation.Is located in the qinba mountains WuXiXian concentrated special difficult areas,Is the most remote districts of chongqing,School also present students are greatly reduced over the years/The forehead is shrinking year by year trend.The county ShengLiXiang central primary school five years ago affiliated school by eight,Now only 1,Only 12 students.

　　在外出务工人员多的西部区县，村小生源大幅度减少，班额逐年萎缩的情况更为明显。开县是重庆外出务工第一大县，常年有50多万人在外打工，一些偏远的村小每年减少二三十名学生。一些基层教育工作者告诉本刊记者：“近些年，平均一个区县一年会消失村小30所左右。”

In the west of migrant workers more districts,School students are greatly reduced,Class the forehead is shrinking year by year is more obvious.The first big county in kaixian county of chongqing migrant workers,Perennial with more than half ten thousand people working outside,Some remote school reduce 30 students every year.Some of the basic education workers told this reporter:"In recent years,On average, a district disappear school 30 or so a year."

　　与一些专家学者的观点不同，基层的教育工作者认为，将村小大量“消亡”的根本原因归结于“撤点并校”不一定客观，城镇化和农村人口转移的速度明显加快才是村小减少的“时代大背景”，村小主要因生源减少而“自然消亡”，因行政命令进行“撤并”的是少数。比如，云阳近7年来减少的228所村小中，教委发文确认撤并的仅4所，其他都是“自然消亡”。巫溪县凤凰镇施家村村小，是过去条件还算不错的村小，2010年有学生100多人，2011年减少到70多人，而今年则只有31个学生。校长向吉万说：“因为生源日渐减少，我们只能是隔年招生，现在外出打工的父母把子女带出去的不少，加上这几年交通环境有了改善，路修通了，很多人就把孩子送到县城去读书了。”

Different point of view with some experts and scholars,Basic education workers,The school a lot"die"The root cause of due to"From points of junior high"Not necessarily objective,Speeding up the urbanization and the rural population transfer speed is the school to reduce"The background era",School is mainly for students to reduce"A natural death",By administrative command"removal"The is one of the few.Such as the,YunYang nearly seven years to reduce the school in 228,Education commission issued to confirm removal only 4,Everything else is"A natural death".WuXiXian phoenix home village small town,Is the school condition is not bad in the past,Owns more than 100 students in 2010,To reduce the more than 70 people in 2011,And this year is only 31 students.The headmaster to kyrgyzstan said:"Because students are declining,We only recruit the next year,Now a migrant parents take the children out,Add traffic environment have improved over the years,The new road,Many people are sending their children to a county to study."

　运转艰难苦支撑 Work hard hard support

　　9名孩子在一间老旧不堪的教室里上着课，教师没有任何电子化的教学设备，窗户上多块玻璃已经破碎，屋外雨夹雪的寒意直入教室。在屋外，一个只有半个羽毛球场大的操场，在雨里已是泥泞不堪，操场四周，就是菜地……这是本刊记者在国家级贫困县巫溪县下堡镇桔林村看到的场景。

Nine children in a old of a lesson in the classroom,Teachers don't have any electronic teaching equipments,The window on a piece of glass is broken,Outside of sleet chill into the classroom.In the outside,A big playground. Only half of the badminton courts,In the rain is muddy,Around the playground,Is the vegetable……This is your correspondent in state-level counties WuXiXian XiaBao town orange lam tsuen see scenario.

　　乡村老师反映，虽然国家近年来加大了对农村教育的投入力度，但像这样条件的小学仍然很普遍，硬件差、经费少和师资短缺等问题比较突出，音乐、体育、美术、卫生、综合实践、科技活动等六大功能室更是“想都不敢想”。

Rural teachers reflect,Although countries in recent years, increased the investment of rural education,But like this condition of primary school is still very common,Hardware is poor/Funds and teacher shortages, less prominent,music/sports/art/health/Comprehensive practice/Science and technology activities and so on six big function room is"Want to all dare not to".

　　离县城2个多小时车程的中梁镇中梁村小是巫溪县较为偏远的一所农村小学，56岁的朱时乾是该校唯一的老师，给全校6名孩子上课。他说：“学校连跳绳、篮球这些最基本的体育器材都缺乏，上体育课只能带几个孩子做一做最简单的游戏。”

Away from the county town of more than two hours' drive from the centre sill centre sill school is WuXiXian remoter rural primary school,56, when zhu was the only teacher at the school,The school was six children to.He said:"Even skip school/Basketball is the most basic lack of sports equipment,Physical education classes can only do one do the most simple games with children."

