周德文：温州金改“拿着尚方宝剑不会用”

ZhouDeWen:Wenzhou gold instead"Took the imperial carte Blanche won't use"

　　庞华玮

PangHuaWei

　　温州金改把周德文推到了聚光灯下。

Wenzhou gold to push ZhouDeWen into the spotlight.

　　周德文是温州中小企业发展促进会会长，作为温州金改的倡导者和呼吁者，在过去的一年里，他一直忙忙碌碌，一周在外出差三四天是常有的事。他忙于与本地企业家、金融部门的交流与洽谈，奔波于全国各地交流温州的金改经验。

ZhouDeWen is President of wenzhou small and medium-sized enterprise development promotion,As wenzhou gold advocates of change and called for,In the past year,He has been busy,A week on a business trip outside 3 or 4-day is often the case.He is busy with local entrepreneurs/The financial departments of the communication and negotiation,Travel the country exchange of wenzhou gold to experience.

　　至今全国有20多个城市与周德文联系，希望他能帮助它们推进金改。“我希望全国各城市的金改都能推动起来，金改是全局性的，如果只有温州进行金改，势单力薄，但如果各城市一起进行金改，会倒推全国的金改。”

Contact ZhouDeWen has more than 20 cities in China,Hope he can help them promote gold."I hope that the national gold instead of the city can push up,Gold is the overall situation,If only gold to wenzhou,because,But if the city together with gold,Would push the country's gold."

　　事实上，全国各地都在盯着温州，希望能从温州金改中借鉴经验。“希望温州金改大胆突破，温州金改成功一项，我们就会跟进一项。”各地金融部门的负责人这样告诉周德文。然而，让他们失望的是，温州的金改至今没有太大突破。事实上，较之后起的珠三角等地的金改，温州金改并无太多新意。

As a matter of fact,Staring at wenzhou all across the country,Hope to be able to experience for reference from the wenzhou gold instead."Hope to wenzhou gold to bold breakthrough,Wenzhou gold change a success,We will follow up."All the person in charge of the financial sector told ZhouDeWen.However,,Let them down,Wenzhou gold change has not been too big breakthrough.As a matter of fact,Compared with trend of pearl river delta and other places of gold,Wenzhou gold change is not too much.

　　周德文对温州金改的评价则是：“快一年了，没有什么大突破。这跟既想改革，又想固守原来的法律法规有很大关系。”

ZhouDeWen of wenzhou gold changed the evaluation is:"For nearly a year,There is no big breakthrough.It's to reform,Also want to stick the original has a lot to do with the laws and regulations."

　　危机引发改革试点

Crisis triggered by the reform pilot

　　对温州来说，2011年是灾难的开始。

To wenzhou,In 2011, is the beginning of the disaster.

　　早在2011年1月，周德文就曾提醒：2011年下半年，国内存量中小企业中的40%将会半停产、停产甚至倒闭，2011年民间借贷危机会集中大爆发……

Early in January 2011,ZhouDeWen had to remind:The second half of 2011,Domestic stock 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises will be BanTingChan/Production and even went bankrupt,Folk lending crisis in 2011 will concentrate outbreak...

　　这一“预警”曾被斥为“危言耸听”。然而，后来温州发生的“跑路潮”印证了周德文的判断。

This one"Early warning"Has been remains"chongqing".However,,Wenzhou later"Run road tide"Confirm the ZhouDeWen judgment.

　　2011年1月，经济危机开始显现，最初危机表现仅是外贸订单减少，随之而来的是，担心回款的银行开始对中小企业进行抽贷压贷，危机由此开始发酵。2011年下半年，温州出现了大批企业资金链断裂、企业老板“跑路潮”，并且这种恐慌情绪开始迅速地向全国传导。

In January 2011,The economic crisis began to appear,Initial crisis performance is foreign trade order,As is,Worry about collection of the bank to take out loans to small and medium-sized enterprises loan pressure,Crisis from beginning to ferment.The second half of 2011,Wenzhou emerged a large number of enterprise capital chain rupture/Business owners"Run road tide",And the panic began to rapidly to the transmission.

　　在温州经济面临失控边缘的时候，温家宝总理2011年10月4日亲自到温州考察。一下飞机，温家宝亲自主持了企业家座谈会。会前共指定了7个人发言，其中6个企业家，周德文是唯一的一位商会会长。按照事前规定，每位企业家的发言时间仅为5分钟，但周德文例外，他与总理对话长达20多分钟。

In wenzhou economy is facing the edge of the control,Premier wen jiabao on October 4, 2011, to wenzhou.On the plane,Premier wen jiabao personally presided over the entrepreneur forum.Before seven people were specified,The six entrepreneurs,ZhouDeWen is the only one of the President of chamber of commerce.According to the provisions of the pre -,Every entrepreneur's speech time is only 5 minutes,But ZhouDeWen exception,His talks with prime minister for more than 20 minutes.

