曾被无数农民寄予厚望的“老农保”，最终变成几无价值的鸡肋，被迫取消，这证明了个人账户的低效或无效性 Many farmers have been expected to do that“The old farmer the”，Eventually become a few of no value by the poor，Was forced to cancel，This proved the personal account of WuXiaoXing or inefficient

　　马纪朝 王羚

MaJiChao WangLing

　　16年前，期望靠当年缴纳的养老保险颐养天年的河南邓州村民，最终却无奈发现，16年后，他们每个月仅能领取两元养老金。

16 years ago，Expectations that the endowment insurance of pay by remaining years of henan the opinion the villagers，But ultimately helpless found，16 years later，They each month can only get two yuan pension。

　　即使在当地，这钱不够买一份早餐。

Even in the local，This money is not enough to buy a breakfast。

　　这份尴尬，勾起一段“老农保”历史，也引发如何科学设计社保体系，如何让社保资金保值增值，如何让农民放心缴纳养老保险金的讨论。

This awkward，Hook up a“The old farmer the”history，How to design a scientific system of social security，How to let the value of social security funds，How to let farmers pay endowment insurance gold assured discussion。

　　“老农保”方案 “The old farmer the”scheme

　　张高耘（化名）是其中缴纳者之一。几天前，这位来自邓州市湍河办事处槐树村的农民，拿到了邓州市人力资源和社会保障局（下称“邓州市人保局”）发给的2011年度的养老金，总共不到30元钱。

ZhangGaoYun（aliases）Is one of the one of the pay。A few days ago，The DengZhouShi turbulent river from office in the village of the pagoda farmers，Get the DengZhouShi human resource and social security bureau（Said the“Insurer DengZhouShi bureau”）The annual pension to 2011，Less than 30 yuan altogether。

　　“按月发，（金额）太少，麻烦，我们自己也不好意思发。”面对《第一财经日报》记者的采访，邓州市人保局一位负责人脸上露出尴尬的表情。

“According to the month hair，（amount）Too little，trouble，We ourselves also embarrassed hair。”face《The first financial daily》Reporter's interview，DengZhouShi insurer a controller board face awkward expression。

　　但记者发现，张高耘的脸上，露出的却是失望。“10多年前，市里让交养老保险，说到了60岁，就可以凭证件按月领养老钱。当时我们心里可高兴了。”张高耘回忆说，当了一辈子农民的他，之前听得最多的是“养儿防老”，现在，政府要给他们养老，他们村80%的村民都积极响应，按县里的要求交了养老保险。

But the reporter found，ZhangGaoYun face，The show is disappointed。“Ten years ago，Let/city endowment insurance，Said to the 60，Can a certificate is paid by the month endowment money。When our hearts can be happy。”ZhangGaoYun recalls，When the lifetime of the farmers，Most is heard before“And store up grains against famine”，now，The government should give them endowment，80% of the villagers in their village responded positively，According to the requirements of the county handed endowment insurance。

　　邓州市人保局的官员告诉记者，张高耘口中的“养老保险”，俗称“老农保”，是当时的民政部于1992年出台的一个县级农村社会养老保险基本方案，其重点保险对象，便是当时不由国家供应商品粮的农村人口。

DengZhouShi insurer of bureau official told reporters，ZhangGaoYun mouth“Endowment insurance”，Commonly known as“The old farmer the”，Then in 1992 the ministry issued a county rural society endowment insurance is the basic scheme，Its key insurance object，At that time is not supply the commodity grain of the rural population。

　　根据该方案，村民们在缴纳一定年限的养老保险后，便可在60周岁以后按月领取养老金。

According to the plan，The villagers in the pay of the particular fixed number of year after endowment insurance，Can in the 60 years old later get old-age pension by the month。

　　位于河南南阳的邓州市被选为“老农保”试点之一。由邓州市人保局提供的信息称，当地共有41800名村民参加了“老农保”，缴费金额从几十元到一千多元不等，本息共计1025万元。

Located in henan nanyang DengZhouShi was elected“The old farmer the”One of pilot。By DengZhouShi insurer provides information bureau said，Local 41800 villagers took part in“The old farmer the”，Expend amount from dozens of yuan to one thousand multivariate range，Principal and interest adds up to 10.25 million yuan。

　　实际上，最后国内多数地市均被纳入“老农保”试点，包括河南、海南、安徽、山东等多个省份，位于河南洛阳的新安县同样被列入该试点。

In fact，Finally the domestic most cities were included in“The old farmer the”pilot，Including henan、hainan、anhui、Shandong province and other provinces，Is located in the henan luoyang XinAnXian also been put on the pilot。

