冯兴元 FengXingYuan

　　我国的钱会源远流长，其历史记录至少可以追溯到唐末唐宣宗时期。根据《新唐书?循吏韦宙传》的记载，唐宣宗时永州刺史韦宙为解决农民因贫困无耕牛的问题，采取二十家为一“社”，每家出月钱若干，以抽签方式决定得会次序，再以所集会钱买牛，轮流下去，使得社中农民都解决了购买耕牛的问题。这里的“社”，就是钱会。钱会的运作解决了老百姓购买耕牛的资金短缺问题，其重要性和正当性从中可见一斑。

China's money will has a long history,Its history can be traced back to at least the tang dynasty tang xuanzong period.According to[New tang book?Shield collectors WeiZhouChuan]records,When tang xuanzong YongZhou WeiZhou feudal to solve farmers by poverty no cattle problem,Take twenty for a home"club",Each out several monthly payment,To draw mode decision would order,Then the rally money to buy cattle,Take turns down,In the clubs that farmers are solved the problem of buy cattle.here"club",Is money will.Money will operation to solve the common people to buy cattle fund shortage problem,Its importance and legitimacy from which sees one spot.

　　钱会的具体称谓五花八门，足以令人眼花缭乱。不同的地方可能有着不同的叫法，不同的称谓可能有着不同的内涵，有着比如又称合会、帮会、赊会、认会、摊会、标会、轮会、摇会、互助会、来会、请会、话丛（化从）、做会、台会（抬会）、等等，甚至就称“会”、“社”。其中“合会”是其学名，属于一种统称。“钱会”的名称容易为百姓所喜闻乐见，更能传神传递我国的“小传统”，飘送乡土气息。

Money will specific appellation is multifarious,Enough to make a person dazzling.Different places may have different way,Different appellation may have different connotation,With such as say again together will/gang/Credit will/Recognition will/Booth will/Scale will/Wheel will/Wave will/fraternity/will/Please will/Words plexus(Change from)/would/Table will(Lift will)/, etc,Even say"will"/"club".the"Together will"Is the scientific name,Belong to a kind of referred to."Money will"Name easy for people love to see and hear,More in China preached transfer"The little traditional",Drifting agrestic breath.

　　钱会集中体现了我国的民间智慧。钱会的运作规则，外人有时感到非常复杂，甚至不可思议。即便理解，也往往易于意会，难以言表。但是，在熟人社会里，会首打个招呼，没说几句话，亲朋好友、左邻右舍就已识其真意。

Money will reflects China's folk wisdom.Money will operation rules,A stranger sometimes feel is very complicated,Even incredible.Even understand,Also often easy to sense,Beyond words.but,In the acquaintance society,HuiShou say hello,Don't say a few words,Relatives and friends/Neighbors had already know its meaning.

　　钱会秩序不是源自单个人的行为或者心智。它是一种哈耶克（Hayek）意义上的“自发秩序”：它是人的行为的产物，但不是人为设计的产物。钱会秩序是自发演化的秩序，而不是整体建构的秩序。钱会秩序既体现了金融自治，也体现了社会和文化自治。如果说哈耶克完全有理由把自由企业制度视为“人类合作的扩展秩序”，那么我国的钱会秩序也完全够得上是金融、社会和文化领域中的一种“人类合作的扩展秩序”。无论是自由企业制度，还是钱会秩序，两者均是可以不断扩展的人类合作秩序。

Money will order is not from a single people's behavior or mental.It is a kind of hayek(Hayek)Sense of"Spontaneous order":It is the product of human behavior,But it is not the product of human design.Money will order is the evolution of spontaneous order,Instead of overall construction order.Money will order not only embodies the financial autonomy,Also reflected the social and cultural autonomy.If hayek have every reason to free enterprise system as"The expansion of human cooperation order",So China's money will order also fully enough for is financial/In the field of social and cultural a"The expansion of human cooperation order".Whether free enterprise system,Or money order,Both of them can be expanding human cooperation order.