　　除了硬件设施条件差，教育公用经费紧张也是一大问题。按现行标准，西部地区小学的生均公用经费为每年500元。村小由于学生少，经费就少，而城镇学校生源多，经费多，这就形成了“马太效应”。同时，在“乡镇中心校-村小”的两级管理模式下，公用经费由中心校来分配，村小很难足额配备到位，保障正常运转都困难。

In addition to the hardware condition is poor,Education public funds tension is also a big problem.According to the current standards,West China primary school of public funds is 500 yuan a year.School due to fewer students,Money is less,The town school students,More than money,This creates a"Matthew effect".At the same time,In the"Township central school - school"The two level management mode,Public funds allocated by the central school,School is hard to fully equipped in place,Is difficult to guarantee normal operation.

　　此外，村小教师年龄偏大、师资结构不合理，一人教几门课程的“包课”现象很普遍。在本刊记者走访的村小中，教师年龄普遍都在50岁以上，以“民转公”教师为主，多已临近退休，而年轻教师又多在30岁以下，流动性很强。基层教育部门人士说，再过几年老教师退休了，年轻教师又留不住，新教师招不来，村小真要面临“有校无师”的尴尬局面。

In addition,Older school teachers/Teachers' structure is not reasonable,A taught several courses"Package class"Phenomenon is very common.In this reporter visited the school,Teacher's age generally in more than 50 years old,In order to"People turn to a male"Teachers give priority to,How is nearing retirement,And young teachers are under 30 years old,Liquidity is very strong.Basic education department said,A few old retired teachers,Young teacher and do not leave,The new teacher didn't come,School's face"Has the school without the teacher"The embarrassing situation.

　　提供优质教育的路径

Provide the path of quality education

　　“理性地看待村小的减少，才能采取有针对性的措施。”不少村小校长向本刊记者表示，从农村教育的发展看，10人以下“一师一校”的农村小学，其教育条件、教学质量、师资力量都难以保证，更谈不上素质教育，只有创造条件，让孩子转移到乡镇中心小学才能享受更好、更公平的教育资源。

"Rational view of the school,To take targeted measures."A lot of school principal told this reporter said,Looked from the development of rural education,10 the following"A school teacher"Rural primary school,Its education condition/The quality of teaching/Teachers are hard to guarantee,Not to mention the quality education,Only create conditions,Let the children moved to the town center elementary school can enjoy better/More equitable education resources.

　　基层教育工作者认为，农村学校布局调整要“因地制宜”。对于村小的撤并，国家教育部门在指导工作时应结合各地的实际情况，“撤”与“不准撤”都不要搞一刀切，而应遵循各地农村人口增减的自然规律，遵循老百姓的意愿，及时、合理地调整村小的布局。具体来说，对于规模较大的、有稳定生源的村小，应持续加大投入力度，改善办学条件，提高教育质量；对于规模较小的、办学条件差、生源流失严重的村小，可在征得老百姓同意的基础上，动员学生转至条件更好的乡镇中心校就读，并给予转校家庭一定资金上的补贴；对于那些已因各种原因被撤并，但现在群众又有教育需求，又有了生源的村小，可组织实施重新恢复。

Basic education workers,Rural school layout adjustment"Adjust measures to local conditions".Removal of school,National education department in different parts of the guidance work should be combined with the actual situation,"withdraw"With the"Are not allowed to withdraw"Don't make one size fits all,And should follow the nature of the rural population's increase or decrease,Follow the will of the people,In a timely manner/Reasonable to adjust the layout of the school.In particular,For larger size/Regular students of the school,Should continue to increase investment,And operating conditions,Improve the quality of education;For small size/Poor running conditions/School students erosion is serious,On the basis of the consent of the people,To mobilize the students to better the condition of township central school attended,And to give some funds transfer. The families;For those who have been removal for various reasons,But now people have education demand,The students of the school,Organize and implement the restore.

　　同时，要加大寄宿制学校建设。基层教育工作者认为，农村寄宿制学校是为农村学生提供优质教育的一种有效途径。由于村小数量多且分散，要让每个村小都实施标准化，跟上现代教育改革的步伐，对于西部山区贫困县来说难度太大，成本高，效果还不一定好。因此，应当集中力量办好每个乡镇的寄宿制中心校，扩大寄宿制学校的容量，提高标准。(记者 黄豁陶冶张桂林)

At the same time,To increase the construction of boarding schools.Basic education workers,Boarding schools in rural areas is to provide quality education for rural students an effective way.Because the school number and scattered,To make every school implementation of standardization,Keep up with the pace of the modern education reform,Too difficult for the poverty-stricken counties in the western mountainous areas,The high cost,The effect also is not necessarily good.so,Should focus on residential central school do a good job in every township,Expand the capacity of the boarding school,An increase in the standard.(Reporter Zhang Guilin Huang Huo edify)