秦丽萍 邹新

QinLiPing zou new

　　80岁的张婆婆终于不用再坐汽车来回奔波4个小时，领取每年100多元的政府补助了。往年，为了这100多元钱，她需要坐上乡村巴士进县城，来回车费和中午餐食都得花上50元，对她来说有点得不偿失。

The 80 - year - old zhang mother-in-law finally no longer sit bus rides 4 hours,Get 100 yuan a year of the government subsidies.ever,For the 100 multivariate money,She needs to take into the county rural bus,Return fare and noon meals have to spend fifty yuan,For her a little the loss outweights the gain.

　　在广东省梅州市前几年启动农村金融改革、建立乡村金融服务站之后给她带来了便利。梅州市共有2040个行政村，目前，每个村都建立了乡村金融服务站，通过一些特殊的模式，设立助农取款服务点，解决了农户足不出村即可存取款等基本金融需求。

In guangdong province meizhou city a few years before starting the financial reform in the rural areas/Set up rural financial service station later brought her convenience.Meizhou city 2040 administrative villages,At present,Each village have established the rural financial service station,Through some special mode,Set up to help farmers to withdraw service point,To solve the farmer never out of the village can be different basic financial needs.

　　但梅州农村金融改革的内容远不止于此，还包括通过自建信用户、村、镇、县体系，拉动农村贷款需求来减贫扶贫；着力采集和建立包括农户信息在内的梅州市征信体系等一系列颇有泥土气息的做法。五六年的探索，梅州逐渐走出了一条“梅州特色”的农村金融改革之路，逐渐扬名，并成为2012年6月国务院批准的《广东省建设珠江三角洲金融改革创新综合实验区总体方案》的内容之一。

But the content of the rural financial reform which is far more than that,Also include the letter from the user/village/town/County system,Boosting the rural poverty alleviation loan demand to poverty reduction;Focus on the acquisition and the establishment of farmers, including information of meizhou reference system and a series of quite have the earth breath practice.Five or six years of exploration,Meizhou gradually out of the a"Meizhou characteristics"The rural financial reform road,Gradually go far,And be in June 2012 by the state council[The construction of guangdong province in the pearl river delta financial reform and innovation comprehensive experimental area overall scheme]Content of.

　　近日，《第一财经日报》记者深入梅州调查采访，将诸多值得深思的故事展现于此。

recently,[The first financial daily]Reporter in-depth interview meizhou survey,Many will be worthy of thinking deeply in the story show.

　　发端于信用村建设

Originated in the credit village construction

　　梅州市地处广东省东北部，东部与福建省交界，北部与江西省相连，是著名的“客家之乡”。但梅州是农业大市，在广东属于经济欠发达地区，全市500万人口中，有90多万户农户共计380万农民。

Meizhou city, guangdong province is located in the northeast,The east and the border of the fujian province,North and connected to jiangxi province,Is a famous"Hakka of the township".But which is a traditional agriculture area,In guangdong belongs to the less developed areas,The 5 million population,More than 90 a total of 3.8 million peasant households farmers.

　　梅州市金融局副局长丘海明对本报记者介绍，梅州有六县一区一市，大的有100多万人口，小的只有20多万人口。目前梅州市进驻的银行仅有四大行、农发行等9家银行，而真正深入农户的银行更少，以农行、邮储银行和农信社为主，对于农村人口占75%的梅州来说，金融需求远远不能满足。

Meizhou city financial bureau deputy director QiuHaiMing introduced to our reporter,There are six county area in a city,Big with a population of more than 100,Only a small population of more than twenty.At present in meizhou city bank only four line/NongFaHang 9 Banks,And really deep farmers bank less,With agriculture bank/YouChu Banks and rural credit cooperative is given priority to,For the rural population accounts for 75% of meizhou speaking,Far from meeting the financial needs.

　　为了破解这个问题，梅州市在广东省率先开展了农村金融改革创新的综合试验。而这一试验，最初是从蕉岭县自建信用村开始的。

In order to break the problem,Meizhou city in guangdong province in the rural financial reform and innovation of the comprehensive test.The test,Originally from Manila hill county self-built credit village began.

　　蕉岭县共23万人，其中农村人口16万左右。可以说，2009年以前，包括政府和金融机构在内，谁也没有想到信用村会与此后的农村金融改革发生联系。直到现在回头去看，也不得不感叹其中的“偶然”。

Manila hill county a total of 230000 people,The rural population of about 160000.Can say,2009 years ago,Including government, and financial institutions,No one has thought of credit village and then of rural financial reform affiliate.Until now go back to see,Also have to exclamation among them"accidental".

