在中小企业普遍缺钱的情况下，隐藏在各种融资形式背后的刑事法律风险也随之显现。

In middle and small enterprise general lack of money，Hidden in various financing form of criminal law behind with risk appeared。

　　文 叶庆东 虞徐彬

Article YeQingDong YuXu herself

    伴随着全球金融风暴和欧债危机的蔓延，中国中小企业的处境更显艰难，资金是其最大的问题。中小企业尤其是一些刚刚起步的企业，在融资过程中往往处于劣势地位，不得不满足一些苛刻的条件，一些企业管理者往往为了达到在较短时间内获得资金的目的，可能由于一时疏忽或操作不当而引发刑事法律风险。如此一来，不仅给企业造成了经济损失，还会连累到企业高管，使其面临牢狱之灾。

    Along with the global financial turmoil and European debt crisis spreading，The Chinese small and medium-sized enterprise situation more show difficult，Money is the biggest problem。Small and medium-sized enterprise especially some just the start of the enterprise，In the process of financing are often disadvantage，Had to meet some of the harsh conditions，Some enterprise managers often in order to achieve in a relatively short time get the purpose of funds，May be due to the oversight or improper operation and cause criminal law risk。so，Not only caused economic losses to the enterprise，Also will bring trouble to executives，Make it faces jail。

　　可以说，自从2003年河北大午农牧集团有限公司董事长孙大午事件之后，这10年间有关民间融资引发的犯罪案例接连发生，给企业家们敲响了警钟。

Can say，Since 2003, hebei big lunch agriculture and animal husbandry group limited company President after his events，This 10 years relevant folk financing for the crime cases happened by，Give entrepreneurs was a wake-up call。

　　企业融资按照有无金融中介分为两种方式即直接融资和间接融资。简单地说，直接融资是指不经过任何金融中介机构，而由资金短缺的单位直接从资金供应者处取得资金。而间接融资是指以金融机构为媒介进行的融资活动。在上述融资类型中，最为常见也最为典型的融资方式是民间融资和银行贷款融资。而企业在进行这两类融资时，可能会引发一些刑事法律风险。

Enterprise financing according to whether financial intermediaries into two kind of way that direct financing and indirect financing。Say simply，Direct financing is to point to without any financial intermediaries，And the shortage of funds by the units directly obtained from funds supplier funds。And indirect financing refers to financial institutions as the medium financing activities。In these types of financing，The most common and most typical mode of financing is financing and bank loans financing folk。And in the two types of enterprise financing，May cause some criminal legal risk。

民间融资中的刑事法律风险 The criminal law folk financing risk

　　民间融资可能是几种融资方式中风险最大的，其最主要的风险在于，与非法集资之间只有“一纸之隔”。民间融资沦为非法集资的风险具体有两种：其一是构成集资诈骗罪；其二是构成非法吸收公众存款罪。

Folk financing is probably the greatest risk of financing ways，The main risk lies in，And between illegally accepting only“A paper between”。Folk financing to the risk of illegally accepting specific have two kinds：One is to constitute the crime of fraud of the funds；Second is the unlawful absorption public deposits of sin。

　　首先，我们来分析中小企业在民间融资过程中有哪些行为容易触发集资诈骗罪的法律风险。

first，We to small and medium-sized enterprises in the folk financing analysis in the process of what behavior easy to trigger the crime of fraud of the funds of the legal risk。

　　所谓集资诈骗罪，是指以非法占有为目的，使用诈骗方法非法集资，数额较大的行为。从这个概念中，我们不难确定，集资诈骗罪的主观方面需要以非法占有为目的，而客观方面需要行为人实施了诈骗方法及存在非法集资行为，并且达到了数额较大的追诉标准。这几项构成要件要素必须同时具备，才会引发集资诈骗罪。

The crime of fraud of the funds，Refers to the purpose of illegal possession，Use fraud raising funds illegally method，A large amount of behavior。From this concept，It is easy to determine，The crime of fraud of the funds the subjective need to the purpose of illegal possession，And the objective aspects of the need to act carried out fraud methods and existing illegal fund-raising behavior，And to a large amount of prosecution criterion。These a few elements must have both elements，Only then can initiate the funding of fraud。