　　杜赞奇在《文化、权力与国家》一书中指称民国时期华北农村社会的村治秩序为“权力的文化网络”。顾名思义，“权力的文化网络”是指权力行为嵌入于乡土社会的文化网络之中。文化网络由乡村社会中多种组织体系以及塑造权力运作的各种规范构成，包括宗族、市场等方面的等级组织或巢状组织（比如强制性的庙会和自愿性的商会与水会等），还包括非正规的人际关系网（比如血缘、地缘甚至业缘关系）。我国的钱会秩序则是“交换的文化网络”。钱会的交换活动也嵌入于乡土社会的文化网络之中。不过传统的钱会交换活动是去权力化的，主要嵌入于非正规的人际关系网，所涉及的文化主要是乡土文化，而乡土文化的主要内涵就是熟人社会的信任文化。我们以上述唐宣宗时期杜宙发起的钱会为例来说明：正因为存在信任，会首凭借其声誉才能凑齐足会员设立钱会；正因为存在信任，会员才能一轮又一轮把会钱交付到会首那里，并依照抽签规则在会员之间轮转得会；正因为有信任，会员违约时会首能够垫补违约留出的会钱空缺，而在事后向会员单独索要欠款；正因为有信任，会员即便违约也会尽其所能补回欠款，以防被排斥在本土社会网络之外。

Elvin in[culture/Power and state]In the period of the republic of north China book that rural society of village order for"The culture of power network".Just as its name implies,"The culture of power network"Refers to the power behavior embedded in local social culture in the network.Network culture by rural society of the organization system and the shape of power operation of various standards constitute,Including families/The market of level organizations or nests organization(Such as mandatory temple fair and voluntary chamber of commerce and water, etc),Also includes informal interpersonal relationships(Such as blood/Geopolitical even industry border relationship).China's money will order is"The culture of exchange network".Money will exchange activities also embedded in local social culture in the network.But the traditional money will exchange activities is to go to the QuanLiHua,Main embedded in informal interpersonal relationships,The culture of involved are mainly local culture,And the local culture of the main contents is acquaintances society trust culture.We by the tang xuanzong period by the DuZhou money will as an example to illustrate:Because of existing trust,HuiShou with its reputation to get full member's money will set up;Because of existing trust,Members can round and round the money will be delivered to the first there,And in accordance with the rules in the draw between members rotary would;Because there is a trust,Members HuiShou can breach by order of the breach of contract will set aside money vacancy,And in later to members for separate debts;Because there is a trust,Members even if default will do all it can to recover arrears,To prevent rejection in local society outside the network.

　　村庄里村民之间所存在的信任关系，被我的好友胡必亮教授称为“村庄信任”（villagetrust）。这种“村庄信任”与乡土社会的礼治秩序相结合。这种礼治秩序也是一种“自发秩序”。“村庄信任”可以说是礼治秩序的基础。钱会背后涉及大量的习惯法，它们都是乡土社会内生的内部规则。这些习惯法包括仁、义、礼、智、信。在孔子那里，这些习惯法是以伦理价值的名目出现的。但其渊源应该是孔子之前业已存在的习惯法，孔子的贡献就是对这些习惯法的系统确认和授述。仁、义、礼、智、信集中体现在钱会之中。尤其说这是儒家的贡献，毋宁说这是习惯法的结晶，集中体现我国先人们的民间智慧。这里引用《福安市志》对民国时期当地钱会的描述，一方面作为对上述观点的稍许佐证，另一方面对钱会的多样性略作示例：

