中小企业融资难亟待破局

Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult to be broken bureau

　　当前我国融资市场仍然是由大型国有银行主导着，而大型国有银行的战略方针往往是“多捡西瓜，少抓绿豆”，将经营目标放在大客户上，使资金流更多地偏向大型企业，使中小型企业处于被忽视的低位。

The current our country finance market is still dominated by large state-owned Banks,And large state-owned bank's strategy is often"Many pick up watermelon,Less catch mung bean",Will business objectives in the big customer,Make more capital to large enterprises,That small and medium enterprises in a neglected low.

　　中小型企业是拉动国民经济增长的主力军，分析研究中小型企业融资难的现状和解决途径有着重要的现实意义。

The small and medium-sized enterprise is the main force of boosting the national economic growth,The small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult analysis and research of the present situation and solution has the important practical significance.

　　目前，我国中小型企业融资存在以下特点：

At present,Our country small and medium-sized enterprise financing exist the following features:

　　一是中小型企业融资供给呈现出“两极分化”的态势。一部分中小企业由于自身优良的经营状况成为各家金融机构的竞争对象，而另一部分企业由于经营状况不良或短期的窘境往往受到冷落。而这些被冷落的企业才是融资市场上的真正需求者。

One is the small and medium-sized enterprise financing supply present"polarization"trend.Part of the small and medium-sized enterprise because of its excellent operating status become each financial institution competition object,And the other part of the enterprise management situation is bad or short-term dilemma often has been in the doghouse.And these blanked enterprise's financing market really demanders.

　　二是中小型企业资金需求量大。中小型企业往往处于发展期，此时需要大量的资金投入来支持规模的进一步扩大和新产品及相关技术的研发，扩大市场占有率。同时，随着我国国民经济的增长以及伴随其来的通货膨胀、物价水平的提高、原材料价格的上涨使企业需要更多的资金。

The second is the small and medium-sized enterprise capital demand big.The small and medium-sized enterprise tend to be the development period,This is a place for a large amount of capital investment to support scale further expansion and new products and related technology research and development,Expand the market share.At the same time,Along with our country national economy growth and with his to inflation/To raise the level of prices/Raw material prices make the enterprise need more money.

　　三是中小型企业正规渠道获得资金困难。一项抽样调查数据显示，有68%的中小企业认为从银行获得贷款有困难，14%的企业感觉银行融资很难，只有18%的企业认为比较容易得到银行的贷款。

The third is the small and medium-sized enterprise normal channel gain financial difficulty.A sampling survey data show,68% of the small and medium-sized enterprise think obtain loan from the bank is difficult,14% of the enterprise feel bank financing difficult to,Only 18% of the enterprise that is easier to get the loan to the bank.

　　四是中小型企业融资受地域影响比较大。一方面，沿海地区经济发达，金融体系建设相对完善，政府扶持力度大，中小型企业获得融资比较容易。而内陆地区和中西部地区经济发展相对较慢，多方面因素造成企业获得资金比较困难。另一方面，省城和地市的中小企业获得资金要比县域中小企业容易得多。

The fourth is the small and medium-sized enterprise financing is regional influence is bigger.On the one hand,Coastal area developed economy,Financial system construction relative perfect,The government support for the big,The small and medium-sized enterprise financing is easier to obtain.And inland areas and parts of the Midwest economic development is relatively slow,Various factors for enterprises to obtain capital more difficult.On the other hand,Provincial capital cities and small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain funds than county small and medium-sized enterprise much easier.

　　中小型企业融资难的原因 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult reason

　　造成中小型企业融资难的原因有以下几点：

The small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficulties caused by the reasons are the following:

　　中小型企业信用相对低下。一般来说，中小型企业往往是私人企业，在管理上通常都是一个人说了算，严重缺乏现代化管理模式。在这种管理模式下，企业往往会为了某些短期目标而使用一些非正常手段，比如“一企两账”现象、人为篡改财务报表数据现象。管理的混乱使得银行方难以准确掌握企业的实际情况，不愿意给中小型企业发放贷款。

The small and medium-sized enterprise credit is relatively low.Generally speaking,The small and medium-sized enterprise often is a private enterprise,In the management is usually a person have the final say,Serious lack of modern management mode.In this management mode,Enterprise often to some short-term goal and use some improper means,For example"A soldier two accounts"phenomenon/Human tamper with the financial statement data phenomenon.Management confusion makes YinHangFang difficult to grasp accurately the actual situation of the enterprise,Don't want to extend loans to small and medium enterprise.

