成因 causes

　　农村金融服务不到位助长高利贷 The rural financial service does not reach the designated position facilitation usury

　　“自从几大国有银行陆续撤出农村后，农村金融就一直存在着很大的金融空缺。农村贷款领域就只有农信社，农村信贷市场的竞争不足，从而导致金融服务供给品种单一、规模小，给非正规金融的盛行提供了条件。”业内人士指出。

"Since a few big state-owned Banks after a gradual withdrawal rural,Rural finance has been exist great financial vacancy.Rural loan field only the cooperatives,The rural credit market competition shortage,Leading to financial services supply single species/Small scale,To the popularity of non-formal finance provides conditions."The personage inside course of study points out that.

　　据记者了解，我国农村信用社信贷机制目前尚不健全，农民在信用社贷不到款是农村高利贷盛行的主要原因之一。信用社资金有限，农村存款部分通过邮储银行、青壮年外出流入城市，使得信用社自身的运营和发展都成为问题。信用社运行、经营机制欠灵活、制度尚不健全、运行欠规范，大大制约了自身对农村经济生活的支持作用的发挥，导致农村资金供求的严重不平衡，助长了民间高利贷的气焰。相当多的农村信用合作社没有合作性质，使得在客观上背离了主要为“三农”服务的发展方向。

According to reporter understanding,China's rural credit cooperatives credit mechanism is still not perfect,Farmers in rural credit cooperatives borrow less than money is one of the main causes of usury prevail.Credit cooperatives capital limited,Rural savings through the YouChu bank/Young and middle-aged go out into the cities,Make credit cooperatives own operation and development as a problem.Credit cooperatives operation/Management mechanism under flexible/Is still imperfect in system/Yearsy operation,Greatly restricted the oneself to the rural economy plays an important role in the life support,Lead to rural capital supply and demand imbalances,Encourages the folk usurious arrogance.Quite a number of rural credit cooperatives without the cooperation properties,Make objectively deviated from the main for"Agriculture, countryside and farmers"The development direction of the service.

　　由于农村正规金融渠道阻塞，农户从事生产经营的资本无法从正常渠道获得，因而不得不向高利贷者借贷。这是产生高利贷的土壤。与正规金融机构放贷相比，高利贷借贷双方不会太陌生，彼此都根据实际需要和情况变动，绝大部分不需要财产抵押，用口头协议或只需要一张借条，不需要专门的营业场所和业务操作工具，它的灵活性和速度，能满足广大农民的及时小额贷款的需求，成为高利贷生命力旺盛的原因之一。

In the formal financial channel blocking,Farmers engaged in production and operation of capital can't get from normal channels,So have to usurer lending.This is produce usurious soil.Compared with the formal financial institutions lending,Dear money lending both sides will not be too strange,Each other according to the practical need and the situation changes,Most don't need property mortgage,With oral agreement or only need a I owe you,Do not need special place of business and business operation tool,Its flexibility and speed,To satisfy the masses of farmers' timely microfinance demand,As one of the reasons for the exuberant vitality usury.

　　“我是山里来的学生，村里每年都有学生家庭，为了筹集学费，借遍所有的亲戚。钱仍然凑不够就借村里的高利贷。村里高利贷利息一般是五分，也就是1000元一个月50元钱。也有的家太穷，因为怕还不起，高利贷都借不到。有些家庭，虽然孩子已经大学毕业，但是仍没把钱还清。”来自文山州的云南某高校大四学生王某表示。

"I am the hills to the students,The village every year, students family,In order to raise tuition,Borrow all relatives.Still do not have money through the village usury.The village usury interest is generally five points,Also is 1000 yuan a month 50 yuan.Also some family was too poor,Because be afraid can't make,Usury is not able to borrow.Some families,Although a child has graduated from the university,But I still can't put money to pay off."Yunnan wenshan from a university senior student wang mou said.

　　“农村资金供求存在着极大的不平衡，民间借贷资本乘机滋生并发展壮大。资金有缺口，农民就不得不自寻出路，农村高利贷因此成了"公开的秘密"。同时，农民的单笔贷款往往少且分散，农户贷款高风险和低收益并存，农村金融部门的贷款成为目前所有贷款品种中成本较高的一种，农民借贷难、信贷资金周转速度缓慢，成了一个普遍的问题。”红河州弥勒县某农村信用社网点负责人表示。

"There is a great rural capital supply and demand imbalance,Folk loan capital to cash in on the growth and development.Funds have gap,Since farmers will have to find a way out,Rural usury therefore became"Open secret".At the same time,Farmers' single loan usually few and scattered,Peasant household loans high risk and low benefits,The rural financial department loans become at present all loans varieties with high cost of a kind of,Farmer borrowing difficult/Credit capital turnover speed slow,Has become a common problem."Honghe a mile county rural credit cooperatives site person in charge said.

