美国妇女邦妮前后三年分别收养了两名中国女婴，后来发现竟是亲生姐妹。近日，长大了的姐妹想回中国寻找自己的亲生父母。美国人收养的中国孩子有七万之多，大都在美国生活得不错。事实上，这些“幸运儿”的背后，是政府长期对于孤残儿童权益的漠视，以及对本国公民收养孤儿的“歧视”。

American women bonnie before and after three years respectively adopted two Chinese girls,I later found out that was her own sister.recently,Grew up sister want to go back to China to find her own parents.American adopted Chinese children have more than seventy thousand,Mostly in the United States live well.As a matter of fact,these"Lucky dog"The back of the,Is the government for a long time to disregard for the rights of disabled children,Citizens as well as to adopt the orphans"discrimination".

　　美国国务院发布的《收养签证统计》显示，从1999年至2010年，共收养中国孤儿64000余名，在最高峰的2005年曾达到过7900名，在当时每3个孤儿中就有1个来自中国。除美国外，中国收养中心还向丹麦、芬兰、西班牙、法国等14个国家开放。在上述国家热情收养中国儿童并由此改变他们生活乃至命运的同时，对比国内收养的数据就不难看出其中存在的困难和障碍。

Promulgated by the state council of the United States[Adopt a visa statistics]display,From 1999 to 2010,Over 64000 were adopted Chinese orphan,In once reached the highest peak in 2005, 7900,At that time one out of every three orphans from China.In addition to the United States,China adoption center also to Denmark/Finland/The Spanish/14 countries, including France, open.In the above country enthusiasm to adopt Chinese children and changed their lives and even the fate of the at the same time,Compared with domestic adoption of data is easy to see that the difficulties and obstacles.

　　2009年，民政部启动的全国范围内的孤儿现状调查，中国的孤儿数量达到71.2万。而根据民政部发布的《2009年民政事业发展统计报告》显示，2009年全国收养登记合计44260件，其中：中国公民收养登记39801件。对于一个有14亿人口、71.2万孤儿的国家而言，只有不到5万的孩童能够再次拥有家庭，其中接近10%还是通过“洋父母”的帮助。

In 2009,,The ministry of civil affairs launched a nationwide investigation of the orphans,Number of orphans in China reached 712000.According to the ministry of civil affairs[Civil affairs development statistics report for 2009]display,The 2009 national adoption registration totals 44260 pieces,Among them:39801 Chinese citizens adoption registration.For a population of 1.4 billion/712000 orphans of countries,Less than 50000 of children to have a family again,Nearly 10% of them through"The parents"The help of the.

　　收养中国健康的孤儿，中国收养者与外国人收养者相比收养资格更加严格，最大的不同在于中国申请收养者必须无子女。这种对于本国收养者更加苛刻的要求，建立在计划生育的基本国策之上。2006年的《环球时报》引述的《中国人在中国孤儿院不受欢迎》一篇报道称，想要在中国领养婴孩是一段非常沮丧的经历，“中国的收养机构无意为我们提供服务。”这篇报道还称，对那些想领养中国婴孩的外国人，会有各种机构向他们提供酒店、交通及翻译等服务，甚至还有观光。而中国人要难得多，“孤儿院通常不公开有关孩子的信息，这造成许多中国家庭找不到孩子来领养”。

Adopt the health of Chinese orphans,China adopted the adopter compared with foreigners adopt stricter qualification,The biggest different depend on China for adoption to childless.This for its adoption of more strict requirements,Based on the basic state policy of family planning.In 2006,[Global times]Quote of the[The Chinese orphanage is not popular in China]A report says,Want to adopt in China baby is a very frustrating experience,"China's adoption agencies had no intention of providing service for us."The report says,For those who want to adopt the baby foreigners in China,There will be various kinds of institutions to provide hotel to them/Traffic and translation services,Even for sightseeing.But it is much more difficult to Chinese people,"Orphanage is not usually public information about the child,It caused many Chinese families find children to adopt".

