“放水”

"drain"

　　黑恶势力的高利贷

Black evil forces usury

　　据悉，信用社对于农场的所有农户几乎知根知底，只要报出名字，他们大概会知道这个人有多少地，一年收入是多少，然后以此来判断能贷多少钱出去，或者有一个担保人也可以放款。

It is reported,Credit cooperatives for farm all farmers almost know too much,As long as the quote us the name,They will probably know this man have how much land,An annual income,Then we can judge if the can borrow much money out,Or have a guarantor also can loan.

　　“实际上，近几年的农村高利贷，也代表了农村金融创新的某种方向，"科斯定理"认为，制度变迁的驱动力是个人期望在现存制度下获取最大的潜在外部利润。基于制度创新主体角度，制度变迁可以分为强制性制度变迁和诱致性制度变迁。我国的农村金融体制改革一直是以自上而下的方式由政府强制植入，属于强制性制度变迁的制度供给，由于其外生于农村经济的现实，运行中很难满足经济发展的需要。然而，诱致性制度变迁不是一种人为强制推行的制度安排，而是在制度主体自愿、平等互利、一致同意的基础上进行的。”业内人士表示。

"In fact,In recent years countryside usury,It will represent the rural financial innovation some direction,"Coase theorem"think,The driving force of institutional change is expected in the existing system to maximize the profits of the potential external.Based on the system innovation main body Angle,Institutional change can be divided into mandatory institutional change and induced institutional change.China's rural financial system reform has been centered on the way from top to bottom by the government forced implant,Belong to the mandatory institutional change system supply,Because of its external was born in rural economic reality,In the operation of it is difficult to meet the needs of economic development.however,Induced institutional change is not a human compulsory institutional arrangements,But in the system subject voluntarily/Equality and mutual benefit/Agree to the basis of."The personage inside course of study says.

　　“因为竞争主体的增多，我们开始做一些宣传和促销，在村子里搞些活动，挨家挨户去推销饲料，有时候农民一个电话打过来，即便是赊，还得送货上门。为了调动农户购买饲料的积极性，自己花钱购买高压锅、电饭煲等，规定买两包饲料送一个价值60元的高压锅，羊毛当然是出在羊身上，每包饲料加价三十元，很多农户刚开始还会为了小便宜而去买，现在是不管买多少，你不给他送东西的话，他就不买了。”小施表示，有时候赊出去的话很久收不到欠款，他就会上门去催款，有时催得太勤，农户还不高兴，自己还担心得罪了客户。有时骑摩托车出去催款，几十元的油钱没有了，还连瓶矿泉水的钱都要不回来。

"Because of the increase of competition main body,We began to do some publicity and promotion,In the village to get some activities,From house to house to sell feed,Sometimes farmers a telephone call,Even if is credit,Still have to door-to-door delivery.In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers to buy feed,His money buying pressure cooker/Rice cooker etc,Provisions to buy two packs of feed send a value 60 yuan pressure cooker,Wool is, of course, comes from the sheep,Each pack feed tariffs thirty yuan,Many farmers are beginning to buy petty gain,It is no matter how much to buy,You don't give him a thing,He will not buy the."XiaoShi said,Sometimes credit out words for a long time can't get the credit,He will be the door to pay,Sometimes push too often,Farmers still not happy,You still worry about have sinned against customer.Sometimes riding a motorcycle out pay,Dozens of yuan fuel have no,Also even bottles of mineral water the money or back.

　　弥勒一国有银行信贷部负责人对此认为，现在很多农村市场，农户的法律意识一般都比较淡薄，赊欠款的时候，即便商家明确告知逾期利息这部分支出，他们也按了手印和写了名字，也会视而不见。即便是猪卖了，农户也不可能自觉地去还欠款，而是留作自家用。商家也不可能要求每一个去购买饲料的农户都登记身份证，这样一来，造成赊销在一定程度上的法律漏洞。

Maitreya a state-owned bank credit department person in charge to think,Now a lot of the rural market,The farmer's legal consciousness is compared commonly light,In charge of the time,Even businessmen explicitly told overdue interest this part of the spending,They also pressed the fingerprint and write a name,Will also turn a blind eye to.Even pigs sold,Farmers can't consciously to also arrears,But reserved for their own use.The businessman also is not possible to each to buy feed of farmers are registration id card,so,To a certain extent caused by credit legal loopholes.

　　当地还有一种黑恶势力，专门从事“放水”，即所谓的高利贷。他们的规矩基本上是一万块钱每天需支付500元的“水”，根据借款人用途，在利息上会有出入。如果是用在正道的话，可以在此基础上少一点点。但对于他们而言，大多数找上门的客户都是用来赌博的，这样一来，所谓的水公司往往有他们的一套操作流程。比如有人需要向他们借贷2万，他们会先扣掉1000元，只给客户19000元，以2万来计息，即便是一个小时后来还款也是要求还2万。小施认识的朋友中就有七八个在从事这样的交易。

Local and a black evil forces,Specializes in"drain",The so-called usury.Their custom is basically ten thousand dollars every need to pay 500 yuan"water",According to the borrower USES,In the interest will have access.If it is used in the way words,Can be based on this a bit less.But for them,Most seek customers are used to gambling,so,The so-called water company often have their a set of operation process.For example someone need to borrow 20000,They will be the first to subtract 1000 yuan,Only to the customer is 19000 yuan,In 20000 to interest-bearing,Even an hour later reimbursement is also request return 20000.XiaoShi friends, will have engaged in such trading.