　　1996年12月26日最高人民法院《关于审理诈骗案件具体适用法律若干问题的解释》第三条、2001年12月21日《全国法院审理金融犯罪案件工作座谈会纪要》以及2010年12月13日《关于审理非法集资刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第四条对于是否存在“以非法占有为目的”做了具体规定，主要是看行为人有无下列行为：（1）携带集资款逃跑的；（2）肆意挥霍集资款，致使集资款无法返还的；（3）使用集资款进行违法犯罪活动致使集资款无法返还的；（4）明知没有归还能力而大量骗取资金的；（5）抽逃、转移资金、隐匿财产，以逃避返还资金的；（6）隐匿、销毁账目或者搞假破产、假倒闭，以逃避返还资金的；（7）集资后不用于生产经营活动或者用于生产经营活动与筹集资金规模明显不成比例，致使集资款不能返还的;（8）拒不交代资金去向，逃避返还资金的;（9）具有其他欺诈行为，拒不返还集资款，或者致使集资款无法返还的等等。

On December 26, 1996 the supreme people's court《On the trial of fraud case specific applicable law the explanation of some issues》Article 3、On December 21, 2001《The national court cases financial crime working conference report》And on December 13, 2010《On the trial of criminal cases illegally accepting the concrete application of law in the explanation of some issues》Article 4 for it in“With the purpose of illegal possession”Made specific provision，Basically be to see whether the following actor behavior：（1）Carry JiZiKuan fled；（2）JiZiKuan profligacy，JiZiKuan that cannot be returned；（3）Use JiZiKuan for illegal and criminal activities JiZiKuan that cannot be returned；（4）Knowing that no return ability and a lot of diddle funds；（5）Smoke escape、Transfer funds、Hide the property，In order to escape the payment；（6）hidden、Destruction of accounts or make false bankruptcy、False collapse，In order to escape the payment；（7）After raising funds for the production and business operation activities or not used for production and business activities and raise funds disproportionate scale is obvious，The JiZiKuan can't return;（8）Refused to account for the money goes，Escape from the payment;（9）With other fraud，JiZiKuan refuses to return，The JiZiKuan or cannot be returned, and so on。

　　而集资诈骗罪中的“诈骗方法”是指行为人采取虚构集资用途，以虚假的证明文件和高回报率为诱饵，骗取集资的手段；“非法集资”是指法人、其他组织或个人，未经有权机关批准，向社会公众募集资金的行为，既包括未经有权机关批准向社会不特定对象募集资金，也包括虽经批准，但经撤销后仍继续向社会不特定对象募集资金的行为。

And the crime of fraud of the funds“Fraud method”Is a seemingly take fictional fund-raising purposes，With false documents and high rate of return for bait，Defraud the means of raising funds；“Illegal fund-raising”Refers to a legal person、Other organizations or individuals，Without shall have the right to authority for approval，To the public to raise funds behavior，Both without permission shall have the right to social certain object to raise funds，Also included is the approved，But after the cancellation is still continue to the social targeted raising of capital behavior。

　　对于中小企业而言，使用诈骗方法进行非法集资数额必须达到10万元以上，才会引发集资诈骗罪的法律风险。

For small and medium-sized companies，Methods use fraud raising funds illegally amount must achieve 100000 yuan of above，Will trigger the crime of fraud of the funds of the legal risks。

　　其次，我们来分析中小企业在民间融资过程中有哪些行为又容易触发非法吸收公众存款罪的法律风险。

second，We to small and medium-sized enterprises in the folk financing analysis in the process of what behavior and easy to trigger absorb public deposits of illegal crime legal risk。

　　中小企业未经中国人民银行批准，向社会不特定对象吸收资金，出具凭证，承诺在一定期限内还本付息的行为，或者不以吸收公众存款的名义，向社会不特定对象吸收资金，但承诺履行的义务与吸收公众存款性质相同，如以股息、红利的方式等，如果数额在100万元以上或者吸收公众存款150人以上或者给存款人造成直接经济损失数额在50万元以上的，企业就构成非法吸收公众存款罪。此时，企业就将被判处罚金，而企业直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员就将面临三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处二万元以上二十万元以下罚金的刑罚。如果企业非法吸收或者变相吸收公众存款500万元以上或者吸收公众存款对象500人以上或者给存款人造成直接经济损失数额在250万元以上的，就将引发“三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚金”这一档次的量刑。在实践中，企业往往会采用提高或者变相提高利率的方式吸收和变相吸收公众存款。