　　据新安县民政局官员介绍，该县共有1.2万名村民参加了“老农保”，分别缴费100元到1万元不等。

According to XinAnXian civil affairs bureau officials said，The county 12000 villagers took part in“The old farmer the”，Respectively pay cost 100 yuan to 10000 yuan。

　　增值失败 Value-added failure

　　如此庞大规模的养老保险该如何管理？按照当时民政部的设计，该保险实际上是一种由农民个人缴费的自我储蓄积累式养老基金。根据规定，这些基金不可用于直接投资。

Such a large scale of endowment insurance how to management？At that time the ministry of civil affairs in accordance with the design，This insurance is actually a by farmer individual capture to expend self savings accumulation type pension fund。According to the regulation，These funds not used for direct investment。

　　为了防止这些养老基金的贬值，当时的民政部规定，将这些基金购买国家财政发行的高利率债券和存入银行，作为保值增值手段。

In order to prevent these pension funds in the dollar，At the time, the provisions of the ministry，Will these funds to buy national finance issued bonds and bank deposit interest rates，As a means of value。

　　据新安县民政局官员介绍，民政部门曾根据当时四大国有银行的10.8%的年利率标准，将农民的养老保险的年复息确定为7.5%。以此计算的话，如果父母在一个孩子刚出生时为其一次性存入200元，无需加款，等到孩子60岁时，便可每月领取1000余元的养老金，且能连续领取10年。

According to XinAnXian civil affairs bureau officials said，Departments of civil affairs at that time was according to the four major state-owned Banks of the standard at the rate of 10.8% per annum，Will the endowment insurance of farmers of year by 7.5% interest for sure。Calculation words to，If the parents in a child was just born for its one-time deposit 200 yuan，Need not add money，When the child age 60，He can get more than 1000 yuan monthly pension，And can get 10 years continuously。

　　当时，邓州市将1000多万养老基金全部存入了当地银行，期望以后能指望靠基金利息，为邓州农民奉上养老钱。

At that time，DengZhouShi will more than 1000 pension funds in the local bank to all，Expect can expect to rely on fund after interest，For the opinion in farmers endowment money。

　　但令邓州民政部门始料未及的是，此后十多年，央行连续九次降息，一年期存款利息最低时只有1.78%，还增加了利息税，最终导致“老农保”的积累利率远高于存款利率，承诺根本无法兑现。

But to the opinion of the civil affairs department is unexpected，Ten years after，Central Banks cut interest rates for nine times，The one-year deposit interest when lowest is only 1.78%，But also increased the accrual，Eventually lead to“The old farmer the”Interest rate is much higher than the accumulation of deposit rates，Commitment cannot cash。

　　河南省民政厅不得不连续下调承诺标准，将养老保险年复利率从7.5%调整为2.25%。最终，到2011年，满怀期待前去领取的张高耘惊讶发现，他每个月只能领取两元左右的养老金。

Henan home office had to cut the standard for commitment，Will endowment insurance FuLiLv years from 7.5% to 2.25% adjustment。finally，By 2011，Expecting to get ZhangGaoYun surprised to find，Every month he can get two yuan pension。

　　而新安县则选择了另一种方式，期望能将“死”的养老基金进行活的风险投资。

And XinAnXian is choose another way，Expectations can“death”Pension funds for live investment risk。

　　1998年底，新安县民政部门先是将收取的数千万元养老基金存入当地一家银行，之后，又与该银行合作，将该笔款项全部放贷给了当地一家企业，用于该企业的运营，期望获得更大收益。

By the end of 1998，XinAnXian civil affairs departments in charge of first tens of millions of dollars in a local bank endowment funds，after，With the bank and cooperation，The money will be all the loans to a local enterprise，Used for the operation of the enterprise，To expect bigger profit。

　　结果，该企业却连续数年亏损，而新安县民政部门贷给该企业的养老基金贷款，也差点收不回来。

The results，This enterprise has for several years of losses，And XinAnXian civil affairs departments loans to the enterprise's pension fund loans，They almost close not to come back。

　　新安县民政局局长张合献接受本报记者采访时说，最终，由当地财政部门兜底，才勉强将当年农民上交的“老农保”，按照10多年前登记的本金金额，逐次退给了农民，不少农民甚至连利息也没有拿到。

XinAnXian civil affairs bureau chief zhang and offer accepting our newspaper reporter in an interview，finally，The local financial department out，Reluctantly year handed in by farmers“The old farmer the”，According to more than 10 years ago the registration of the principal，Successive returned to the farmers，Many farmers even failed to interest。

