记者发自北京

A journalist from Beijing

　　郭晋晖

GuoJinHui

　　在国务院有力推动和鼓励之下，民间投资在2012年的“稳增长”中不负众望，投资增长率高于国企和三资企业。新一年中，民营企业应如何看待政府所出台的一系列“民资入垄”新政的风险和机遇？政府还需要在哪些方面继续努力？

At the state department vigorously promote and encouragement,Private investment in 2012"Steady growth"Asked in,Higher than the growth rate of investment in state-owned enterprises and joint ventures.A New Year,Private enterprise should be how to treat the government issued a series of"RuLong what"The New Deal of the risks and opportunities?The government also need to continue to work hard in what ways?

　　近日，《第一财经日报》记者就这些问题采访了中国国际经济交流中心副秘书长陈永杰。陈永杰曾担任全国工商联研究室主任，长期关注中国民营经济的发展。

recently,[The first financial daily]Reporters interviewed on these issues to the China international economic and exchange center ChenYongJie deputy secretary-general.ChenYongJie served as the national association of industry and commerce research director,Long-term focus on the development of private economy in China.

　　

民企的机遇和挑战 The opportunity and challenge of the corporation

　　第一财经日报：今年政府没有出台大规模的经济刺激政策，而是试图通过打破垄断来激发民间投资的热情，民企在这一轮“稳增长”中发挥了什么样作用？面临着哪些机会？

The first financial daily:This year the government is not on the scale of the economic stimulus policies,But trying to break the monopoly to arouse the enthusiasm of private investment,Corporation in this round"Steady growth"What role play?Faced with what opportunity?

　　陈永杰：虽然今年经济增速下滑，但投资增速还是达到20%以上，这对于“稳增长”起到了积极的作用。其第一功劳应属民间投资，民间投资增长达到25%。

ChenYongJie:Although this year's economic growth decline,But investment growth is above 20%,the"Steady growth"Play a positive role.Its first credit should belong to private investment,Private investment growth 25%.

　　无论是国有企业投资、外商投资还是民企投资，今年整体的增长率都是下降的。但民企投资下降的幅度明显小于国资和外资，民企的投资增长率明显高于全国的平均增长率。这一方面反映出经济放缓的过程中，民间投资抗下滑的能力高于国有企业和三资企业；另一方面也反映出，政府出台的一系列鼓励民间投资的政策为民营资本进入有关领域创造了条件，确实在一定程度上激发了民企的投资热情。

Whether the state-owned enterprise investment/Foreign investment or corporation investment,This year the overall growth rate is falling.But the corporation investment from falling less salt and foreign capital,Corporation investment growth rate significantly higher than the national average growth rate.On the one hand reflects the process of economic slowdown,Private investment decline resistance ability than that of state-owned enterprises and joint ventures;On the other hand also reflects,The government issued a series of policies to encourage private investment in the private capital into the relevant field created conditions,Do to a certain extent, inspired corporation investment enthusiasm.

　　日报：自今年2月份国务院常务会议确定鼓励民间资本进入垄断行业以来，国务院多部门已经密集出台了多个新36条的配套文件，并取消了一系列行政审批和收费，旨在减轻企业负担和创造公平的市场环境。您如何看？

daily:Since in February this year the state council executive meeting to determine encourage private capital into since the monopoly industries,The state council departments have more intensive introduced several new 36 supporting documents,And cancel a series of administrative examination and approval and charges,Aimed at alleviating the burden of enterprises and create a fair market environment.How do you see?

　　陈永杰：无可否认，民间投资36条和40多个配套文件是政策上的一大进步，但政策的进步最终能否成为真实的进步要看执行者能否忠实地执行，这个过程不是简单的，最终的效果可能会打很大的折扣。

ChenYongJie:There is no denying the fact,Private investment 36 and more than forty supporting document is a major step in policy,But policy progress finally can become the real progress to see performer can faithfully implement,The process is not simple,The final effect can be a great discount.

　　日报：民营企业对这些新政并没有表现出预想中的兴奋，而是保持一种谨慎观望的态度，您认为原因是什么？

daily:The private enterprise to the New Deal did not show the expected excited,But keep a cautious wait-and-see attitude,Do you think the reason is???????

