本报驻京记者李婧

Our newspaper Beijing LiJing reporters

　　11月17日至18日，主题为“一切为了农村学生”的21世纪农村教育高峰论坛在京举行。北京理工大学教育研究院教育院长、21世纪教育研究院院长杨东平在此间发布的《农村教育布局调整十年评价报告》显示，2000年到2010年，在我国农村，平均每一天就要消失63所小学、30个教学点、3所初中，几乎每过一小时，就要消失4所农村学校。

Nov. 17-18,,Theme for"Everything for the countryside student"The 21st century rural education peak BBS is held in Beijing.Beijing university of science and technology education research institute of education/The 21st century education research institute President YangDongPing released in here[Rural education layout adjustment ten years evaluation report]display,From 2000 to 2010,In China's rural,On an average day will disappear 63 primary school/30 teaching school/3 junior high school,Almost every one hour,Will disappear and rural schools.

一小时4所农村学校没了，农村学生上学成本增加 An hour four rural schools didn't,The countryside student school costs

　　农村小学减少22.94万所，减少了52.1%。教学点减少11.1万个，减少了6成。农村初中减少1.06万所，减幅超过1/4。

Rural primary school to reduce 229400,Decreased by 52.1%.Teaching school reduce 111000,Reduced to 6.The countryside junior middle school to reduce 10600,More than a quarter damped.

　　据21世纪教育研究院公布的《探索农村教育的科学发展之路农村学校布局调整政策的评价与反思》报告显示，2000年至2010年，平均每一天，在中国农村就要消失63所小学、30个教学点、3所初中，几乎每过一个小时，就要消失4所农村学校。而这种现象目前依然存在。

According to the 21st century education institute published[Rural education to explore the road of scientific development of rural school layout adjustment policy evaluation and reflection]The report shows that,From 2000 to 2010,Average every day,In China's rural will disappear 63 primary school/30 teaching school/3 junior high school,Almost every one hour,Will disappear and rural schools.And this kind of phenomenon still exists.

2012年9月，国务院办公厅出台《关于规范农村义务教育学校布局调整的意见》，实施了十余年的“撤校并点”政策被叫停。 In September of 2012,The general office of the state council issued[Rural compulsory education on regulating the school layout adjustment opinion],The implementation of more than 10 years"From school and point"Policy have been stopped.

　　与此同时，10年间，我国农村小学生减少了3153.49万人，减少了37.8%，农村初中生减少了1644万人，减少了26.97%。农村初中就读的学生减少了约22%，农村小学就读的学生减少了11.5%，他们大多数进入县镇初中和县镇小学。

meanwhile,10 years,China's rural pupils reduced 31.5349 million people,Decreased by 37.8%,To reduce the rural junior high school student 16.44 million people,Decreased by 26.97%.The countryside junior middle school students to attend has been reduced by about 22%,Rural elementary school students decreased by 11.5%,Most of them into the county town junior middle school and county town primary school.

　　21世纪教育研究院在报告中提出了“撤并系数”，该系数表明，2001年至2011年，全国历年的撤并系数平均为5.63，也就是说，平均下来，每年小学减幅超过小学在校生减幅的5.63倍。

The 21st century education research institute in the report puts forward"Merger of coefficient",The factor that,From 2001 to 2011,The merger of the calendar year average coefficient is 5.63,That is,Average down,Each year more than primary school students elementary school damping of damped 5.63 times.

　　21世纪教育研究院的研究报告指出，农村学生的减少，除了是由于学龄人口的大幅度减少，还由于城市化进程中的劳动力转移，大量贫困地区农民进城务工，带走了部分学生。进入城镇的农民工随迁子女，又形成了另外一个人群：流动儿童。

The 21st century education institute report,The countryside student's reduce,In addition to is due to the reduction of school-age population,In the process of urbanization is due to the transfer of labor force,A large number of poor areas the fanner entered a city the work,Take away the part of students.Into the town of migrant workers SuiQian children,And formed another crowd:Migrant children.