Small and medium-sized enterprise without approval of the people's bank of China，No particular object to the society absorption funds，Certificate issued by，Commitment in the certain period servicing behavior，Or not to absorb the name of the public deposit，No particular object to the society absorption funds，But promises the obligations of the public deposit and absorption same properties，Such as dividends、Dividend way, etc，If the amount is in 1 million yuan of above or absorb public deposit more than 150 people to depositors or cause a direct economic loss amount is in 500000 yuan of above，Enterprise constitutes illegal absorb public deposits of sin。At this time，Enterprise will be fined，And enterprise leading persons directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible face imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention，Also, or shall only, twenty thousand yuan of above two hundred thousand yuan of the following fine punishment。If the enterprise illegal absorption or in disguised form to absorb public deposit 5 million yuan of above or absorb public deposits object more than 500 people to the depositor or cause a direct economic loss amount is in 2.5 million yuan of above，It will trigger a“3 years of above 10 years imprisonment，Also be fined not more than fifty thousand yuan of above five hundred thousand yuan of the following penalties”This level of sentencing。In practice，Enterprise tend to raise interest rates or in disguised form by improving the way in public deposit absorption absorption。

　　企业实施非法吸收公众存款行为的目的往往在于获得他人资金的使用权，供自己投资或者发放贷款，主观上具有返还的意图，但不具有非法占有的目的。如果企业主观上有非法占有他人资金的目的，那么就会引发集资诈骗罪的法律风险。

Enterprise implementation of illegal absorb public deposits behavior of the purpose is to obtain others funds tend to use，For their own investment or extend loans，ACTS with the intention of return，But don't have the purpose of illegal possession。If the enterprise subjectively have detinue other people the purpose of funds，Then it will trigger the crime of fraud of the funds of the legal risks。

　　通过上述分析，我们可以发现，非法吸收公众存款罪的追诉标准和量刑标准都要比集资诈骗罪低很多。这与两种罪的社会危害性也是相匹配的。依据《最高人民法院关于审理非法集资刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第一条和第三条之规定，未向社会公开宣传，在亲友或者单位内部针对特定对象吸收资金的，不属于非法吸收或者变相吸收公众存款。另外，非法吸收或者变相吸收公众存款，主要用于正常的生产经营活动，能够及时清退所吸资金，可以免于刑事处罚；情节显著轻微的，不作为犯罪处理。

Through the above analysis，We can find，Illegal absorb public deposits sin prosecution criterion and sentencing standard than the crime of fraud of the funds is much lower。This with two kinds of sin is harmful to the society of the match。According to《The supreme people's court on the trial of criminal cases illegally accepting the concrete application of law in the explanation of some issues》Article 1 and article 3 of the regulations，Not to the public to publicity，Friends and relatives or unit interior in a specific object absorption funds，Do not belong to the illegal absorption or in disguised form absorption public deposits。In addition，Illegal absorption or in disguised form absorption public deposits，Mainly used in normal production and operation activities，At that time in which to repel suction funds，Can from criminal punishment；If the circumstances are significant mild，Not as a crime treatment。

　　银行贷款融资中的刑事法律风险 Bank loans financing of criminal law risk

　　向金融机构贷款仍然是当前我国企业解决融资问题的主要渠道。但中小企业普遍存在着企业信用低、财务管理混乱、固定资产少、经营活动不透明、财务信息不公开等问题，这些恰好与银行对信贷资金安全性、收益性的要求形成强烈的反差，银行在对中小企业进行审查监督时成本明显增加，由此导致银行贷款给中小企业的积极性降低。为了减小自身的风险，银行向中小企业贷款往往设置了更为严苛的标准和程序，以致中小企业向银行贷款的难度大大增加。中小企业为了获得银行贷款资金，在融资过程中可能会不择手段，采用虚假的证明文件等方式骗取银行贷款等，由此而引发骗取贷款、票据承兑、金融票证罪、高利转贷罪、合同诈骗罪的刑事法律风险。

Loans from financial institutions is still current our country enterprise financing problems to solve the main channel。But small and medium-sized enterprise there are generally enterprise credit low、Financial management confusion、Fixed assets less、Business activities not transparent、Financial information public，These coincided with the bank credit funds for safety、Profitable calls for a strong contrast，Bank of small and medium-sized enterprises in the supervision and review when significantly increased the cost，Which leads to a bank loan to small and medium-sized enterprise's enthusiasm reduced。In order to reduce the risk of their own，Bank loans to the small and medium enterprise often set the tougher standards and procedures，So that the small and medium-sized enterprise loans to Banks difficulty increase greatly。Small and medium-sized enterprise in order to get a bank loan money，In the financing process may means，Using false documents of proof, diddle way bank loans, etc，Arising from cheating loans、Bill acceptance、Financial certificates sin、ZhuanDai Gregory sin、The criminal law of contract fraud risk。