Village between the existing relationship of trust,Is my good friend HuBiLiang professor called"Village trust"(villagetrust).this"Village trust"And local society combining Confucian order.This order is a kind of Confucian"Spontaneous order"."Village trust"Can be said to be the basis of Confucian order.The money will be involved in a large number of common law behind,They are all rural society endogenous internal rules.This customary law includes kernel/righteousness/ceremony/wisdom/letter.In Confucius there,The customary law is ethical value of the nominal appear.But its origin should be before Confucius already existing customary law,Confucius contribution is to these common law system recognition and feedback above.kernel/righteousness/ceremony/wisdom/Letter embodied in of money will.Especially said it is Confucian contribution,Give me liberty or give me say this is the crystallization of the common law,In our country the first centralism manifests people folk wisdom.Here quoted[Zhijun fook on]During the period of the republic of local money will description,On the one hand as the point of view of slightly,On the other hand to the diversity of money will slightly example:

　　“民国时期，福安流行期会和轮会，按会脚得到会款的方式，分为摇会和标会。摇会是以掷骰子的方式决定得会顺序。标会则以投标方式得会。通常合会，以急欲用款者为首办酒一席，邀请好友8-10人，席上各人出若干元，以后按月、按季集中一次款项，以顺序解决会社成员用款，到8－10人轮满至，利息公议，大多为纯互助性质，不计息。农村合会有干会和水会两种，每会均8人，干会以钱纳会金，第一次由会首收取，每人5元，其后按标金多少以扣其会金。水会以稻谷为会金，每人纳谷25公斤。其后按标金照减。干会、水会每年均两次，时间大约在早晚两收季节。”

"During the period of the republic of,Fook on the epidemic periods and the wheel will,According to the feet will get money will way,Divided into wave and the scale will be.Based on wave will throw the dice way decision would order.Mark will be the bidding mode will have.Usually $will,To be eager to do with the money led to a table wine,Invite friends 8-10 people,Each table out several yuan,By the month after/According to the season concentrated a money,In order to solve club members with money,To 8-10 people wheel full to,Interest public discussion,Mostly for the pure mutual properties,Not plan breath.Rural joint will be dry and water will be two,Each will all eight people,Dry will accept money will be gold,First by HuiShou collection,5 yuan per person,According to how much after bid to buckle the gold.Water in rice for gold,Each 25 kg's valley.According to the bid after according to reduce.Dry will/Water will be twice each year,Time in the morning and evening about two season."

　　－摘编自《福安市志》，方志出版社，1999年，第600-601页。

- come from[Zhijun fook on],Local Chronicles press,In 1999,,Pp. 601-600.

　　“村庄信任”在计划经济时期遭受严重的压制和破坏，传统村庄被人民公社体制解构。除了一些单位组织的不计息互助会之外，钱会在“文革”期间几尽禁绝。改革开放以来，钱会随着市场交换的增多和资金需求的增大而重新抬头，钱会传统在某种程度上得到再续。这得益于我国乡土精英们社区记忆的“魂兮归来”。人民公社体制的解体难以完全重建传统村庄。正如耶鲁大学著名人类学家萧凤霞教授所言，中国的村庄历经了与传统的断裂，传统村庄一经失去，就覆水难收。工业化和城市化增进了农民的生存机会，但是也进一步解构了传统社会。既有大量村民离乡背井进城务工，也有大量外地人口杂居众多村庄。人口的流动性增大，社区的封闭性削弱，熟人社会演变为半熟人社会甚或匿名社会。百姓的趋利性日强，信任机制的约束力弱化。伦理危机日趋严重，仁、义、礼、智、信这类习惯法或者伦理价值观日益遭到无视或者践踏。甚至有人无视法制，骗取会钱或者恶意违约。孔子曾在二千多年前感叹礼崩乐坏。他不会想到真正的礼崩乐坏发生在今天，而且有过之无不及之嫌。