　　中小型企业规模和实力有限，难以通过抵押、担保的方式获得贷款。银行方在提供贷款时往往需要企业方提供固定资产抵押，而真正急需贷款支持的往往是成长中的中小型企业，它们大多数是劳动密集型企业，规模相对较小，设备落后，没有足够的固定资产可供抵押。由于中小型企业受市场和经济形势的影响比较大，盈利能力有很多不确定性，在没有抵押物的情况下，银行方不愿意将贷款提供给企业方。

The small and medium-sized enterprise scale and limited strength,Difficult to through the mortgage/Guaranteed loans.YinHangFang in providing loans often require enterprise party provide fixed assets mortgage,And truly need loan support is often the growing small and medium-sized enterprises,Most of them is labor-intensive enterprises,Scale relatively small,Equipment backward,Not enough fixed assets for mortgage.Due to the small and medium-sized enterprise by the market economy and the influence of the situation is bigger,Profitability has a lot of uncertainty,Under the condition of without the mortgaged property,YinHangFang would not provide loans to the enterprise party.

　　我国目前金融市场的发展形势对中小型企业不利。当前我国的融资市场仍然是由大型国有银行主导着，而当前大型国有银行的战略方针往往是“多捡西瓜，少抓绿豆”，将经营目标放在大客户上，使资金流更多地偏向大型企业，使中小型企业处于被忽视的低位。而且，我国目前缺少专门为中小型企业提供融资支持的专业银行和融资机构，进一步缩窄了中小型企业的融资渠道。虽然民间借贷和投资担保公司近些年发展比较迅猛，在一定程度上拓宽了中小型企业的融资渠道，但这些民间借贷公司利息比较高，使得正处于成长期的中小型企业难以承受。

At present in China, the development of financial market situation on small and medium-sized enterprise adverse.The current China's finance market is still dominated by large state-owned Banks,At present, large state-owned bank's strategy is often"Many pick up watermelon,Less catch mung bean",Will business objectives in the big customer,Make more capital to large enterprises,That small and medium enterprises in a neglected low.and,At present in China, the lack of specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises to provide financing support professional banking and financing mechanism,Further erode the small and medium-sized enterprise financing channels.Although folk borrowing and investment guarantee company in recent years development is rapid,To a certain extent broaden the financing channels of small and medium enterprises,But these folk loan company interest is quite high,That is in the growth of small and medium-sized enterprise hard to bear.

　　有待完善的法律、法规和当前的经济政策使得陷入融资困境的中小型企业雪上加霜。西欧、北美等发达国家纷纷建立了中小型企业融资的法律法规，而且一直不断完善。而中国一直缺乏保护和支持中小型企业的法律法规，中小型企业在缺乏法律法规支持的经济环境下，在竞争中往往处于劣势。同时，当前的经济政策也不利于中小型企业获得资金，目前的扶持政策主要针对大中小企业，在税收和技术支持上，中小型企业很难获得和国有企业同样的待遇，使处于竞争劣势的中小型企业雪上加霜，更难获得资金支持。

To perfect the law/Regulations and the current economic policy makes into the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprise add insult to injury.Western Europe/North America and other developed countries have established the small and medium-sized enterprise financing laws and regulations,And has been constantly improve.And China has been lack of protection and support the small and medium-sized enterprise's laws and regulations,The small and medium-sized enterprise in the absence of laws and regulations support economic environment,In the competition are often at a disadvantage.At the same time,The current economic policy but also to the small and medium-sized enterprise obtain funds,The support policy is aimed at major and medium small enterprise,In tax revenue and technical support,Small and medium enterprises and state-owned enterprises can be difficult to obtain the same treatment,Make at a competitive disadvantage to small and medium enterprises,Harder to obtain financial support.

　　部分地区政府、企业、银行没有形成良好的沟通机制。在很多地区，政府片面追求招商业绩，千方百计为企业担保获得贷款，让企业负债经营。而中小型企业自身经营存在很多不稳定因素，当企业难以生存时，政府便要求企业破产，造成银行大量的呆账、坏账，严重打击了向中小型企业提供贷款的积极性。

Part of the district government/enterprise/The bank has no form good communication mechanism.In many areas,The government one-sided pursuit of investment performance,Leave no stone unturned for enterprise secured loans,Let enterprise liability management.And small and medium-sized enterprise own business has many unstable factors,When enterprise hard to live,The government shall request the enterprise bankruptcy,Cause bank a lot of bad loans/Bad debt,Serious blow to the small and medium-sized enterprises to provide loans enthusiasm.