　　个人账户的低效 Individual account inefficient

　　记者查询发现，“老农保”之贬值尴尬，并非邓州、新安两地独有。在位于浙江省台州市椒江区的斜坡村，当地黄姓老人告诉中央人民广播电台《中国之声》记者，他在1995年用三个月工资办理的“老农保”，现在同样每月只能领取两元钱。

The reporter found inquires，“The old farmer the”Devaluation of embarrassing，Is not the opinion、Both unique xinan。Located in taizhou zhejiang province in JiaoJiangOu slope village，Local HuangXing old man told the central people's broadcasting station《The sound of China》reporter，In 1995 he deal with three monthly wages“The old farmer the”，Now the same monthly can get two yuan。

　　而新华社的一则报道称，在黑龙江省每个月领取农村社会养老金的4万余人中，每个月只能领到几毛钱养老金的占到1/4，更有半数农民每月只能领到五六元钱。

While the xinhua news agency report says，Every month get in heilongjiang province rural social pensions of more than 40000，Only a few cents each month to account for a quarter of the pension，More half a month to five or six yuan farmers only money。

　　曾被无数农民寄予厚望的“老农保”，最终变成几无价值的鸡肋。

Many farmers have been expected to do that“The old farmer the”，Eventually become a few of no value by the poor。

　　中国人民大学公共管理学院社保专家李珍对本报记者表示：关于“老农保”回报低这个事，说明是一个失败的案例，这个制度如今已经不存在，它证明了一点，就是个人账户的低效或者说无效性。

The people's university of China institute of public management of social security experts to our reporter LiZhen said：about“The old farmer the”Low this return，It was a failure of cases，The system now does not exist，It proved a point，Is the individual account WuXiaoXing or inefficient。

　　记者查询得知，1999年，国务院已经下文停止了“老农保”，当时说是农村还不具备推行养老保险的条件。

The reporter learned that inquires，1999 years，The state council has stopped below“The old farmer the”，At that time, the rural still does not have the conditions of the implementation of endowment insurance。

　　李珍对记者说，失败的原因在于“老农保”完全是个人账户，没有政府出资，当时采取的标准是每月交2元、4元、6元、8元，最高到12元。

LiZhen told reporters，The reason for failure is“The old farmer the”Quite a account，No government funds，At that time is the standard in a month to take 2 yuan、4 yuan、6 yuan、8 yuan，For up to 12 yuan。

　　当时正好中国处在第一次通货膨胀中，银行一年期利率很高，所以一算这个账还是不错的，个人账户按8%计息，将来领取退休金时一个月能领50~60元。这在当时是不低的数字，一个大学教授当时月薪也不过两三百元。

In the first time China was on inflation，Bank one-year interest rates high，So a calculate this bill or good，Individual account according to 8% plan breath，In the future when the pensions a month will bring 50 ~ 60 yuan。This is in at that time is not low Numbers，A university professor who was also 2 or yuan a month but。

　　但李珍表示，这只是一个简单粗糙的算法。个人账户的钱能在多大程度上养老，一方面取决于利息，一方面取决于同期的收入增长。从上世纪90年代到现在，利息在不断降低，但收入却在不断增长，这导致当时那笔钱根本起不到养老的作用。

But LiZhen said，This is just a simple rough algorithm。Individual account money how much can endowment，On the one hand depends on interest，On the one hand depends on the same period earnings growth。From the 1990 s to the present，Interest in the coming down，But incomes are growing，This led to at that time that money has to do the role of basic endowment。

　　当利息下调时，发现当初许诺的8%计息根本达不到，所以1999年就停止了这个方案。

When interest when cut，Find promised 8% plan breath basically could not reach，So in 1999, stopped this plan。

　　养老金贬值担忧 Pension devaluation concerns

　　16年间，“老农保”不断贬值之现实，正将一个曾经模糊的疑问日渐清晰——眼下，公众同样正在按月缴纳的养老保险，能够保证他们期冀不远的将来，靠每月领取养老金安度晚年吗？

16 years，“The old farmer the”The reality of falling currency，Is a fuzzy question increasingly clear once-for now，The public is also monthly pay endowment insurance，To ensure that they hope the not too distant future，Monthly pension by their old age？

　　6月30日，在2012年上海陆家嘴(600663,股吧)金融论坛上，中国保险监督管理委员会副主席陈文辉表示，中国基本养老保险存在比较大的养老金缺口。而且近十年来基本养老保险的财政补贴已超过1万亿元。