　　杨东平认为，大规模的“学校进城”后，农村学校日益荒芜凋敝，农村教育出现了“城挤、乡弱、村空”的危局，过度的学校撤并导致学生上学远、上学贵、上学难。

YangDongPing think,large-scale"The school into the city"after,The rural school increasingly barren destitute,Rural education appeared"City crowded/Township weak/Village empty"Crisis of,Excessive school merging causes students to go to school far/School your/School difficult.

　　据21世纪教育研究院在10省农村中小学的抽样调查，农村小学生学校离家的平均距离为10.83华里，农村初中生离家的平均距离为34.93华里，流失辍学及隐性流失辍学率提高。

According to the 21st century education institute in 10 provinces rural middle and primary school of sampling survey,The rural pupils' school the average distance from home for 10.83 warry,Rural junior high school student the average distance from home for 34.93 warry,Erosion school dropout and recessive loss increase dropout rates.

　　农村地区实行集中办学后，发展寄宿制学校是解决学生上学远的主要措施。据21世纪教育研究院在10省的调查显示，农村小学生寄宿生比例为39.8%，初中生的寄宿比例达到61.6%。但已建成的寄宿制学校由于普遍缺乏配套的生活设施、教师等，存在一些突出问题。农村寄宿制学校中学生的营养状况堪忧，农村小学生中寄宿生的身高，在不同年龄段均比走读生低3厘米到5厘米。

Rural areas after implement centralized and running,The development of residential school is solving the students' school far main measures.According to the 21st century education institute in 10 provincial survey,The rural pupils' boarder proportion is 39.8%,Junior high school students lodging ratio reached 61.6%.But already built residential school due to lack of complete living facilities/Teacher, etc,There are some outstanding problems.Rural residential school high school students is nutritional status,In the rural pupils' boarder height,In different age paragraph are better than those of extern low 3 cm to 5 cm.

　　撤点并校的效应并非只对教育形成了影响，相关研究报告指出，从大教育的视角来讲，撤点并校对农村家庭、生活方式、生产方式也产生各种深刻的影响和改变。

From point BingJiao effect is not only for education to form the influence,Related research report says,From the perspective of education will tell,From point and to check the rural family/Way of life/Mode of production also produce all sorts of profound influence and change.

　　由于学生幼小，大量农村家长不得不进城陪读。该报告显示，农村学生中家长陪读的比例平均为22.7%，重庆小学陪读的比例高达38.4%。年轻母亲进城陪读，导致离婚率大幅上升。一些农村孩子在新环境中反而“学坏”。同时孩子离开农村，加剧了乡村人口结构的失衡，也带来亲情的断裂和乡土认同的迷失，导致乡村文化生态的凋敝和“荒漠化”。“大规模的撤点并校，荒了土地，荒了老人，荒了婆姨，荒了孩子。”杨东平评价撤点并校政策十年成效时指出。

Because the student young,A large number of rural parents or relatives can apply to the city.The report shows that,The rural students in the proportion of parents or relatives can apply for an average of 22.7%,Chongqing or relatives can apply for primary school the proportion is as high as 38.4%.Young mother or relatives can apply into the city,Lead to rate has soared.Some children in the countryside in the new environment instead"That which is evil".At the same time the child out of rural,Increased the structure of rural population imbalance,Also bring sentiments of the fracture and local identity lost,Lead to village culture ecological industrial and"desertification"."The scale of the withdrawal BingJiao point,Waste the land,Waste the old man,Waste the PoYi,Waste the children."YangDongPing evaluation from point BingJiao policy ten years out results.

