◎文/CBF记者 梁春利

Money text/CBF reporter LiangChunLi

　　这是第二次就温州金融改革采访民进中央经济委员会副主任、温州中小企业发展促进会会长周德文了。

This is the second time wenzhou financial reform interview of the central committee of the China economic commission deputy director、Wenzhou small and medium-sized enterprise development council for the promotion of the President ZhouDeWen。

　　与金改初期在温州见面时相比，周德文这次略显疲惫，但依然友善健谈，激情不减。作为金改最早的民间倡导者和促成者，周德文每一次公开演讲都受到关注，每一句话都关乎金改动向，俨然成为温州资本的形象代言人。对周德文而言，这是压力，也是动力。

And gold early change in wenzhou compared when they meet，ZhouDeWen the a sign of fatigue，But still friendly talkative，Passion immortalization。As the gold to the earliest folk advocates and enabler，ZhouDeWen every public speaking all attention，Every word for gold to change，Peremptory become wenzhou capital image spokesperson。As for ZhouDeWen，This is pressure，Is power。

　　压力来自金改4个月以来成效不明显，温州企业的危机仍在蔓延，融资困境没有得到有效解决。况且中国富有经济活力的城市这么多，随着珠三角等地陆续推出金改方案，温州金改似乎显得没了新意。

Pressure comes from gold to four months effect is not obvious，Wenzhou enterprise crisis is still in the spread，To solve the financing problem is not effectively。Besides China rich economic vitality city so much，As the pearl river delta, releasing gold change scheme，Wenzhou gold change seemed no new meaning。

　　动力则来自周德文对企业的极致热爱。作为长期从事民营经济研究的温州中小企业发展促进会的会长，周德文对温州当地企业的困境再熟悉不过，他寄希望于通过金改救中小企业于水火之中。在《中国经贸聚焦》对周德文的采访中，记者也从他的言谈之间捕获到了这些讯息。

Power from the ZhouDeWen to enterprise's ultimate love。As a long engaged in private economic research of the wenzhou small and medium-sized enterprise development association of the President，ZhouDeWen wenzhou local enterprises to the plight of familiar again，He hope that through the gold to save small and medium-sized enterprise in of fire and water。in《Focus on China's economic and trade》To ZhouDeWen interview，Reporters also from his speech had caught between these messages。

　　无论如何，正如周德文所言，中国的金融改革序幕已经拉开，而且这也是必然的趋势。相信很多人都在等待这块幕帘“有一个更大的口子撕开”的那一天。 金改到底改了什么

No matter how to，As ZhouDeWen said，China's financial reform has opened prelude，And it is also an inevitable trend。Believe that a lot of people are waiting for the curtain“Have a bigger cut rive”Of that day of。 Gold change what changed??????

　　今年5月初，《中国经贸聚焦》记者曾专赴温州采访周德文，详细报道了温州金改方案出炉的来龙去脉。眨眼间，金改已过去4个月，这期间到底改了什么，有什么成就，对中小企业有哪些实质性好处，这是外界最为关心的问题。作为草根学者，一直替中小企业说话、大声疾呼金改的周德文最有发言权。

This year early may，《Focus on China's economic and trade》Reporter once designed to wenzhou ZhouDeWen interview，Detailed reports the wenzhou gold to plan a context。Blink of，Gold has changed over the past four months，During this really changed，What achievements，For small and medium-sized enterprises which have substantial benefits，This is outside the most concern。As a grassroots scholars，Always speak for small and medium-sized enterprises、Outcry gold change ZhouDeWen most voice。

　　下面我们一起跟随周德文来回顾一下这4个月温州金改取得的一些成果。

Below we follow ZhouDeWen together to review these four months wenzhou gold change achieved some results。