　　陈永杰：与国企不同，民营企业是逐利的，有些民企会着眼于长期的收益，但肯定不会像某些国企一样单纯为了扩张而投资。今年政府提出放开铁路、金融、能源、电信等垄断行业，对于民营企业来说是有吸引力和前景的。但民企担忧的是它们无法获得和国企同样的政策待遇。

ChenYongJie:State-owned enterprises with different,The private enterprise is one of the,Some corporation will focus on long-term benefits,But it will not be as simple as some state-owned enterprises in order to expand and investment.This year the government put forward let go of railway/financial/energy/Telecom monopoly industries, etc,For private enterprises, is attractive and prospects.But corporation concern is that they don't have access to and the same policy treatment.

　　按照现行的政策，政府对国有企业从事某些行业有特殊优惠政策，比如对从事公共服务的国有企业在银行贷款、财政税收、土地供应和审批要求等方面都有特殊的安排。如果民营企业进入这些行业之后无法享受这些特殊政策，那就可能会泥足深陷。由此可见，垄断行业吸引民资，仅仅敞开大门是不够的，还必须有公平政策，对市场主体一视同仁应该成为政府最大的诚意。

According to the current policy,The government of state-owned enterprises engaged in certain industries have special preferential policies,Such as the state-owned enterprises engaged in public service in bank loans/Fiscal revenue/The examination and approval of land supply and demand, etc have special arrangement.If the private enterprises in the industry can not enjoy after these special policy,It may be in too deep.Thus it can be seen,What attract monopoly industries,Just open the door is not enough,Also must have a fair deal,Equal to the market main body should be the government the utmost sincerity.

　　日报：您怎么看待民资入铁的机遇和风险？

daily:How do you look at what the iron opportunity and risk?

　　陈永杰：中国铁路从建设、营运到管理都存在较为严重的弊端，一些国有铁路建设单位总承包后通过分包赚取价差更是屡见不鲜。若铁路建设能严格按照市场规则，那每公里的建设费用至少可以减少10%~20%。这10%~20%主要是由于国企效率低成本高以及腐败所造成的投资损失。

ChenYongJie:From the China railway construction/Operation to management have serious drawbacks,Some state-owned railway construction general contracting units after the price by earning more common occurance.If the railway construction can strictly in accordance with market rules,That every kilometers of construction cost at least can reduce 10% ~ 20%.This 10% ~ 20% is mainly due to the high cost and low efficiency of the corruption which investment loss.

　　今年国家鼓励民资入铁，民营企业其实是有商机的。比如大秦铁路(601006,股吧)很赚钱，如果政府计划新修一条与大秦铁路并行的运煤专线，允许民营企业去修建和运营，那这条路的投资肯定会比国企少，而且政府也不需要背负债务，同时运费也可能会下降。

This year the state encourages what into the iron,The private enterprise is actually a business opportunities.Such as daqin railway(601006,guba)It's a very profitable,If the government plans to build a new and daqin railway parallel coal line,To allow private enterprises to build and operation,That the road investment must be less than state-owned enterprises,And the government also need not bear debt,At the same time, freight may also decline.

　　但现在的问题是政府部门对于民资入铁的行政干预过多，提出了一系列要求。民营企业也特别担心铁路建成之后却丧失运营的自主权，从而产生了顾虑。在这个过程中，民营企业可能面临政策风险、经营风险、管理风险。

But the question now is what the government department for the iron administrative intervention too much,Puts forward a series of requirements.Private enterprises are particularly worried about railway completion lost operation autonomy,Thus produced concerns.In this process,The private enterprise may face the risk of policy/Business risk/Management risk.

　　

减少行政干预 Reduce administrative intervention

　　日报：最近十年来，民营经济的内在活力被激发，无论是企业规模还是数量上都迈上了新的台阶。2011年民营经济占国民经济的比重也进一步提高，呈现出“三分天下有其二”的格局。在这种形势下，是否还存在所谓的“国进民退”？

daily:In the recent ten years,The private economy of internal energy is emitted,Whether the scale of the enterprise or the quantity is to step on a new step.In 2011, the private economy accounted for the proportion of the national economy and further improve,present"Three points there are second"pattern.In this situation,If there are the so-called"Countries people back into"?