　　杨东平认为，“对农村撤点并校政策效果的评价，不应当是单一经济主义维度的办学效益评价，而需要平衡教育公平、教育质量、教育效益三者关系。在经济比较发达、交通比较便利的平原地区，撤点并校对学生的负面影响相对较小，正面效用比较明显。但有些地方因为盲目地撤点并校，使得依法实施义务教育的目标受到损害，优化资源配置的目标并没有达成，促进教育公平的目标并未达成，乡村文明进一步凋敝，城乡差距、地区差距和学校差距仍然在拉大。而提高教育质量的目标是否达成还有待深入研究。”

YangDongPing think,"To the countryside from point BingJiao policy effect evaluation,Should not be a single economic socialist dimensions of the school benefit evaluation,And the need to balance education fair/Education quality/Education benefit relationship.In economically developed/Traffic is convenient plain region,From point and to check students' negative influence is relatively minor,Obvious positive utility.But some places because blindly from point BingJiao,Makes the implementation of compulsory education in accordance with the target damage,The goal of optimizing the allocation of resources and didn't reach,To promote the education fair target was not reached,Rural civilization further destitute,Gap between urban and rural areas/The regional gap and school gap is still widening.And improve education quality goal to whether still remain to be further addressed."

小学辍学率退至十年前，辍学主体迁移至低年级 Primary school dropout rates back to 10 years ago,School subject migration to lower grade

　　根据21世纪教育研究院的调研结果，十年间，2001、2006、2011年成为小学撤并的高峰，其中，2011年撤并系数达到41.57。这表明，全国小学在校生人数减少基本停滞后，学校撤并仍然以巨大的力量和惯性在快速推进。

According to the 21st century education institute of research results,Ten years,2001/2006/In 2011, the peak of the merging of become primary school,the,2011 merger of coefficient of 41.57.This suggests that,The national primary school student number decreases after basic stagnation,The school should still with great strength and inertia in the rapid propulsion.

　　河北省教育厅巡视员、中国教育学会农村教育分会理事长韩清林透露，近四年来，全国小学辍学率大幅度回升

Hebei province education department inspector/China education society of rural education branch HanQingLin revealed,Nearly four years,The national primary school dropout rates rebounded significantly， ,“从2008年辍学生63.3万人，辍学率5.99‰，到2011年辍学生已经达到88.3万人，辍学率8.8‰，这与1997年、1998年、1999年的辍学水平大体相当。” "From 2008 dropout 633000 people,5.99 dropout rates‰,By 2011 dropout has reached 883000 person,8.8 dropout rates‰,This and in 1997/In 1998,/1999 years of school level is approximately the same."

　　据韩清林透露，10年间，辍学的主体已经由高年级迁移到小学一、二年级。2007年、2008年、2009年、2010年小学一年级到二年级辍学学生分别为51.08万人、55.86万人、64.28万人、51.81万人，辍学率分别为29.18‰、31.71‰、37.35‰、31.16‰，占年辍学学生的60%～80%，为历史最高峰。

According to HanQingLin revealed,10 years,The main body of the school has the senior migration to a primary school/Second grade.In 2007,/In 2008,/In 2009,/2010 primary school grade one to grade two dropout respectively for 510800 people/558600 people/642800 people/518100 people,Dropout rates were 29.18‰/31.71‰/37.35‰/31.16‰,For years the 60% ~ 80% of students who leave high school before finishing,For the highest in history.

　　“大规模的持续不断的撤并教学点，不仅使大量的小学低年级孩子辍学，更为可怕的是还会使大量的儿童不能入学，每年可能产生新文盲上百万。”韩清林说，“经过十几年的努力，在全面普及九年义务教育的情况下，特别是在全面实现免费义务教育的新形势下，全国小学辍学率已经倒退到1999年以前的水平。”

"The scale of the continuing merger of teaching school,Not only make a lot of primary school lower grade school children,More terrible is still can make a lot of children cannot attend,Each year could generate new illiteracy millions."HanQingLin said,"After more than ten years of hard work,In the comprehensive popularization nine years of compulsory education of the case,Especially in the comprehensive realization free compulsory education under the new situation of the,The national primary school dropout rates have been back to 1999 years ago level."

　　“我要做一个自我检查，在参与制定规划纲要中只是提出了进行学校标准化建设，而没有提学校规模化和教学点的保留问题。”2010年，国家发布《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2010年)》，曾参与制定该纲要的韩清林称其担任了小学义务教育、学前教育、高中阶段的起草工作。

"I want to make a self-examination,Participate in planning is put forward in the outline of just school standardization construction,And no mention school scale and teaching school retention problems."In 2010,,National release[National medium and long-term education reform and development plan outline(2010-2010)],Participated in the outline for the HanQingLin says it served as the primary compulsory education/Preschool education/The high school stage in the drafting work.