　　首先，我们来看看中小企业在融资过程中，有哪些行为可能会引发骗取贷款、票据承兑、金融票证罪的刑事法律风险。

first，We come to small businesses in the process in a fancy financing，What behavior may be a cause of diddle loans、Bill acceptance、Financial certificates of criminal law sin risk。

　　中小企业出于非经营目的，如获得贷款后用于炒股、投资等方式牟取利益，采用提供或者使用虚假交易项目、证明文件、物权证明等市场交易事实或者虽然不是虚假事实，但对金融机构隐瞒贷款等使用真相的欺骗手段取得贷款、票据承兑、信用证、保函等，并给银行或者其他金融机构造成了重大损失或者有其他严重情节，就会引发骗取贷款、票据承兑、金融票证罪的刑事法律风险。这里的“重大损失或者其他严重情节”是指以欺骗手段取得贷款、票据承兑、信用证、保函等，数额在一百万元以上或者给银行或者其他金融机构造成直接经济损失数额在二十万元以上或者虽未达到上述数额标准，但多次采用欺骗手段取得贷款、票据承兑、信用证、保函。如果企业构成骗取贷款、票据承兑、金融票证罪将被判处罚金，而企业直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员将被处以三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金。一旦损失达到了上述标准的五倍，构成特别重大损失，除了企业被判处罚金以外，企业直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员将面临三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金的刑罚。

Small and medium-sized enterprise from the operation purpose，As for a loan for playing the stock market、Investment way obtain interest，Provide or use the false trading、documents、Certificate of real right market trading facts or though not false facts，But for financial institutions, the use of the truth of the hide loans deception to get loans、Bill acceptance、The l/c、Guarantee, etc，And to the bank or any other financial institution cause serious damage, or if there are other serious circumstances，Will trigger diddle loans、Bill acceptance、Financial certificates of criminal law sin risk。here“Great loss or other serious circumstances”Refers to fraudulent means to get loans、Bill acceptance、The l/c、Guarantee, etc，Amount is in one million yuan of above or to the bank or any other financial institution cause immediate pecuniary loss amount is in two hundred thousand yuan of above or it is not up to the standard amount，But many use tricks to get loans、Bill acceptance、The l/c、guarantee。If the enterprise constitutes cheating loans、Bill acceptance、Financial certificates will be sentenced to a fine sin，And enterprise leading persons directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible shall be put three years imprisonment or criminal detention，Shall also, or shall only, be fined。Once the loss achieved the standard five times，A very big losses，In addition to the enterprise is a fine outside，Enterprise leading persons directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible will face three years shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than seven years，Fine punishment。

　　其次，如果中小企业出于转贷牟利的目的，套取银行等金融机构信贷资金高利转贷给他人，违法所得数额在十万元以上或者虽未达到十万元，但两年内因高利转贷受过行政处罚二次以上，又高利转贷的，其行为就将构成高利转贷罪，并被处以罚金，企业直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员将被处以三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

second，If the small and medium-sized enterprises from ZhuanDai the purpose of profit，Show the bank and other financial institutions ZhuanDai Gregory credit funds to others，Illegal income amount is in one hundred thousand yuan of above or although did not achieve one hundred thousand yuan，But two years ZhuanDai administrative penalties with Gregory internal cause for two more，And ZhuanDai Gregory，His behavior will constitute ZhuanDai Gregory sin，And be fined，Enterprise leading persons directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible shall be put three years imprisonment or criminal detention。

　　为了防范中小企业融资的刑事风险，就得未雨绸缪，制定完备的风险防控方案，这主要落实到两个方面：一是对融资所需材料进行合规性审查，即无论最终选择以何种方式进行融资，都应当安排企业法务人员对融资所需材料如借款协议等其他合同进行法律审核与分析，这样可以有效地避免潜在的法律风险；二是预先制定好危机处理办法，即事先考虑好若投资项目失败，如何归还借款的解决方案，以备不时之需。

In order to prevent the financing of small and medium enterprises criminal risk，Have to save for a rainy day，Make complete risk prevention and control plan，This is mainly related to two aspects：One is on the financing needed materials for compliance，That whatever the choice in what way to conduct the financing，All personnel shall arrange for enterprise law on the financing needed materials such as loan agreement and other contract review and analysis of law，This can effectively avoid potential legal risk；2 it is previously made good crisis management plan，That is thought ahead if investment projects fail，How to repay the loan solution，For a rainy day。