　　陈永杰：从统计数据来看，民营企业所占比重确实越来越大。但比重大就意味着不存在“进”和“退”。若按照市场经济发展的自身内在要求和自身竞争力，各种经济成分在市场上形成的任何“进”和“退”都是合理的。但若不是基于市场的选择，而是由于政府行政手段的干预，这样导致的任何“进”和“退”都是不合理的。

ChenYongJie:From the statistical data to see,The proportion of private enterprise really is more and more big.But more than major means that does not exist"into"and"back".If according to the development of market economy itself inherent requirements and their own competitiveness,Various kinds of economic compositions in the market of any form"into"and"back"Are reasonable.But if it is not based on the choice of the market,But because the intervention of the government administrative means,This has caused any"into"and"back"It is not reasonable.

　　我们所谈的国进民退，主要是指政府有意识地以行政手段对一些传统垄断国有企业进行保护，市场失去了公平竞争的环境，民企无法与之抗衡，国企所占份额越来越大。

We are talking about kingdom into people back,Is mainly refers to the government consciously to administrative means to some traditional monopoly state-owned enterprise to protect,The market lost fair competition environment,Corporation can't fight,The share is more and more big.

　　再从地方的招商引资来看，前几年地方看重的外资和民企，但这几年情况已经发生变化，现在央企最受地方政府青睐。一些地区多个央企一去，其在“十二五”期间的投资额就可以达到上万亿，极大地满足了地方政府对投资的渴求。

Then from the local investment to see,A few years ago place value of foreign investment and corporation,But over the past few years has been changed,Now the most popular renmin by local governments.Some areas more to renmin,the"1025"During the period of investment can achieve trillions of,Greatly satisfy the local government investment to the desire.

　　然而，吸引央企并不是一件容易的事，地方政府谈判的筹码只有土地、矿产等资源的超低价转让。谁占有这个资源，谁就赚大钱。如果民营企业能够以同样的低价拿到这些资源，它们所创造的价值不会小于央企。我国的许多重要土地与矿产资源，企业从国家那里低价甚至免费获得，然后通过生产经营按市场高价，甚至是国际市场高价卖出，从中赚取巨大差价利润。国有企业获得和占有此资源，国有企业就自然赚大钱，部分民营企业获得和占有此资源，也自然赚大钱。这可以说是我国改革开放以来政策与管理上的重大漏洞，经济发展所带来的土地矿产等资源的大幅度增值收益，并没有被国家拿走收入国库，其大部分被占有资源的企业所瓜分。

however,Attract renmin is not an easy thing,The local government bargaining chip only land/Mineral resources of ultra low transfer.Who has the resources,Who will make a lot of money.If the private enterprises can in the same low price to get these resources,They have created value not less than renmin.Many of our important land and mineral resources,Enterprise from countries where low price or even free,Then through the production and business operation according to the market price,Even the international market sell high,Make a huge difference between profit.The state-owned enterprise to obtain and possession of the resources,The state-owned enterprise is natural make a lot of money,Part of the private enterprise to obtain and possession of the resources,Also naturally make a lot of money.It is our country since the reform and opening up policy and management of the major loopholes,Economic development brought about by the land mineral resources greatly value-added income,Have not been countries take income to the state Treasury,Most of its be possessed resources enterprises carve up.

　　

展望2013 Outlook 2013

　　日报：新的一年即将到来，您认为明年政府在促进民间投资上还有哪些着力点？

daily:A New Year is coming,You think that next year the government in promoting private investment in what point of strength?

　　陈永杰：首先需要认真落实民间投资36条和相关的实施细则，切实提高民间投资的积极性和主动性。尽快对民营经济实行与国有经济同样的支持政策，特别是在信贷金融、财政补贴、税收优惠、土地供应、行政收费等方面，要对民间投资一视同仁、同等待遇。

ChenYongJie:First of all need to earnestly implement the folk investment 36 and detailed rules for the implementation of the related,In order to improve the folk investment enthusiasm and initiative.The private economy as soon as possible to implement and state-owned economy also support policy,Especially in the financial credit/Financial subsidies/Preferential tax/Land supply/Administrative fees, etc,To private investment alike/Equal treatment.