　　杨东平指出，随着计划生育政策，农村的人口逐步减少，这里显示了前20年的进程，在2000年以前，学龄人口还有高峰，到2000年以后就呈现持续下降。伴随着学龄人口的减少，学校适当调整是一个自然的过程，但这个过程发展到现在出现了新的情况。

YangDongPing pointed out that,With the family planning policy,Rural population gradually reduce,This shows that the first 20 years of process,In the 2000 years ago,School-age population and peak,To 2000 years later appears continued to decline.With school age population decrease,School appropriate adjustment is a natural process,But this process development up to now appeared the new conditions.

撤点并校政策引起了国家和政府强烈的关注，是因为撤并的规模之大远远超过了自然的状态。以小学为例，小学学生在这十年当中减少了37%，学校减少了52%。学校撤并的幅度远远大于学生减少的幅度。 From point BingJiao policy from the state and government strongly attention,Because the size of the merger of the big far more than the natural state.In elementary school, for example,Primary school students in this ten years decreased by 37%,School decreased by 52%.The range of the merger of school is far greater than the students reduced amplitude.

　　杨东平认为，农村学校布局调整的政策过程一方面是自然的过程，随着学龄人口的减少、大规模人口流动、追求有质量的教育、管理部门希望提高教育的质量和效益，这是合理的来自教育内部的因素。而这些年来过度的撤点并校还受到很多非教育因素的影响，如地方财政困境、行政化的推动、城镇化驱动和效率优先的主导价值。

YangDongPing think,The rural school layout adjustment policy process on the one hand is a natural process,With school age population decrease/Large-scale population flow/The pursuit of quality education/Management wants to improve education quality and benefit,This is reasonable from education the internal factors.And these years excessive from point BingJiao also subject to many non education influences,Such as local financial difficulties/Promote the administrative/Urbanization drive and efficiency priority dominant value.

“后撤点并校时代”，农村教育何去何从？ "Retreat point BingJiao era",Rural education what course to follow?

　　2012年9月，以国务院办公厅文件下发的《关于规范农村义务教育学校布局调整的意见》，提出“坚决制止盲目撤并农村义务教育学校”，“在完成农村义务教育学校布局专项规划备案之前，暂停农村义务教育学校撤并”。

In September of 2012,With the general office of the state council issued the documents[Rural compulsory education on regulating the school layout adjustment opinion],Put forward"Resolutely put a stop to blind rural compulsory education school merger","Upon completion of the rural compulsory education school special planning layout before the record,Suspend rural compulsory education school merging".

　　随着国家叫停和规划农村学校布局调整政策，农村教育正在进入“后撤点并校时代”。将农村教育城镇化和农村儿童实现就近入学，成为现实当中不同的两种主张。“小学进镇、初中进城，消灭农村教育，使所有农村儿童都享受城市化的教育。他们的理由是人口城镇化趋势、乡村教育的衰败、城乡教育差距，优化资源配置、提高教育质量、提供丰富化课程。在这种思考下，现实当中的做法就是大量撤并学校，力求实现规模效益。而学术界多主张就近入学，提倡保留和建设村小与教学点，适度发展乡镇寄宿制学校。”东北师范大学农村教育研究所所长邬志辉说。

As countries to stop and the planning of rural school layout adjustment policy,Rural education are entering"Retreat point BingJiao era".The rural education and urbanization of rural children realize came near to the entrance,Become a reality of different two propositions."Elementary school into town/Junior high school into the city,Destroy rural education,Make all the rural children enjoy urbanization education.Their reason is population urbanization trend/The decline of rural education/Urban and rural education gap,Optimize allocation of resources/Improve education quality/Provide enrichment course.In this kind of thinking next,The reality of the merger of a large number of practice is the school,Strive to realize scale benefit.And more than academic circles that came near to the entrance,Advocate retain and construction of school and teaching school,Moderate development of villages and towns residential schools."The northeast normal university rural education institute director WuZhiHui said.