　　首先是招贤纳士。温州金改公开为108个金融岗位招聘人才，多数岗位都是在国有企业和政府金融机构，当时超过千名“金融才俊”报名，足见外界对金改的肯定和期望。很多学者和专业人士还表示，108名人才远远不够，温州还需要成千上万名其他类型的金融专业人士。

The first is making。Wenzhou gold to open for 108 a financial position the recruitment of talent，Most jobs are in state-owned enterprises and government financial institutions，When more than“Financial talents”registration，It serves to show to the outside world gold change of affirmation and expectations。Many scholars and professionals also said，108 talented person is far from enough，Wenzhou need thousands of other types of financial professionals。

　　其次，在国务院给温州金改下达的12条任务中，温州率先成立了民间借贷登记服务中心，这在当时是比较大的突破，至少是全国第一个进行民间借贷登记备案的机构。然而，这个具有开天辟地意义的登记中心，时隔4月后交出的成绩单并不令人满意，到目前为止中心交易金额仅为8000多万元，而温州民间借贷规模是1200亿元，登记数字还不及总资本的零头。

secondly，In the state council to wenzhou gold to change the article 12 mission，Wenzhou first established the folk loan registration service center，It was a bigger breakthrough，At least the first folk lending for registration institution。however，This has the epoch-making significance of the registration center，After four months surrender report card is not satisfactory，So far the center trades amount is only more than 8000 yuan，Wenzhou folk loan scale is 120 billion yuan，Registration number is less than the total capital zero head。

　　此外，成立小额贷款公司也是重中之重，这也是当时很多企业主感兴趣的内容。对此，周德文表示，温州正在积极地推进这项改革，温州市委市政府提出了明确目标，在未来的3-5年，将成立120-150家小贷公司，同时设立30-50家村镇银行，还要推进设立农村合作基金会和商业合作社等。

In addition，Established small loan company is also a top priority，This is also a time when many business owners are interested in content。this，ZhouDeWen said，Wenzhou are actively promote the reform，Wenzhou municipal government put forward clear objectives，In the next 3 to 5 years，It will form 120-150 small credit company，At the same time set up 30-50 home town bank，To promote set up rural cooperative foundation and commercial cooperatives, etc。

　　“小贷公司在解决中小企业困境上发挥了一定的作用，但是和中小企业的期望还相差甚远。今年温州小贷公司新增了几家，不过依然要经过严格审批才行，有的还要进行挂牌‘竞拍’。”周德文告诉记者，通过建设大量的地方金融机构，形成一个与温州地方经济发展相适应的金融体系，这样才能更好地缓解温州中小企业融资难的问题。

“Small loan companies in solving difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises play a role，But the expectations of the small and medium-sized enterprises and also differs very far。Wenzhou small loan companies this year new several，But still to pass strict examination and approval to just go，Some will be listed‘auctions’。”ZhouDeWen told reporters，Through the construction of a large number of local financial institutions，Form a wenzhou local economic development and adapt to the financial system，In order to better ease wenzhou small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult problem。

　　总之，如果用一个词来概括温州金改成果，那就是喜忧参半。

In a word，If you use one word to generalize the wenzhou JinGaiCheng fruit，That is mixed。

　

　质疑声纷沓而至 Question sound have to stack

　　喜有目共睹。而忧，只有温州人自己最清楚。作为温州金改的名片，周德文对金改的期望超过所有人，感触良多也最深。

Xi be obvious to all。And went away，Only the wenzhou people their most clearly。As the wenzhou gold changed name card，ZhouDeWen to gold to expect more than all the people，A myriad of most also。

　　“温州金改在舆论上出现了不同的声音，外界责备金改速度太慢，我们的企业开始满腔热情地期待金改获批后能够迅速让它们摆脱水深火热的生存危机，但是4个月过去，它们感觉没有什么直接的帮助，所以动力也不高了。”

“Wenzhou gold to change in public opinion appeared on the different sounds，External blame gold change speed is too slow，Our enterprise began to enthusiastically looking forward to gold change after approved to quickly let them get rid of the fiery depths of survival crisis，But over the past four months，They feel no direct help，So the power is not high also。”