"Village trust"In the planned economy period, suffered a severe suppression and destruction,Traditional villages have been the people's commune system deconstruction.In addition to some unit organization outside not plan breath fraternity,Money will in"Cultural revolution"A few do during prohibit.Since the reform and opening up,Money will along with the increase of market exchange and the increase of capital demand and to look up,Money will traditional to a certain extent get renew.Thanks to our country local elites community of memory"Soul xi return".The people's commune system is difficult to fully the disintegration of traditional village reconstruction.Just as the famous Yale university anthropologist XiaoFengXia professor said,China's village after with the traditional fracture,The traditional village once lost,Just what is done cannot be undone.Industrialization and urbanization enhance the farmers' chances of survival,But also further deconstructed the traditional society.A large number of migrant workers as the villagers leave their homes,Also have a large number of foreign population has many villages.Population increase liquidity,Community closed weaken,Acquaintances society evolution for half acquaintances society or even anonymous society.The people's QuLiXing day is strong,Trust mechanism of weakening binding.Ethical crisis become more and more serious,kernel/righteousness/ceremony/wisdom/Believe this kind of customary law or ethical values were increasingly ignore or trample.Even some of the legal system,Cheat will money or malicious default.Confucius once in two thousand years ago exclamation ceremony collapse bad music.He wouldn't think of real rite avalanche music bad happened in today,And all the and suspicion.

　　因此，时过境迁，钱会的运作环境与传统中国大相径庭。趋利性本身并不是谴责的理由。亚当?斯密在《国富论》里论证了在市场社会每个人追求自利，似乎被一只“看不见的手”所引导，无形中达致了公共福祉的增进。斯密所指市场社会有着一系列隐含的规则约束。可以说，斯密的市场社会是仁、义、礼、智、信最受尊重的社会。斯密在其另一本巨著《道德情操论》里，其实也佐证了这些伦理价值的重要性。斯密的核心概念是“sympathy”，即“通情心”或者“通感心”。这一概念意蕴了孔子所言“己所不欲，勿施于人”，可以意指不要对人施以不仁、不义、不礼、不智与不信。

therefore,As time passes by,Money will operation environment and traditional Chinese vary widely.QuLiXing itself is not the reason of condemnation.Adam?Smith in[The wealth of the nations]In the market in demonstrates the social each person the pursuit of self-interest,Seems to be a"The invisible hand"Guided by,Virtually achieve the promotion of public welfare.Smith referred to market society has a series of implicit rules constraint.Can say,Smith's market society is the kernel/righteousness/ceremony/wisdom/Letter of the most respected society.Smith in the other a magnum opus[Laid out vividly in moral]in,Actually provided the importance of these ethical value.Smith's core concept is"sympathy",namely"Pass love heart"or"Synaesthesia heart".This concept connotation, the Confucius said"To others what you would not have,Don't expect people to",Can means not to people not inflict/Don't just/Don't ceremony/Does not wisdom and don't believe.

　　钱会无论强调互助性还是商业性，只要基于平等交换和诚信，都应在总体上加以鼓励。但是为了追逐高利，局部地区很多标会会首和会员“以会养会”、“以会抬会”，资金运作上规模越来越大，利率高进高出，远远脱离实体经济。一些会款用于赌博或者挥霍。一些地方还曾大量出现“日日会”，即一日轮转一次的钱会。大量金融风险聚集，很容易因为善意或者恶意违约而造成钱会资金链断裂，甚至引发“多米诺效应”，使得整个区域众多钱会崩盘。因此，在当今中国，既要总体上允许钱会的运作，又要确立和维护一个正式规则框架，为钱会自由、稳健和合法的运作保驾护航。

Money will no matter emphasized mutual or commercial,As long as based on the equal exchange and integrity,Should be in general encouragement.But in order to pursue high interest,Local many scale will HuiShou and member"To will raise will"/"To will lift will",Capital operation scale is getting bigger and bigger,High interest rates higher than into,Far from the real economy.Some will money used to gambling or waste.Some places still has a large presence"Day will",That is a day rotary a money will.A large number of financial risk together,Very easy because goodwill or malicious default and cause money will fund chain fracture,Even cause"Domino effect",Make the whole area many money will crash.therefore,In today's China,Both overall allow money will operation,And to establish and maintain a formal rules framework,For money will free/Robust and lawful operations to escort.

　　作者系经济学家、天则经济研究所副所长

The author system economists/Day, deputy director of the institute of economic