　　根据相关研究结果，城乡初中的规模是增加的，乡镇的学校由2001年的463人增加到2010年的920人，增加了98.66%。同时小学寄宿生的情况也在不断增长，从近5年的情况来看，农村寄宿生增长最大。我们国家增加的寄宿生当中，92.78%都是来自于县以下的寄宿生。在农村中的寄宿生当中，从7.36%增加到2010年的12.07%。

According to the related research results,Urban and rural junior middle school's scale is increasing,The villages and towns school increased from 2001 in 463 to 2010 in 920,Increased by 98.66%.At the same time the boarder primary school is also increasing,From the past five years of situation,The rural resident student biggest growth.Our country the increase of boarder,92.78% are from the county the following boarder.In the rural areas of the boarder,Increased from 7.36% to 12.07% in 2010.

　　寄宿制学校出现，虽然可以缓解集中教学带来的地域时间成本，但寄宿制学校专业生活教师的缺失也使处在成长期的农村孩子面临各式各样的心理和生活问题。“到底还要不要农村教育？”“农村教育一定要城镇化吗？”

Residential school appear,Although can relieve centralized teaching brings regional time cost,But residential school life the lack of professional teachers also make in the growth period of rural children face all kinds of psychology and life's problems."What also don't rural education?""Rural education must urbanization?"

　　不少参与论坛的学者都提出这样的疑问。教育部基础教育司司长高学贵曾提出中国未来的农村到底会怎样？一方面大量的农民进城，2008年以后又有农民返乡，农民到底怎么样走，未来农村还有没有人，还要不要农村教育，农村教育未来是什么内容？

Many participate in BBS scholars put forward such doubt.The ministry of education foundation JiaoYuSi priests gao once put China's future rural exactly?On the one hand a lot of farmers into the city,2008 years later and the farmers,How about the farmers go,The future rural and no one,Also don't rural education,The future of rural education is what contents?

　　农村的城镇化是一个不可逆的历史过程，根据华中师范大学中国农村研究院发布的《中国农民经济状况报告》显示，中国农村居民基尼系数在2011年已经达到了0.3949，正在逼近0.4的国际警戒线。数据显示在收入最低的“后20%”样本农户中，务农农户占比高达82.5%。21世纪教育研究院的报告指出，应关注“后20%”的农村儿童。

Rural urbanization is an irreversible historical process,According to the central China normal university institute of rural China released[Chinese farmers' economic status reports]display,China's gini coefficient of rural residents in 2011 has reached 0.3949,Is approaching the international warning line of 0.4.Data display in the lowest income"20% after"Sample peasant households in,Farming households account for more than 82.5%.The 21st century education institute report points out,Should pay attention to"20% after"Rural children.

　　论坛上，21世纪教育研究院重申教育的基本价值，强调坚持就近入学、公平优先、探索适合农村需要的教育、保障农村教育的各种投入。同时，21世纪教育研究院指出，农村教育资源配备的关注点应该是农村“后20%”的边缘化群体，而不是忽视或抛弃他们。做到真正不让一个孩子失学，办好每一所学校，“小规模化”、“小幼一体化”和乡村教育的混合模式，是农村教育可行的几种模式。

BBS on,The 21st century education institute education reiterated that the basic value,It puts emphasis on the came near to the entrance/Fair priority/To explore the need of rural education/Guarantee rural education various input.At the same time,The 21st century education institute pointed out,Rural education resources should be equipped with concerns rural"20% after"Marginalized groups of,Not neglect or abandon them.Really don't let a child to drop out of school,Do good every school,"Small scale"/"XiaoYou integration"Rural education and the mixed mode,Rural education feasible modes.