　　没错，轰轰烈烈的温州金改自拉开序幕后，就一直备受关注。最开始社会上几乎一边倒地举双手赞成，然而时过境迁，随着各地金改方案的不断出炉，尤其是广东省政府在7月底正式公布的珠三角金改方案，涵盖了城市、农村和城乡统筹发展等金融改革创新综合试验，风头很快盖过温州。有专家分析认为，与温州金改方案专注于民间金融不同，珠三角金改方案范围更广、力度更大。

That's right，Magnificent and victorious wenzhou gold changed since after began，It has always been concerned。In the beginning the society to almost overwhelming couldn't agree more，However as time passes by，As local gold to scheme out constantly，Especially the government of guangdong province in the pearl river delta officially announced the end of July gold change scheme，Covers the city、The rural and urban and rural development as a whole financial reform and innovation comprehensive test，Thunder soon covered wenzhou。Have expert analyzes believed，And wenzhou gold change plan focused on folk financial different，The pearl river delta gold to plan a wider range、Strength greater。

　　被舆论“雪藏”后，有人担心温州金改很快就会被遗忘在历史的角落。更有甚者，有人开始质疑将温州设为全国首个金融改革试验区的意义，“姿态论”、“危机说”和“序幕说”等各种版本的调侃，开始悄悄地传播开来。

By public opinion“Able to”after，There are fears that the wenzhou gold change will soon be forgotten in the corner of the history。What is more，People begin to question the wenzhou set to the national first financial reform experimental zone of the meaning，“Attitude theory”、“Crisis said”and“Prelude said”Various versions of ridicule，Began to spread quietly。

　　“姿态论”认为选择温州进行金融改革是国务院的一个姿态，因为现在金融改革的呼声很大，大家都在批评银行暴利，批评银行垄断，所以必须要改革，总得有一个姿态，但至于实际效果国家并不寄予希望。

“Attitude theory”Think choice wenzhou financial reform of the state council is a gesture，Because now financial reform call great，Everyone in criticizing bank profits，Criticism bank monopoly，So we must reform，Must have a gesture，But as for actual result countries will not expected。

　　“危机说”是基于去年温州企业主跑路、跳楼事件不断爆发，出现了民间借贷危机，这就涉及到政府要不要救温州，谁来救，甚至有人把救温州跟救欧洲相提并论，问到底先救欧洲还是先救温州。因此，国务院决定出政策，用温州人自己的钱来救温州当地的企业，即成立温州金融改革试验区。

“Crisis said”Last year is based on wenzhou business owners to run road、Jump events continuously outbreak，Appeared folk loan crisis，This involves the government want to save wenzhou，Who will save，Even someone to save to save Europe in wenzhou，To ask how to save Europe or save first wenzhou。therefore，The state council determine policy，Wenzhou people with their own money to save wenzhou local enterprise，Setting up wenzhou financial reform pilot area。

　　而“序幕说”则认为，中国现有的金融体制远远滞后于经济发展，高垄断高管制的体制不能为在国民经济中做出巨大贡献的中小企业、民营企业提供合理的资源配置，金融改革势在必行。温州金改只是拉开了中国金融改革的一个序幕。

and“Prelude said”Argue that，China's existing financial system far behind the economic development，High monopoly high control system in national economy cannot be made great contribution to the small and medium-sized enterprise、The private enterprise provide the reasonable allocation of resources，Financial reform is imperative。Wenzhou gold change just pulled open China's financial reform a prelude。

　　上述三种说法，孰是孰非，周德文没有做过多评论。他说，温州民间资本雄厚，具备金改的物质基础和改革的动力，且温州人敢为天下先，过去也一直在积极推进金融改革。上世纪80年代温州带头推行浮动利率，设立第一个私人钱庄，出现第一家城市信用社，最高峰时有几十家城市信用社。温州人有一定的金融情结。