　　其次应推动地方政府和行业管理部门，采用针对性措施，鼓励和引导民间投资进入交通运输、水利环境、教育卫生、文化体育等行业。这些行业近年来投资增速低、发展速度慢、供应相对短缺、重要原因是民营经济和民间投资比重只占到10%~30%，需着力鼓励民间投资进入。

Second should promote the local government and industry management department,The specific measures,Encourage and guide private investment in transportation/Water environment/Education health/Cultural and sports, etc.These industries in recent years investment growth is low/Slow development/Supply relative shortage/An important reason is that the private economy and private investment in the proportion of only 10% ~ 30%,Need to encourage private investment into.

　　日报：十八大报告继续强调两个“毫不动摇”，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素，公平参与市场竞争，同等受到法律保护。您觉得要真正做到这一点，下一步还需要在政策和法律上做出哪些突破？

daily:The eighteenth big reports continue to emphasize two"unwavering",Ensure that all sectors of the economy of equality in accordance with the use of production factors,Fair to participate in market competition,The same protected by law.Do you think must achieve this point,The next step also need in the policy and laws which make breakthrough?

　　陈永杰：面对当前民营经济已经占到国民经济三分之二的局面，有人担心非公有制经济比重超过公有制经济，违背了国家宪法关于以公有制经济为主体的要求，进而提出要控制民营经济发展的领域范围和规模比重，反对民营企业进入垄断行业和其他重要领域。但实际上，民营企业的发展并不违背“公有制为主体”的要求。

ChenYongJie:Facing the current private economy has accounted for two-thirds of the situation of the national economy,There are fears that the non-public economic weight more than the public sector of the economy,Against the country's constitution about in the public sector of the economy as the main body of the request,And then put forward to control the development of the private economy of the area and the proportion of scale,Against the private enterprise into the monopoly industries and other important fields.But in fact,The development of private enterprise is not against"The public ownership as the main"requirements.

　　今年上半年，全国工商联针对民营经济发展状态进行了一次大规模的调研，重点之一是了解民营企业股权结构的变化。

In the first half of this year,The national association of industry and commerce according to the development of the private economy state conducted a large-scale investigation,One of the key is to understand the private enterprise equity structure changes.

　　调研发现上规模的民营企业中，相当一部分已经变成了股权多元化、社会化、分散化的公司，其中大部分公司的经营者个人持股或是家族持股的比重已经低于50%，有的甚至是在30%，20%和10%以下，并且已经普遍出现公司股权与经营权分离的现象，这类企业已经与传统意义的私营企业有重大甚至根本区别，其产权或是股权的社会化、公众化程度已经大大超过过去的集体企业，也已经超过大量的地方国有企业，可以说，它们已经成为一种“准公有企业”，成为社会主义市场经济条件下的新兴的公有经济。

Research found that the scale of private enterprises,Quite a few has become a diversity of equities/socialization/Decentralized company,Most of the company's operator individual or family shareholding proportion of shares have fallen below 50%,Some even at 30%,20% and below 10%,And it has been generally appear ownership and the right of management separation phenomenon,This kind of enterprise has and the traditional meaning of the private enterprise has significant difference even,The property or the socialization of equity/Public level has been greatly over the past collective enterprise,Has more than a lot of local state-owned enterprises,Can say,They have become a"Quasi public enterprise",As the socialist market economy condition of emerging public economy.

　　因此，我认为应该尽快在法律上将公有制经济的内涵和外延加以改进和完善，由过去仅限于国有或是国有控股、集体及其控股的公有制经济，进一步扩展到新兴的公有经济，从法律上保证不同类型企业的同等待遇。

so,I think it should be as soon as possible in the law of denotation and connotation of the public sector of the economy to improve and perfect,Only by the state-owned or state-controlled/Collective and holding the public sector of the economy,Further spread to emerging public economy,From the legal guarantee of equal treatment to different types of enterprises.