　　>>相关：中国农村学校每天消失63所 10年减少一半 >>related:China's rural school every day disappeared 63 10 years reduced by half

　　>>回顾：农村小学数量十年减半 撤点并校加剧农民负担 >>review:The number of rural primary school ten years halving from point BingJiao aggravate the burden of the peasants

　　根据教育部公布的统计数据，从1997年到2010年的14年间，全国减少小学371470所，其中农村小学减少302099所，占全国小学总减少量的81.3%。

According to the statistics released by the ministry of education,From 1997 to 2010, 14 years,The national reduce 371470 primary schools,The rural primary school to reduce 302099,Accounted for 81.3% of the total reduction primary school.

>>影响： >>influence:麻城学生扛课桌上学调查：撤点并校致资源失衡 Macheng students carry the desk survey to go to school:From the point BingJiao resources imbalance

　　日前媒体报道，湖北省麻城市3000多名学生"扛着课桌上学"，缺少基本教学配套设施。麻城市教育局回应称，在2011年已启动了"健康桌椅"工程，安排400万专项资金，购置了32800套标准学时课桌椅，为全市所有的初中和部分小学更换了桌椅，并将在最近两个月之内，更换所有学校的旧桌椅。

Media reports before,Hubei province MaChengShi more than 3000 students"Carry the desk to go to school",The lack of the basic teaching facilities.MaChengShi bureau said response,In 2011 has already been launched"Health desks and chairs"engineering,Arrange 4 million special funds,Buy a 32800 set of standard school desks and chairs,For the entire city of junior middle school and primary school part replacement desks and chairs,And in the last two months,Replace all of the old school desks and chairs.

　　在"撤点并校"政策实施之后，因教育资源逐渐集中至优势学校，当地一些乡村教学点面临师资和配套缺乏，校舍破旧，教学设施老化，教育资金投入相对较少等诸多问题。

in"From point BingJiao"Policy implementation after,Because of the education resources advantage to the concentration to school,Some native country facing teaching school teachers and lack of form a complete set,Schoolhouse old,Teaching facilities aging,Education funds relatively less, and many other problems.

　　>>焦点：农村撤点并校 如何两全其美 >>focus:Rural from point BingJiao how to have it both ways

　　经过撤并后，目前全省2280多个小学教学点，在走读生中，单程步行上学时间在20分钟的占84.17%，中小学布局总体合理。但是，农村学生上学远、上学难问题在一定范围内仍然存在。全省有14%左右走读生单程步行40分钟以上，集中办学客观上增加了一些家长的生活负担，也使交通问题突出。

After the merger after,The whole province at present in more than 2280 primary school teaching school,In the day,One way to walk to school time in 20 minutes of 84.17%,Overall rational layout of middle and primary school.but,The countryside student school far/School difficult problem within the scope of certain and still exist.The province has 14% extern one-way walk more than 40 minutes,Centralized education objectively increased some parents life burden,Also make the traffic problems.

　　>>评论：撤点并校不是一味减少 应根据民意动态实时调整 >>comments:From point BingJiao not only reduce the public opinion should be based on dynamic real-time adjustment

　　>>评论：莫让"撤点并校"伤害乡村孩子 >>comments:let"From point BingJiao"Hurt rural children

　　>>延伸：贫困大学毕业生困惑中坚守城市 不愿回农村 >>extension:Poor college graduates in the confusion to city don't want to back to rural

　　他们是土生土长的农村娃，属当地同龄孩子中的"人中翘楚"，有些甚至是全村第一名大学生。千军万马杀过高考独木桥，凭借自己的努力，成为跳出农门的幸运儿。可能考上重点大学的凤毛麟角，大多数人仅是跳出了农村，就读于三类院校，对大学将要学什么、毕业后能干什么"根本没有什么概念"。大学四年，家中已四处举债。贫困的家庭，急需教育投资后的"反馈"和"回报"。

They are a native of rural Eva,Belong to the local children in the age"Leader among",Some even the village is the first college students.An army slain bridge the university entrance exam,Relying on our own efforts,Become NongMen jump out of a lucky dog.May enter a key university rare breed,Most people is only jump out of the countryside,Enrolled in three types of colleges and universities,To university will learn/After the graduation do"Don't have any concept".The university for four years,Home already around debt.Poor family,In urgent need of education investment after the"feedback"and"return".