The above three kinds of statement，files，ZhouDeWen didn't do much comment。He said，Wenzhou folk capital abundant，Have gold change material foundation and the momentum of reform，And being "dare to wenzhou people，The past has been actively promoting financial reform。The 1980 s wenzhou lead the implementation of the floating rate，Set up the first private bank，In the first city credit cooperatives，Peak has dozens of urban credit cooperatives。Wenzhou people have certain financial complex。

　　“温州民间借贷进行了那么多年，到今天一个行政法规都还没出来。我认为金融体制非改不可，它已经阻碍了经济的发展，所以温州必须要拉开这个序幕。”

“Wenzhou folk lending for so many years，Today a administrative regulations haven't come out。I think the financial system not change do not，It has hindered the development of economy，So wenzhou must open the prelude。”

　　

金改深化困难重重 Gold to deepen the difficulties

　　“知我者谓我心忧，不知我者谓我何求。” 这句话最能代表周德文此时的心声。 早在温州金改刚开始，市场上就流传一个说法，认为温州金改是一个伪命题，因为温州从来都不缺少金融机构，金改方案根本不能接地气。

“"I know who my sorrow，I don't know who call I ask for anything。” This sentence the most can represent ZhouDeWen at heart。 As early as in wenzhou gold to start，The market has been widely spread a statement，Think wenzhou gold change is a false proposition，Because wenzhou never lack of financial institutions，Gold change plan can't ground gas。

　　对此说法，周德文不赞成。他说：“温州现有的金融机构并没有满足绝大部分中小企业的融资需求，在政策导向上没有倾向中小企业。所以，温州还需要大量的小型金融机构。门当才能户对，只有出现面对中小企业服务的小型金融机构，才能解决融资难的问题。”

This statement，ZhouDeWen disapprove of。He said：“Wenzhou existing financial institutions and does not meet the majority of small and medium-sized enterprise financing demand，There is no tendency in the policy guidance of small and medium-sized enterprises。so，Wenzhou still need a large number of small financial institutions。When the door to door to，Only appear in the face of the small and medium-sized enterprise service of small financial institutions，To solve the problems of financing difficulties of the。”

　　然而，在中国要求门当户对毕竟是难的，周德文深知这一点。

however，In China, after all, is a difficult mendanghudui requirements，ZhouDeWen knows this。

　　例如，“金改12条”任务规定允许民间资本依法发起村镇银行，但是依什么法没有说。如果依照的是村镇银行试点条例，该条例规定，村镇银行主发起人必须是银行业金融机构，村镇银行只相当于正规银行的分支机构。今年5月份，银监会出台了《关于鼓励和引导民间资本进入银行业的实施意见》，支持民间资本参与村镇银行发起设立或增资扩股，并将村镇银行主发起行的最低持股比例由20％降低到15％，但是温州民间资本依然不能接受这样的比例。此次金改还允许小贷公司转成村镇银行，但温州没有一家愿意转，包括最有能力转的温州华峰，迄今为止全国也没有一家小贷公司转为村镇银行，因此，村镇银行设立的条件很不合理。

For example，“Gold to article 12”Task the rules to allow private capital in accordance with the village bank launched，But in what method didn't say。If the pilot villages in accordance with the banking regulations，The regulations，Town bank main sponsors must be banking financial institutions，Bank villages and towns, only the equivalent of the normal bank branches。In may this year，The CBRC issued a《About encouraging and guiding the folk capital into the banking of the implementation opinions》，Support the folk capital to participate in villages and towns bank to launch or increase endowment spread，And the Lord did village bank launched the minimum shareholding ratio by 20% to 15%，But wenzhou folk capital still can't accept such scale。The gold change also allows small loan companies into town bank，But no one would like to turn in wenzhou，Including the ability to turn wenzhou huafeng，So far the national also have no a small loan companies into town bank，therefore，Bank villages and towns a condition is not reasonable。