　　周德文回忆说，当时基本上是他讲一句、总理就会问一句，两人不断交流沟通。

ZhouDeWen recalls,At that time is basically he spoke a word/The prime minister will ask,Two people keep communication.

　　周德文向温家宝详细地分析了温州危机的国内外及企业自身的原因，并提出了“金融改革”的建议。“这一次经济危机原因是金融体制已远远落后于经济发展，甚至阻碍了经济发展。全国90%的中小企业无法从正规金融机构获得贷款，小微企业的比例更是高达95%。”周德文说。

ZhouDeWen to wen jiabao wenzhou crisis at home and abroad are analyzed in detail and the reasons for the enterprise itself,And put forward the"Financial reform"The advice of."The economic crisis this time because of the financial system has lags far behind its economic development,Even hindered the economic development.90% of small and medium-sized enterprises can from the formal financial institutions to get loans,The proportion of small micro enterprise is as high as 95%."Messina said.

　　周德文认为，大量的民间借贷仍处于地下状况，温州的民间借贷2011年约有1200亿元，浙江省是1.5万亿元，全国是3.7万亿元，民间借贷在温州几乎占到正规金融机构的1/5，民间借贷应尽快从“地下”引到“地上”，合法化、规范化和阳光化。

ZhouDeWen think,A lot of folk lending is still in the underground conditions,Wenzhou folk lending in 2011 about 120 billion yuan,Zhejiang province is 1.5 trillion yuan,The country is 3.7 trillion yuan,The folk lending in wenzhou accounted for nearly 1/5 of the formal financial institutions,The folk lending should from as soon as possible"The underground"Leads to"On the ground",legalized/Standardization and sunshine.

　　“你批评得对。”温家宝总理表示。

"Your criticism to."Premier wen jiabao said.

　　“是否可以在温州率先进行金融改革？”周德文问温家宝总理。

"Whether can take the financial reform in wenzhou?"ZhouDeWen said premier wen jiabao.

　　没有想到，温家宝总理当场认可了这一提议，他对坐在旁边的人民银行行长周小川说：“你们研究一下，我觉得可以考虑。”

Didn't think of,Prime minister wen jiabao recognized the proposal on the spot,He sat beside the people's bank of China governor zhou xiaochuan said:"You study,I feel I can consider."

　　随即，温家宝又对时任浙江省委书记赵洪祝说：“会议以后，你们要主动与人民银行沟通，尽快拿出试点方案，报国务院审批。”

immediately,Wen jiabao said to Mr ZhaoHongZhu, secretary of provincial party committee of zhejiang:"After the meeting,Do you want to communicate with the people's bank,Take out pilot plan as soon as possible,Submitted to the state council for examination and approval."

　　座谈会结束后，温州市委、市政府立即着手研究和制定金融综合改革的试点方案，经多次讨论和修改，一周后上报给浙江省委和省政府。一个月之后，浙江省政府把方案呈报给国务院，全国备受关注的温州金改由此拉开了序幕。

After the meeting,Wenzhou municipal party committee/Municipal government immediately set out to research and develop financial comprehensive reform pilot scheme,After repeated discussions and amendments to the contract,A week after the report to the zhejiang provincial party committee and government.A month later,The government of zhejiang province plan submitted to the state council,The wenzhou gold change which opened the prelude of concern.

　　没有突破体制的金改

No breakthrough in the system of the gold

　　这份方案经六部委转到人民银行、再转六部委，经过层层修改和会签，5个月后，2012年3月28日，国务院常务会议决定设立温州市金融综合改革试验区。

The plan by the six ministries and commissions to people's bank/Turn again six ministries and commissions,Through layer upon layer modify and sign,After 5 months,On March 28, 2012,Standing committee of the state council decided to set up wenzhou financial comprehensive reform pilot area.

　　国务院确定了温州市金融综合改革的十二项主要任务（以下简称“国务院十二条”），其中主要包括规范发展民间融资，小额贷款公司可改制为村镇银行，研究开展个人境外直接投资试点，培育发展地方资本市场等。

Under the state council shall determine the wenzhou financial comprehensive reform of the 12 main task(Hereinafter referred to as the"Article 12 of the state council"),Mainly including regulating the development of folk financing,Small loan company can change for village and town bank,Research on individual foreign direct investment,The development of local capital markets, etc.

　　“国务院在5个月时间内就批下来，速度很快。”周德文兴奋地说。

"Under the state council in 5 months time, batch of down,Very fast."ZhouDeWen said excitedly.