　　建立中小企业直接融资渠道

Set up small and medium-sized enterprises of our country direct financing channels

　　建议从以下几个方面完善中小型企业融资：

Suggestions from the following several aspects to improve the small and medium-sized enterprise financing:

　　第一，中小型企业提高自身素质。优化产业结构，使中小型企业努力由劳动密集型企业向技术密集型企业转变，提高自身在市场中的竞争力；改善管理模式，打破中小型企业“一把手遮天下”的管理局面，提高企业盈利能力；建立完善的财务管理制度，保证报表数据的真实性，切实提高企业财务的透明度和可信度，打造“企业可靠，银行信任”的良性循环局面。

The first,Small and medium enterprises to improve their own quality.Optimize industrial structure,Make small and medium-sized enterprise effort from labor-intensive enterprises to technology-intensive enterprises to change,To improve their competitiveness in the market;Improve management mode,Break the small and medium-sized enterprise"A covered the world"Management situation,To improve the enterprise profitability;Establish and improve the financial management system,Ensure the authenticity of the data report,In order to improve enterprise financial transparency and credibility,make"Enterprise reliable,Bank trust"The virtuous circle of the situation.

　　第二，完善相关法律法规，以法律法规整顿经济秩序，并给中小型企业以政策支持。完善中小型企业的市场法制环境，加速金融立法，确保良好的司法环境，同时确保中小型企业和国有企业有相同法律地位，使中小型企业和国有企业有相同的待遇。依法整治经济秩序，优化市场环境，对不法行为给予严厉的打击，为企业的良性竞争创造一个公平的环境。在政策上，给予中小型企业一定的扶持力度，适当提高中小型企业增值税和营业税的起征点，帮助中小型企业渡过难关、健康发展。

The second,Perfect relevant laws and regulations,The laws and regulations to rectify the economic order,And to small and medium enterprises with policy support.The small and medium-sized enterprise market perfect legal environment,Speed up financial legislation,To ensure a good judicial environment,At the same time ensure that small and medium enterprises and state-owned enterprise have the same legal status,That small and medium enterprises and state-owned enterprises have the same treatment.Regulation in accordance with the economic order,Optimize market environment,For illegal behavior gives the severe blow,For enterprise's benign competition to create a fair environment.In the policy,The small and medium-sized enterprise must give more support,An appropriate increase in small and medium enterprises of value added tax and business tax threshold,To help the small and medium-sized enterprise tide over the difficulties/Healthy development.

　　第三，人民银行加强企业征信体系建设，并加强其宣传力度。及时更新企业信用报告所承载的基本信息、信贷信息、非银行信息。人民银行加强机构信用代码的推广工作，并确保其所承载的真实性及法律地位，同时，联合各家商业银行大力宣传企业信用报告和机构信用代码在经济往来中的作用。

The third,People's bank to strengthen enterprise credit system construction,And strengthen the propaganda.Update enterprise credit report regarding the basic information/Credit information/Non-bank information.To strengthen the institutions of the people's bank of credit code promotion work,And ensure the authenticity of the bearing and legal status,At the same time,Joint each commercial bank the publicity of enterprise credit report and institutions credit code in the role of economic relations.

　　第四，建立中小型企业的直接融资渠道。大力发展风险投资和二板市场，完善债券市场发债机制，积极推动中小型企业创业投资公司和风险投资基金的发展，吸引民间资本的介入。积极借鉴和吸取西方国家发展股票市场的经验，努力营造上市环境，为那些成长性较高，但规模较小，抗风险能力相对较弱，还不适应主板市场要求的中小企业创造新的融资场所。

The fourth,Small and medium-sized enterprises to establish direct financing channels.Develop the venture capital and the second-board market,Perfect bond market FaZhai mechanism,Actively promote the small and medium-sized enterprise venture capital company and venture capital fund development,Attract private capital intervention.Actively learn from the western countries for reference and the experience of the development of the stock market,Efforts to build public environment,For those high growth,But smaller,Risk resistance capacity is relatively weak,Don't adapt to the main board market requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises create new financing place.

　　第五，建立政府、企业、商业银行三方沟通机制。政府积极引导企业规范管理，树立良好的信用形象，以政府为中心建立企业、商业银行的对话平台，打破政府盲目为企业担保的局面，逐步建立政府、企业、银行互相信任、互相合作的共赢局面。

The fifth,Establish the government/enterprise/Commercial Banks tripartite communication mechanism.The government actively guide enterprise management,Establish a good credit image,The government as the center to establish enterprise/Commercial Banks dialogue platform,Break the government blindly for enterprise security situation,Gradually establish a government/enterprise/Bank trust each other/Mutual cooperation a win-win situation.

　　(作者单位为中国人民银行辽宁省桓仁县支行)

(The author unit for the people's bank of China HuanRenXian branch in liaoning province)