　　“国内收养是主流，而国际收养只是补充。”这一原则早在1993年5月29日的海牙国际私法会议上就以《跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约》的形式确定下来，中国也参与其中。但长期研究中国妇女问题、发展和人口政策的美国学者Kay Johnson还是注意到，通过福利机构收养的数字来看，国内收养和国际收养在2005年之前大致相当，前者略高。但在2005年，首次出现国际收养大于通过福利机构的国内收养数量，前者为1.4万左右，后者为1万。中国收养中心还于2006年作出规定，对外国收养申请文件采取“优先办理”的做法。

"Adoption is the mainstream in China,And international adoption is added."This principle as early as 1993 on May 29, the Hague conference on private international law[Convention for the protection of children and cooperation in international adoptions]In the form of,China is also involved.But long-term study of Chinese women's issues/Development and the population policy of American scholars Kay Johnson or notice,Through the welfare agencies adopt the figures,Adopt domestic and international adoption before 2005 are roughly equal,The former slightly higher.But in 2005,First time international adoption is greater than the number of domestic adoption welfare agencies,The former is about 14000,The latter for 10000.China's adoption center also defined in 2006,Of foreign adoption application documents to"Priority to deal with"The practice of.

　　自从2005年湖南省衡阳市破获一起福利机构跨省违法、违规收买被拐卖儿童的案件之后，中国儿童的涉外收养就不仅仅是爱心这么单纯，舆论注意到福利机构热衷向外国输送婴儿背后，确实存在明显的利益冲动。按照惯例，涉外收养中儿童福利机构可以收取低于3000美元的捐赠费，而国内收养在该方面并无明文规定，捐赠属于收养人自愿行为。这无形中促使福利机构更愿意接收涉外收养。湖南省民政厅一官员说，允许福利院送出一个婴孩，得到2850美元，主要是考虑补充抚养经费缺口，调动基层救助工作积极性，发展福利事业。多向境外输送一个婴儿，就多一笔收入，这在客观上刺激着福利院想法设法搜寻婴儿。衡阳县福利院曾为此下达任务：一个职工一年内抱回3个孩子，即算完成当年的工作任务，工资可以得到全额发放，年终还有奖金。一些福利院职工甚至游说人贩子，不择手段寻找婴儿。

Since 2005, hengyang city in hunan province cracked with welfare institutions across the province illegal/Illegal children after a case of buying abducted,Chinese children of foreign-related adoption is not just a love so pure,Public opinion notice welfare institutions dedicated to foreign transportation baby behind,Exists obviously in the interests of the impulse.According to the practice,Concerning foreign affairs to adopt the child welfare agencies can charge less than $3000 in donations,And domestic adoption in this respect is not expressly provided,Donated to the adopter voluntary behavior.This virtually to welfare institutions are more willing to receive foreign adoption.Hunan provincial civil administration office official said,Allow welfare send a baby,Get $2850,Mainly consider supplementary raising funds,To motivate the relief work at the grass-roots level,The development of welfare.Learn a lot from overseas transport a baby,Is more than a pen,This objectively stimulated the welfare idea try to search for the baby.HengYangXian welfare have tasks:A worker a year back to three children,The calculate of tasks,Salary can be started,Year-end bonus and.Some welfare worker even lobby traffickers,By looking for the baby.