　　在金改之前，温州民间资本觊觎银行很久了。据周德文介绍，温州金融改革试验区获批后，温州民营企业想准备筹建华侨银行，领导说可能性不大，最好搞小贷公司，因此夭折。后来看到中央下决心要鼓励民间资本进入金融服务业，温州上报了华侨银行筹建方案，也被退回。后来温州又申报了科技银行，按道理很符合国家政策，听说也未被批准；而另一个中小企业银行，结果还没有报上去就被劝退。看来民间资本进入金融服务领域还是很难。

In gold before the change，Wenzhou folk capital covet bank for a long time。According to ZhouDeWen introduced，Wenzhou financial reform pilot area after approved，Wenzhou private enterprises want to prepare to construct overseas Chinese bank，Leaders say unlikely，Had better make small credit company，Therefore aborted。Then see the central committee is determined to encourage private capital into financial services，Wenzhou overseas Chinese bank reported the preparation plan，Also be returned。Later, wenzhou and declare the science and technology bank，According to the reason very accord with national policy，Heard that also has not been approved；And another small and medium-sized enterprise bank，The results have not just the newspaper was QuanTui。It seems the folk capital into financial services or difficult to。

　　“改革开放30多年，市场经济体制已经建立，还把民间资本看成洪水猛兽的观念要彻底改改了。美国8000多家银行哪个是国有的，不也没有天下大乱！”周德文调侃着。

“Reform and opening up 30 years，Market economy system has been established，The folk capital as a great disaster concept thoroughly change the。More than 8000 American Banks which are owned by the state，Don't also have no chaos！”ZhouDeWen make fun of。

　　不过，周德文表示，虽然“金改12条”任务的规定都比较模糊，但这恰恰给了温州改革的空间，就看温州人有没有勇气杀出血路，这取决于地方政府是否有勇气和决心来推进改革。“改革的12条任务我们不一定每一条都做得很好，但是我们要选择几条要有重大突破，或者在某些领域积累一些经验和教训，给全国金改提供借鉴。”

but，ZhouDeWen said，although“Gold to article 12”The provisions of the task is fuzzy，But this just to wenzhou reform of space，See the wenzhou people have the courage to fight the crowd，It depends on whether local governments have the courage and determination to push forward the reform。“Article 12 the reform of task we not necessarily each do very well，But we want to choose a few to a major breakthrough，Or in some field accumulated some experience and lessons，To provide reference for the national gold change。”

　

　最终要提振实业 Finally to boost industrial

　　好事难出门，坏事行千里。就在金改缓步推进时，近期温州爆发的新一轮“金融危机”，再次成为各大媒体报道的重点。

Good difficult to go out，Bad line a。In gold change forward slowly，The recent outbreak of a new round of wenzhou“Financial crisis”，Once again become the focus of the media reported。

　　由于温州民间借贷风波未平，部分企业资金链断裂，今年温州市银行业不良贷款余额与不良贷款率开始逐月上升。一季度统计数据显示，温州银行业不良贷款率为1.99%，接近2%的红线。6月末，温州市银行业不良贷款余额为181.4亿元，不良贷款率高达2.69%，其中，不良贷款余额较年初翻了一倍多，创历史新高。一些银行纷纷上门逼债，一时间急得企业主“鸡飞狗跳”。

Because of wenzhou folk loan storm open，Part of the enterprise capital chain rupture，This wenzhou banking non-performing loan balance and bad loans rose month by month began。Statistics show that in the first quarter，Wenzhou banking bad loans is 1.99%，Close to 2% of the red line。At the end of June，Wenzhou banking non-performing loan balance is 18.14 billion yuan，Bad loans as high as 2.69%，the，Non-performing loan balance at the beginning of a more than doubled，A record。Some Banks have the door dun，Time nasty business owners“Chicken fly a dog to jump”。