　　然而，周德文欣喜的同时，也充满了担忧。因为“国务院十二条”扩大了中小企业直接融资的渠道，但它并没有突破金改的两个核心内容：一是允许民间资本发起筹建银行，二是试点利率市场化。

However,,ZhouDeWen joy at the same time,Also full of worries.because"Article 12 of the state council"Expand the channel of direct financing of small and medium-sized enterprises,But it did not break change gold in the two core content:One is to allow private capital was a bank,The second is the pilot interest rate marketization.

　　业界评价，原上报的方案中最大的亮点为“个人境外直投”和“银行利率市场化”两个试点，前者获得通过，后者在浙江省层面即遭否决。

The industry evaluation,The biggest bright spot for the original report of the scheme"Individuals outside straight"and"Bank interest rate marketization"Two pilot,The former through,The latter level in zhejiang province were rejected.

　　“国务院的十二条是原则性的规定。这等于国务院给了温州一个剧本，如果地方政府胆子大，借此给金改增加弹性和空间，就没问题；但如果地方政府胆子小，不敢改革，条例反而会限制进一步改革。”周德文担忧的说。

"The provisions of article 12 is the principle of the state council.This is equal to the state council to the wenzhou a script,If local government courage,Like to take this opportunity to give gold to increase elasticity and space,Is no problem;But if the local government courage small,Dare not reform,Regulation can restrict further reform instead."ZhouDeWen concern said.

　　不幸的是，周德文的担心变成了现实。2012年11月22日，温州的金改实施细则，在千呼万唤后终于出台。然而，它并未让市场满意。

unfortunately,ZhouDeWen worry became a reality.On November 22, 2012,Wenzhou gold detailed rules for the implementation of the change,After the call again and again finally.However,,It did not satisfy the market.

　　“实施细则不能让大家满意，等于把国务院的十二条例再解读一次，细则不细，没有具体操作规程，比如没有说清楚哪些方面可做，准入条件是什么，涉及哪些部门审批。”周德文指出，整个细则未能突破现有的金融体制框架，“温州是拿着金融综合改革试验区的"尚方宝剑"不会用。”

"Detailed rules for the implementation of the can't let everyone satisfied,Is equal to the twelve regulations of the state council read again,Rules is not fine,No specific operation procedures,Such as not clear what to do,What is access conditions,In what department for examination and approval."ZhouDeWen pointed out that,The rules to break through the existing financial system framework,"Wenzhou is holding a comprehensive reform pilot area of finance"Imperial carte Blanche"Don't use."

　　“政府官员不想承担改革责任，手脚被束缚住了。”周德文感叹，“而银监会等相关部门也无意放权给温州进行金融改革。”

"Government officials don't want to be liable for reform,Hands and feet bound."ZhouDeWen sigh,"And banking regulatory commission (CBRC) and so on related department also had no intention of decentralization to financial reform in wenzhou."

　　最让周德文难过的是，温州的金改历时快一年，由于金改没有推进改革，没有惠及实体经济，温州企业的危机仍在蔓延，中小企业的融资难题也没有得到有效解决。

Is the most let ZhouDeWen sad,Wenzhou gold change for nearly a year,Due to the gold change without reform,There is no benefit entity economy,Wenzhou enterprise crisis continues to spread,Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult problem is not solved effectively.

　　更有甚者，资本在反其道而行之，实体经济的资本更多地流向金融。比如，当地政府鼓励龙头企业做为小额贷款公司（以下简称“小贷公司”）的发起人。“政府的做法值得反思。本来应该是让民间资本来反哺实体经济，但现在是支持实体企业去建小贷公司，小贷公司的高利润吸引了实体经济去投资，谁还有心思做实体经济？”周德文感慨万端。

What is more,Capital in the contrary,Capital flows more financial entity economy.Such as,Local government encourage leading enterprises as a small loan company(Hereinafter referred to as the"Small loan companies")Of the sponsors."The government it deserves reflection.Should have is to allow private capital to feedback the entity economy,But now is support entity enterprise to build small loan company,Small loan company's profitable attracted real economy to investment,Who have idea to do the real economy?"ZhouDeWen feeling by.

　　“温州金改至今快一年，没有什么大突破。”周德文说，“但我对2013年的金改充满期待，因为十八大已定调改革必须继续推进，我相信2013年金改会有大突破，利率市场化会纳入金改体系。”

"Wenzhou gold change has nearly a year,There is no big breakthrough."Messina said,"But I change for 2013 gold,Because eighteen big already set must continue to promote reform,I believe 2013 pension change there will be a big breakthrough,Interest rate liberalization will change into gold system."