　　在早期，福利院热衷向境外输送婴儿除了利益诱惑外，还有现实不得已的苦衷，那就是不忍心看着婴儿在最低生存保障线上挣扎，没吃没穿。有媒体调查福州市镇远县福利院的截止2009年收养的81名弃婴中，有60名通过涉外收养出国。如果没有这笔“收入”，福利院在编人员的工资、弃婴、孤儿养育条件的改善很难有其他拨款。此间工作人员指出，“我国公共财政体制决定地方财政一级不如一级，所以地方财政对福利院的支持力度十分有限。”

In the early,Welfare homes for sending babies in addition to the interests of the temptation to overseas,And reality had difficulties,That is not bear to see the baby on the lowest living security,Don't eat not to wear.Media survey fuzhou town far county by adoption of the 81 2009 children's welfare homes abandoned baby,There are 60 through the foreign adoption abroad.If you don't have it"income",Welfare homes at personnel's wage/Deserted babies/Orphan raising the improvement of the condition it is difficult to have other funding.Staff pointed out here,"Public finance system in our country decided to local finance level than at the next higher level,So local finance to support children's welfare homes is very limited."

　　同样的情况在其他基层福利院也很普遍。广东电白县福利院，2009年有43名孤残儿童，职工却有42名，而县政府一年的财政拨款才12万元，这笔财政拨款连孤残儿童最基本的医疗、伙食费都不够。有的地方福利院，要求每位员工每年必须完成三个孤儿的收养指标，只有完成任务才能领取工资与奖金。洛阳市福利院的涉外收养率达到85%，工作人员解释称，财政供给远远不能维持福利院正常运转，所以只有想办法找钱救命。“国家规定涉外收养率不得超过4%，但是哪个福利院都高于这个数字”。

The same situation in other basic welfare is also very common.Guangdong DianBaiXian welfare homes,There are 43 gu incomplete children in 2009,The worker has 42,And the county financial allocation of only 120000 yuan a year,The financial allocation even gu incomplete children the most basic medical care/Cost is not enough.Some local welfare homes,For each employee must complete three orphans adoption index of every year,Only complete the task to receive wages and bonuses.Luoyang welfare of foreign-related adoption rate reached 85%,Staff explains said,Financial supply far cannot maintain the institution's normal operation,So only try to change for help."The provisions of the state concerning foreign affairs to adopt the rate shall not exceed 4%,But which welfare than this number".

　　1993年发布的《外国人在中华人民共和国收养子女实施办法》规定“收养人可以与送养人协商支付被收养人的抚育费。到了1999年新颁布的办法称“国家鼓励外国收养人、外国收养组织向社会福利机构捐赠。”这就意味着，外国收养者所交款项的名目从抚养费改为捐助金。

Released in 1993[Foreigners in the People's Republic of China to adopt the measures for the implementation of the children]Provisions of the"Adoption can negotiate with sending the adoptee pay adoption of tending.In 1999, the new way to say"The state encourages the foreign adoption/The foreign adoption organization to social welfare institutions."This means that,Foreign adopter the names from the maintenance of delivered money instead of giving gold.

　　对于涉外收养，外国收养者所交款项的名目从抚养费改为捐助金。然而，无论是协商支付的抚育费还是资源交纳的捐助，外国收养者从来都只有交钱的份，名义上是自愿，实际上就是强制收费。外国人自愿对福利院的捐助金额，到了2009年，这想捐助金额已经涨到了5000美元，之前这个数字是3000美元。福利院有强大的动力通过各种方式——合法的，不合法的——增加可供国际收养的孩子。外国收养者由于对孩子的迫切需求，以及在其本国更加高昂的费用，他们对这笔钱并不太在意。

For foreign-related adoption,Foreign adopter the names from the maintenance of delivered money instead of giving gold.However,,Whether the negotiation to pay pay donations tending or resources,Foreign adopter never only pay the money,Name is voluntary,Actually is mandatory.Foreigners voluntary donation amount of welfare,In 2009,,This want to donate amount has risen to $5000,Before the number is $3000.Welfare homes have strong power by various means, legal,Illegal - increase for international adoption of children.Foreign adopter due to the urgent needs of the child,And the cost of more expensive in the home country,They for the money is not too care about.