　　对此，周德文表示，中小企业和银行是唇齿相依的关系。温州银行业坏账确实在不断提高。自去年出现民间借贷危机后，银行增加了风险防范意识，对中小企业贷款更加谨慎。去年的信用危机致使民间借贷萎缩，企业从民间借钱也很困难，加上今年经济下行，企业生存仍然比较困难，出现了较大面积停工停产的现象。

this，ZhouDeWen said，Small and medium-sized enterprises and Banks are intricately interrelated relationship。Wenzhou banking bad debt indeed continuously improve。Since last appeared after folk loan crisis，Bank increased risk prevention consciousness，Sme loans more cautious。Last year's credit crisis causes folk lending atrophy，Enterprise from folk borrow money is also very difficult，And this year's economic downward，The enterprise survival still more difficult，There is a large area of the shutdown stop production phenomenon。

　　其实不只是中小企业生存难，目前温州的整个实体经济也出现严重滑坡，实体经济空心化日益严重。日前，据中央媒体报道，温州当地企业资金链断裂后，再加上生产成本提高，很多企业都面临倒闭风险。据了解，民间资本又开始出现 “外流”的倾向，对金改而言，无疑等于雪上加霜。

Actually not only the small and medium-sized enterprise survival difficult，At present the wenzhou real economy also appears serious landslide，KongXinHua entity economy is becoming more and more serious。a，According to the central media reports，Wenzhou local enterprise capital chain after fracture，Plus the cost of production to improve，Many enterprises have to face the risk of failure。It is understood，The folk capital began to appear “outflow”tendency，In terms of change on the gold，No doubt is equal to add insult to injury。

　　对此，周德文告诉《中国经贸聚焦》记者，这和企业前几年扩张有很大关系，也和当时政府的政策引导有关。那时政府鼓励企业扩张，鼓励企业加大投资，鼓励企业所谓转型升级，因此企业通过很多渠道得到贷款，而贷来的钱必须要花掉，于是企业开始跨行业扩张，即搞所谓的多种经营。当外界环境一变，政策一收紧，企业资金链必然断裂，就出现了停厂停工跑路等现象。

this，ZhouDeWen tell《Focus on China's economic and trade》reporter，This and enterprise before a few years there is a great relationship between expansion，Also at that time and the policy of the government guide relevant。At that time the government encourage enterprise expansion，Encourage enterprises to increase investment，Encourage enterprise transformation and upgrading of the so-called，So the enterprise through many channels to get a loan，And borrow money must be spent，So enterprises began to cross-industry expansion，Namely make the so-called a variety of business。When a change in the external environment，Policy a tightening，Enterprise capital chain inevitable fracture，Appear stop plant shutdown run road wait for a phenomenon。

　　“实业不振是温州现在主要的问题，企业家的信心指数下滑，实业的利润已经下滑到亏损的边缘，我们希望政府能够出台更多的政策来引导民间资本回归实业。”周德文对记者如是说。

“Wenzhou industrial spot is the main problem，Entrepreneurs confidence index decline，Industrial profits have declined to the edge of the loss，We hope the government can be more policy to guide the folk capital regression industrial。”ZhouDeWen said to reporters。

　　不过，周德文也强调，温州金改不能把戏唱歪了，要瞄准金改的目标，把大量分散的资金积聚起来，把社会资源包括金融资源向更多的实体经济倾斜，帮助中小企业走出困局，而不是从民营经济和实体经济中“抽血”去建更多的金融机构。这是两个不同角度的观念。

but，ZhouDeWen stressed，Wenzhou gold change can't trick sing slanting，To aim at the gold to target，A large number of scattered funds accumulated，The social resources including financial resources to more entity economy tilt，To help small and medium-sized enterprises out of the predicament，Rather than from the private economy and real economy“exsanguinate”To build more financial institutions。This is two different Angle concept。