模式 mode

　　信誉起了很大作用 Credit plays a great role

　　农村高利贷衍生的乡镇金融，实际也是一种乡镇金融市场的借贷补充，他们也有着自己特定的生存模式与空间。

Rural usury derivative of village and township financial,The actual is also a kind of township financial market lending added,They also have their own specific survival mode and space.

　　“从过去的同业经验来看，全球范围内类似的小额贷款组织处境大多举步维艰，国际上也只有大约10%的小额信贷组织能实现自负盈亏，而能够持续盈利的更不会超过1%。类似近两年的小贷公司火爆，并非正常状态，那是基于银行的被动缩水所致。”业内人士表示，村镇高利贷之所以能够生存是因为规模很小，没有固定的办公条件，更不要专门从业人员，只需个人兼顾。故而可以节省大笔固定成本开支，所以能够生存下去。一旦正规化，必须要达到一定规模才能实现财务上的可持续性，如果承担不了机构化运作的日常成本，就无法继续生存。

"From the past trade experience,The global scope similar microfinance organization situation struggling most,The international only about 10% of microfinance organization can realize responsible for their own profits and losses,And can continue to profit more not more than 1%.Similar nearly two years of small credit company fiery temper,Is not the normal state,It is based on the bank's passive caused by shrinkage."The personage inside course of study says,Town usury are able to survive because of scale is very small,No fixed office conditions,More don't special employees,Just personal give attention to two or morethings.So can save you a lot of fixed cost expenditure,So can survive.Once the normalization,Must want to reach a certain scale to achieve the financial sustainability,If can't take on any institution operating daily cost,Can't survive.

　　此外，据记者了解，乡镇金融市场的参与者可划分为拥有充分信息的和拥有有限信息的参与者。前者全力投入市场，任何时刻都有着完备的市场信息并积极从事其金融资产组合的动态管理。后者则只有有限的信息，他们需要担保人的协助才能参与市场投资。农户的资产价值通常较低且不易估价，达不到抵押品的标准。同时乡镇金融单笔借款额度小，一般在1万元以下。但是由于农村地广人稀、信息不发达，难免会有信息不对称。所以本文引入互助性担保概念，知根知底的借款者之间相互担保。 一方面可以减轻贷款者逆向选择成本，另一方面借款额度小，保证成本远远小于违约所导致的关系、感情破裂损失，督促借款者按时还贷。

In addition,According to reporter understanding,Township financial market participants can be divided into has full information and with limited information of the participants.The former dive into the market,Any moment has complete market information and actively engaged in its financial asset portfolio dynamic management.The latter only limited information,They need the help of the guarantor to participate in market investment.The farmer's assets value usually is low and not easy to valuation,Can not reach the standard of collateral.At the same time township financial single pen loan line small,Is in commonly 10000 yuan of the following.But because of the rural is scarcely populated/Information is developed,Hard to avoid can have the information asymmetry.So this article introduces concept of mutual guarantee,Know the background of the borrowers mutual guarantee. On the one hand can reduce the cost of borrowers adverse selection,On the other hand borrowing limit small,Ensure cost far less caused by breach of contract relationship/Fall loss,Supervise and urge pay the mortgage borrowers.

生存 survival

　　农村高利贷的天然优势 Rural usurious natural advantages

　　记者注意到，农村高利贷，具有天然克服信息不对称方面的优势。高利贷生于农村，导致高利贷在克服信息不对称方面具有天然、绝对的优势。高利贷源于农户和农村经济组织的自发主动行为，天然地与农村的农户的经济需求、经济环境相吻合。高利贷之所以屡禁不止就是因为内生性的金融制度相对于外生性的制度在克服信息不对称方面具有绝对优势。对农村国有金融体系而言，为克服由于信息不对称产生的逆向选择和道德风险，一般会要求借款人签订复杂、繁琐的借款合约及提供抵押品，但这两个“法宝”在我国农村都是失灵的。因为农民无法将实行国有制的土地作为抵押品使用，而农户的其他资产价值通常较低且不易估价，达不到抵押品的基本要求。

Reporter noticed,Rural usury,With natural overcome the information asymmetry advantage.Usury was born in the countryside,Lead to usury in overcoming information asymmetry has natural/Absolute advantage.Usury from farmers and rural economic organization spontaneous active behavior,Natural land and rural farmers' economic needs/Consistent economic environment.Usury is repeated the more than is because of the endogenous financial system relative to the exogenous system in overcoming information asymmetry has absolute advantage.On the rural financial system in state-owned,In order to overcome because of information asymmetry produce adverse selection and moral hazard,General meeting require the borrower to a complex/Trival loan contracts and to provide collateral,But the two"Magic weapon"In Chinese rural areas are failure.Because farmers can't will carry out state ownership of land use as collateral,And farmers' other assets value usually is low and not easy to valuation,Can not reach the basic requirements of collateral.