　　中国收养中心(Center of Adoption Affairs)注意到，大约从2003年开始，在北京、上海、广州等富裕城市，领养案例在“明显增多”。但面对这些能够更多、更好给予孤儿家庭的正常需求，中国的收养体系并没有出现积极的改善，资源依旧被福利院垄断。尽管现行的收养法规定，私人也可以作为收养者与送养者。然而，即使是公民私下达成收养协议，也要到当地福利院办理繁琐的各种手续，私自收养社会弃婴幼儿属违法行为，福利院则顺势从这个程序中收取一笔抚养费。律师杨支柱曾记录一对符合《收养法》规定条件的中年夫妇从医院抱了一个弃婴，要建立法定收养关系必须要有送养人，他们去福利院开证明被告知要先交5000元抚养费，尽管被收养的孤儿从来没有进过北京市福利院的大门。

The adoption center of China(Center of Adoption Affairs)Pay attention to,About starting in 2003,In Beijing/Shanghai/Guangzhou rich city,Adopt case in"Significantly increased".But in the face of these can be more/Better to give orphans family's normal needs,China's adoption system and no positive improvement,Resources are currently still monopoly.Although the current adoption law,Private and can be used as adopter for adoption.However,,Even if the adoption agreement in private citizens,Also want to go to the local welfare institutions of all kinds of formalities,Secretly adopted social abandoned baby children belong to the illegal behavior,Welfare is back from the program for a child.Lawyer Yang pillar has recorded a pair[Adoption laws]Provisions of the conditions of middle-aged couples from the hospital a foundling,To establish the legal adoption relationship must have send the adoptee,They go to welfare homes that have been told to pay the 5000 yuan of semen,Although adopted the orphan never into Beijing welfare homes.

　　尽管没有任何法律法规对国内收养人提出捐赠要求和标准，但部分爱心人士不禁受限于“无子女”的硬性指标，更多是被儿童福利机构收缴的各种名目的费用挡在了门外。据媒体调查，各地儿童福利机构在收养过程中打着各种旗号收取捐赠费、登记费;公告费、户口迁移费、服务费等，收养人收养一个孩子最后付出几万元甚至更多。浙江金华市民政局的相关管理人员表示，收取“赞助费”是各地福利院的领养惯例，主要是参照国家收养中心对外国人领养中国孩子收取3.5万元人民币的做法。

Although do not have any laws and regulations in China adopter donation request and standard,But some people can not help but limited by love"Have no children"The rigid index of,More is the child welfare agencies confiscated all kinds of cost of block in the door.According to the survey of media,Around the child welfare agencies in the process of adoption of hunts for donation/Registration fee;Announcement fee/Registered permanent residence migration fee/Service, etc,Adoption people adopt a child finally pay tens of thousands of yuan or more.Zhejiang jinhua city civil affairs bureau of the relevant management personnel said,charge"sponsorship"Is adopted children's welfare homes around the general practice,Mainly refer to national adoption center for foreigners to adopt Chinese children charge 35000 yuan RMB.

　　当孩子的父母由于种种原因(孤儿、父母失职或者没有能力等)无法承担抚养子女的义务时，应该由国家出面抚养。国家亲权的理念主张国家在充任未成年人“父母”时，应当为了孩子的利益行事，即以孩子的福利为本位——1989年，《儿童权利公约》在联合国通过，并在此后的十年内成为全球共识。对于孤残儿童，政府负有不可推卸的抚养责任和义务。但某种程度上，当今政府很大程度上仅仅把孤残儿童视为一种负担，资金短缺的福利院也只能把他们当做一个负担，除非有利可图。

When the parents of the children for a variety of reasons(The orphan/Parents negligence or have no ability, etc)Can't bear the obligation of raising children,Should be to bring up by the state.National QinQuan advocated the concept of countries in the acted as a minor"parents"when,Should be in order to act in the interests of the child,With the welfare of the child as the standard - 1989,[Convention on the rights of children]In the United Nations through the,And in the next ten years become a global consensus.For the disabled children,The government raised the unshirkable responsibility and obligation.But to a certain extent,Today the government largely only to gu incomplete children as a burden,Shortage of funds of the welfare home also can put them as a burden,Unless a profitable.