June 30,，In 2012 Shanghai lujiazui(600663,Shares it)Financial BBS on，China insurance regulatory commission vice chairman U.K. said，China's basic endowment insurance of the big pension gap exists。And in the last ten years of primary endowment insurance financial subsidies already more than 1 trillion yuan。

　　全国老龄工作委员会办公室副主任、中国老龄科学研究中心主任吴玉韶也在接受人民网(603000,股吧)记者采访时说，虽然目前养老金仍有结余，但从我国的养老制度看，未来确实可能会出现养老金的缺口问题。

The old-age work committee vice director of office、China's old-age scientific research center director in WuYuShao also accept people net(603000,Shares it)reporters，Although at present the pension is still has balance，But from our own endowment system look，The future does may appear pension gap。

　　但与此同时，本报记者采访发现，关于养老金的保值增值求解，仍无答案。

But at the same time，Our reporter interviews found，About annuities and increase the value of the solution，Still no answer。

　　邓州市人保局一位要求匿名的官员表示，无论是之前的“老农保”，还是现在的“新农保”，他们能做的仅是将农民上交的养老基金经由当地财政部门，存入当地银行账户，不足部分，就由当地财政部门兜底。

DengZhouShi insurer innings a requested anonymity official said，Whether the before“The old farmer the”，Or the“The new farm”，They can do are only the pension funds by farmers in the local financial department，In the local bank account，The shortage，By the local financial department is out。

　　东北财经大学教授惠恩才同样撰文指出，个人账户资金的保值增值是新农保制度的最大“软肋”。目前，1年期存款利率平均为3.25%，而居民消费价格指数平均为7.5%，1年期存款利率远远跟不上农村居民消费价格指数上涨的幅度。这将最终造成，倘若2009年1月存入100元，按1年期存款利率以复利的形式计算，到2014年1月实际上已贬值26.22%，只剩下91.12元了。

Northeast financial university professor HuiEn just also writing about said，Individual account capital increase the value of the system of the new farm is the largest“Soft rib”。At present，The one-year deposit rate to 3.25% on average，And the consumer price index for an average of 7.5%，The one-year deposit rate fall far short of our rural consumer price index rising rate。This will eventually cause，If in January 2009 in 100 yuan，According to the one-year deposit interest rates in the form of compound interest calculation，Until 1 January 2014 in fact already 26.22% devaluation，Only 91.12 yuan。

　　李珍认为，就目前的农村养老保险制度来说，个人账户是低效的，应该取消。

LiZhen think，In the present system of rural endowment insurance for example，Individual account is inefficient，Should cancel。

　　取消原因，李珍认为主要有几点考虑：第一，假设农民手里有一笔钱，要考虑是现在的效用大还是未来的效用大。以“老农保”为例，当时1992年，2元钱还是能买不少东西的，现在的2元钱，可能连一斤蔬菜都买不到。

Cancel the reason，LiZhen think mainly has some consideration：The first，Farmers have a pen in his hand that money，Want to consider is now the utility of the big or the utility of the future。to“The old farmer the”For example，When 1992 years，2 yuan money can buy a lot of things or，Now the two dollars，May even a catty of vegetables can't buy。

　　第二，这笔钱如何投资的问题，如果不投资，以目前利息，这笔钱必然会贬值；而投资的话，赚了还好说，万一亏了，谁来承担责任？

The second，The problem of how to invest the money，If not invest，Current interest，The money will devaluation；And the word of investment，Made you，One thousand lost，Who will bear the responsibility？

　　第三，个人账户的管理成本巨大。以“新农保”为例，现在很多农民在参加“新农保”时选择的是最低档，一年交100元钱，15年才交1500元，这1500元钱，15年的管理成本是多少？这个账是非常不经济的。

The third，Individual account management cost huge。to“The new farm”For example，Now many farmers in to participate“The new farm”When the choice is the most cheap，Hand in 100 yuan a year，15 years to pay 1500 yuan，This 1500 dollars money，15 years of management cost is much？This account is very not economic。

　　所以，在李珍看来，个人账户的存在实际上导致了巨大的福利损失，应该加以改变。

so，In LiZhen seems，The existence of individual account actually led to the huge welfare loss，Should be changed。

　　取消个人账户，建立农村普惠式的老年收入保障制度，由政府为农村老年人提供基本养老金，这是一条可行的路。李珍说，根据她的测算，这种方式更加经济，也更受农民欢迎。

Cancel individual account，Set up the rural pratt &whitney type of older income security system，For the rural elderly people by the government to provide basic annuities，This is a feasible way。LiZhen said，According to her estimates，This way more economy，Also by farmers more welcome。