　　同时，复杂、繁琐的借款合约不但使借款手续繁琐，还给大多数文化水平较低的农民设置了极大的障碍，令农民望而却步。我国不可能在经济欠发达的农村建立完善的信用经济。在农村现实的经济关系中，真正具有联系资金供给与需求方纽带作用的是以亲缘、血缘、地缘为主的社会关系。这些社会关系在农村借贷行为中客观上起着抵押品及合约的作用。农村高利贷投资者就来自乡村，他们了解农户和乡镇企业真实、客观的财务情况，在地缘上也有往返于金融机构和农户之间的时间和精力的优势，相比于农村国有金融机构网点大大节约交易费用。高利贷贷款者根植于农村的社会关系之中，其很可能和借款者是亲戚、朋友或邻里，相互知根知底，节约了大量的信息搜寻成本，这种建立在相互信任基础上的信用关系显然更加适合于农户经常性、小额的资金借贷。

At the same time,complex/Trival loan contract not only makes the borrowing formalities trival,Most cultures to the low level of farmers set up great obstacles,Make farmers flinch.Our country can't be in economically developed rural establishing perfect credit economy.In the countryside reality economic relations,The real money supply has the contact with the role of home-textile link is genetic/blood/Geopolitical give priority to social relations.These social relations in the countryside in the lending objectively plays a collateral and the role of the contract.Rural usury investors will come from a country,They understand the real farmers and township enterprises/Objective financial situation,In the geopolitical on financial institutions and farmers back and forth between the advantage of time and energy,Compared to the rural state-owned financial institutions network greatly reduce transaction costs.Borrowers usury is rooted in rural areas of social relations,Its probably and borrowers are relatives/Friends and neighbors,Mutual know too much,Save a large amount of information search cost,This based on mutual trust based on credit relations obviously is more suitable for the current farmers/Small money lending.

　　此外，“可以缩减较高的相对成本，农民信贷需求具有单笔金额小、笔数多的特点。由于受自然环境、市场及生产力水平等多种因素相互制约、影响，农户经营规模较小，故而这种小规模家庭经营决定了农户信贷需求的单笔金额较小。”业内人士表示。我国约有乡村人口6亿多，这就导致信贷需求笔数多。农户单笔借款1万元以下占到了所有借款笔数的70 % 以上，而万元以上的大额贷款笔数仅占10%以下。与工商企业的单笔贷款业务相比，相同的贷款金额如果贷给农户，就需要与几十、几百、几千甚至上万家农户交易才能完成，这样授信给农户的交易成本比授信给工商企业的交易成本要高出数倍，以利润最大化与风险最小化为原则的商业银行就失去向农户发放小额贷款的积极性。但是高利贷能够实现农户的组织化，由于充分掌握借款者的信息，无需支付为杜绝逆 向选择的选择成本。同时具有完善的低成本的监督机制，故而其擅长向农村居民及中小企业提供零星、小额贷款成为必然。

In addition,"Can reduce higher relative cost,Farmer credit demand has the single pen small amount/The features of the number of pen.Because of the natural environment/Market and productivity level and so on the many kinds of factors restrict each other/influence,Farmers smaller business,So this kind of small family business determines the farmer credit demand single amount smaller."The personage inside course of study says.China has about rural population of more than 600 million,This will lead to credit demand pen number.Farmers single pen loan 10000 yuan of the following all accounted for more than 70% of the loan pen number,And ten thousand yuan only large loan pen number is below 10%.And the business enterprise of single loan than business,The same loan amount if loans to farmers,It needs and dozens of/Hundreds of/Thousands of even notice farmers deal to complete,Such credit to farmers transaction costs than credit to business enterprise transaction costs to several times higher,To maximize profit and risk minimization principle commercial Banks lose to extend the enthusiasm of farmers microcredit.But usury can realize the farmers organization,Due to fully grasp the borrowers information,Need not pay to put an end to inverse to choose alternative cost.At the same time is the perfect low cost of the supervision mechanism,So it is good at to rural residents and small and medium-sized enterprises to provide sporadic/Small loans become inevitable.