　　宝贝回家慈善基金法律顾问张志伟针对这种漠视和推脱指出了更为严重的风险，收养法对国内收养人条件要求的严苛，政府部门工作效率、服务态度的不尽人意，收养程序的繁琐，收养过程的费时耗力等等不便因素，导致国内收养举步维艰。这实际上以成为民间儿童非法买卖日益猖獗的重要诱因，正是因为付出了金钱、时间和精力的代价后，正常的路子还走不通，才迫使父母铤而走险，刺激了拐卖儿童市场的繁荣。

Baby home charity fund legal adviser ZhangZhiWei aimed at this kind of indifference and push to take off points out the risks of more serious,Adoption of domestic adoption people requirements of the harsh conditions,Government departments work efficiency/Service attitude is unsatisfactory,Adoption of the program trival,Adoption of the process of time consuming power consumption etc. Inconvenience factors,Lead to domestic adoption struggling.This is actually to be folk important cause of child trafficking is rampant,It is for pay the money/The cost of time and energy,The normal way to get one yet,To compel parents desperate,Stimulate the trafficking of children's market prosperity.

　　随着近来越来越多的涉外收养黑幕被曝光，人们有理由怀疑跨国收养并非像外表看上去那样的光明正大。美国人发现他们收养的孤儿中许多并非是孤儿，而是被“贩卖”的无辜小孩。在美国国务院列出的过去15年中领养来源最高的40个国家里，有将近一半的国家由于严重涉嫌腐败及绑架，被暂停领养或禁止向美国输送儿童过。2010年，一位美国收养者将收养的俄罗斯孤儿独自放到飞回俄罗斯的航班上，原因是觉得俄罗斯孤儿有暴力倾向，俄罗斯举国哗然，宣布暂时禁止美国人收养该国孤儿。

As recently more and more foreign adoption shady was revealed,People have reason to suspect international adoptions is not appearance looks like the aboveboard.Americans found that they adopted the orphan of many is not orphans,But by"To sell"The innocent children.Under the state council listed in the United States for the past 15 years to adopt the highest source of 40 countries,Nearly half of the country because of the serious alleged corruption and kidnapping,Been suspended adoption or prohibit sending children to the United States.In 2010,,An American adopter to adopt orphans in Russia alone on the flight to fly back to Russia,Reason is that the Russian orphan has a tendency to violence,Russian nation,Announced a temporary ban on people in the United States adopted the orphan.

　　对于收养对象选择上，日本坚持对来自海外的领养申请保持拒绝的态度，保证本国公民优先抚养权。2011年3月11日，日本发生里氏9.0级地震，1500多名孩子成了孤儿。美国等一些国家的公民，很早就向日本政府申请收养这些孤儿，然而日本的回应是，他们有义务也有能力养育这些孤儿，拒绝了美国人的好意。政府之外，日本的社会组织为这些孤儿筹集了62亿日元的善款。当然，以日本的例子与中国实际情况做对比确有不当，但国家在孤残儿童权益保障上审慎的态度、自立自强的担当却是值得思考、学习的。(文/韬玉)

To adopt object choice,Japan insist to keep from overseas adoption application refused to attitude,Guarantee citizens custody is preferred.On March 11, 2011,A magnitude 9.0 earthquake in Japan,More than 1500 children become orphans.Citizens of the United States and other countries,Very early to the Japanese government for adopt the orphans,However, Japan's response is,They have the obligation to also have the ability to raise these orphans,Rejected the American kindness.Outside of the government,Japan's social organizations for these orphan raised 6.2 billion yen.Of course,,With the example of Japan and China's actual situation to do comparison does not,But the prudent attitude to gu incomplete children's rights and interests protection/Bear of self-reliance is worth thinking/Study of the.(The text/taotu jade)