　　“"水"公司因为势力强硬，他们的周转资金也不多，为争取更多的利息收入，他们在借款时，会强制要求还款日期，如果到期实在还不出了，借款人的房子等财产就会遭到占压。”上述业内人士说道。

""water"The company because forces strong,Their turnover is also not many,In order to obtain more of interest income,When they are borrowing,Will be forced to repayment dates,If it is not out of the maturity,The borrower's house and property will tie up by."The above the personage inside course of study says.

　　业内

the

　　信贷未能满足大量专业型农户需求

Credit failing to satisfy a large number of professional farmers demand

　　“现有的涉农金融机构由于内在经营机制与自身经营价值的原因，无法满足农民对资金的需要。一个贫困的农民根本不可能依靠其现有储蓄引进一个必需新技术的投资。因此，有必要在农村市场建立多元化、多层次的金融体系，提高和改善农村金融服务水平。正规金融都是从非正规金融逐渐演化形成的。既然高利贷的规模是由金融抑制程度决定的，那么高利贷的未来走向，就决定于金融制度变迁能在多大程度上按照其生存路径减轻金融抑制。”业内人士表示，农村高利贷经过诱导，衍生为乡镇金融模式不失为一种选择。

"The existing agricultural financial institutions because of internal management mechanism and the reason of their business value,To meet the needs of farmers for capital.A poor farmer may not depend on its existing savings must introduce a new technology investment.therefore,It is necessary to establish a diversified market in the countryside/Multi-level financial system,Improve and improve rural financial service level.Formal financial from informal financial gradually formed.Since the usurious scale is the financial inhibition degree decides,So the future direction of usury,I decided to financial system can change the extent according to its survival path reduce financial repression."The personage inside course of study says,Rural usury after induction,Derivative for township financial mode can yet be regarded as a kind of choice.

　　>一句话，究其原因就是，农民不可能提供农村国有金融机构苛刻的抵押担保品，这一硬性贷款要求把大量专业型农户排除在信贷对象之外；其二，在国有农村金融机构信贷限额的制约下，其能获得的贷款额度只是杯水车薪，根本无法满足大额的再生性资金需求。农户借贷大多并不是以改良生产条件及保证良好的生产过程为目的，很多是用于家庭生活中的大型开支。因为农村国有金融机构营运模式是纯商业性的，它们能否为广大的农民提供充分有效的金融服务，取决于其自身对农村金融市场的商业价值判断。所以贫困型、温饱型及部分专业性农户根本无法从国有金融机构获得足额外源性融资维护其基本生活福利。但是乡镇金融却恰好具备这方面的优势，故而可以专为贫困型、温饱型及部分专业性农户提供金融服务，弥补国有金融遗漏的金融服务空白。

>word,Investigate its reason is,Farmers could not provide the rural state-owned financial institutions harsh collateral,This hard the request for the loan a large number of professional farmers out of the credit outside object;The second,In state-owned rural financial institutions under the control of credit limit,It can obtain loans only scratch the surface,Can't meet the larger reproducibility fund demand.The farmer credit most don't is improved production conditions and ensure good production process for the purpose,Many are used for family life in large expenditure.Because the rural state-owned financial institutions operating mode is a pure commercial,They can for the vast number of farmers to provide full and effective financial services,Depends on its own on the rural financial market business value judgment.So the study of/Subsistence and part of professional farmers can't from state-owned financial institutions to obtain full exogenous financing maintain its basic welfare.But township financial but just happened to have the advantage,So can be designed for study/Subsistence and part of professional farmers to provide financial services,Make up for state-owned financial omissions of financial services blank.

　　总之，在现阶段农信社、邮储银行仍处改革期的过程中，村镇高利贷必然是市场自然选择的结果。“要想彻底铲除村镇高利贷，那就必须等待邮储银行的"强势"介入，通过打破信用社的垄断，来真正完善农村金融体系。”业内人士直言。

In a word,At present the cooperatives/YouChu bank is still in the process of the reform period,Town usury is necessarily market the result of natural selection."If you want to completely eradicate town usury,That will have to wait for YouChu bank"strong"intervention,By breaking the monopoly of the credit cooperatives,To really perfect rural financial system."The personage inside course of study to.

　　虽然非正规信贷不等于高利贷，但高利贷是主要部分。从上表中可见，农户纯粹参与正规借贷的仅仅是17 %，而对非正规借贷的参与则高达32 % 。从利息率来看，高利贷在农村的利息率极高，据记者了解，一般短期借贷（3个月内），月息高达5%以上，中长期借贷（3个月以上），月息也达到3%左右。

Although informal credit is not equal to usury,But usury is the main part.From the visible,Pure farmers to participate in normal lending is only 17%,But to informal lending participation is as high as 32% .From interest rate to see,Usury in rural areas is extremely high interest rates,According to reporter understanding,General short-term lending(Three months),Monthly interest as high as 5% above,Long-term borrowing(3 months above),Monthly interest also reached about 3%.