　　“2009年，农信社自己在蕉岭评了一个信用村，在这个村竖了一块牌匾，当时农信社主要考虑的是采集农户信息后控制贷款不良率。蕉岭县金融局局长张卫对本报记者回忆称，后来蕉岭县政府打算依托政府力量，将更多金融机构融入信用村评定中，以此来让更多银行对评出的信用村产生信任，从而带动农户贷款的发放。

"In 2009,,The cooperatives in Manila ridge review a credit village,In the village set up a piece of board,At that time the main consideration is acquisition farmers information control loan defect rate.Manila hill county financial bureau chief ZhangWei memories to our reporter said,Later the Manila hill county government going to rely on government power,Will be more financial institutions into the credit village in evaluation,In order to let more top bank credit village produce trust,Thus promote farmers the release of the loan.

　　“2010年，蕉岭县金融办成立，着手通过县政府推动此事。经农行、邮储银行和农信社三家银行盖章承认，才能评定一个信用村。2010年我们评定了9个信用村，2011年增加为20个，2012年我们申报再增加20个信用村。”张卫介绍。

"In 2010,,Manila hill county financial do was established,By the county government to promote it.The agriculture bank/YouChu Banks and rural credit cooperative three bank seal admit,To assess a credit village.In 2010, we assess the nine credit village,In 2011 increased to twenty,In 2012 we declare add twenty credit village."ZhangWei introduced.

　　而评定一个信用村，最基本和最要紧的工作，就是挨家挨户去收集农户基本信息，然后对其综合评分，分出不同等级，进而成为以上三家银行贷款最直接的评价资料。

And assess a credit village,The most basic and most important work,Is the door to door to collect the basic information about the farmers,Then the overall rating,Ceding different levels,And then become above three bank loan is the most direct evaluation material.

　　蕉岭县九岭村展示给本报记者的蕉岭县“信用户”评分表上，分“家庭自然情况”、“偿债能力”、“家庭收入情况”、“信用履约”、“参考信息”五大项，密密麻麻共70多项评分项目。在“偿债能力”项目中，考察存量资产额和债务与净收入比例；在“信用履约”项目中，考察有无贷款违约、有无关注、损失和可疑贷款等情况。而“参考信息”则更五花八门，比如，考察是否劳动模范、文明户，子女为全日制大专以上学历，家庭是否团结，邻里是否和睦，家庭成员是否有不良恶习，是否欠交税费、承包费、水电费等。而若有参与赌博、吸毒或被刑事处罚；超生；有不良信用记录或不良贷款这三项中的任何一项，均一票否决评定信用户。

Manila hill county nine ridge village show our reporter of Manila hill county"Letter user"Rating scale on,points"Family natural conditions"/"Debt paying ability"/"Family income"/"Credit performance"/"The reference information"Five major,A total of more than 70 score numerous projects.in"Debt paying ability"project,Investigation of stock assets and debts and net income ratio;in"Credit performance"project,Investigation for loan defaults/For attention/Loss and doubtful loan, etc.and"The reference information"Is more multifarious,Such as,Whether on labor model/WenMingHu,Children as a full-time college degree or above,Whether family unity,Whether harmonious neighborhood,Family members if there is a bad habit,Whether tax arrears/ChengBaoFei/Utilities such as.And if there is involved in gambling/Drugs or criminal penalties;Super living;With poor credit records or non-performing loans none of these three terms,Uniform ticket veto evaluation letter users.

　　以此评定出C至A+共7个等级，给予1万~5万元的信用贷款授信，等级越高，获得的信用贷款授信额度就越高。

To assess A C to A + A total of seven levels,Give 10000 ~ 50000 yuan credit loan credit,Higher grades,Get the credit line of credit is higher.

　　而信用村的评定标准，依据9项来评分，比如：村办企业和村民有无骗贷、逃费、悬空金融机构债务现象；农户信用信息采集率达80%以上；年内新增贷款到期本金收回率达98%以上，利息收回率达100%；全村在各金融机构贷款不良率在10%以内；新用户不低于全村农户总数的50%；村金融服务站达到有机构、有人员、有制度、有场所、有运行。

And the village of credit evaluation standard,Based on 9 to score,Such as:Village enterprise and the villagers have cheat credit/Fled fee/Impending financial institutions debt phenomenon;Peasant household credit information collection rate of more than 80%;New Year loan principal ShouHuiLv due to more than 98%,ShouHuiLv 100% interest;The village in the financial institution loans defect rate within 10%;New users not less than 50% of the total number of the village farmers;Village financial service station to have agency/A personnel/A system/A place/Run a.

　　据张卫介绍，2011年进行信用村年检时，就有3个村不合格被摘牌，主要是由于不良率上升，超出了10%，而其他信用村的不良率一般控制在3%~5%以内。

According to ZhangWei introduced,2011 credit village inspection,There is three village unqualified delisted,Is mainly due to defect rate rise,Beyond 10%,And other credit village fraction defective general control in 3% ~ 5%.

　　信用村拉动贷款

Credit village pull loans

　　其实，挨家挨户的信息采集任务十分繁重，因为金融机构非常看重有效控制农户贷款不良率和农户信息采集的广泛与准确性。

In fact,Door-to-door information acquisition task is very heavy,Because financial institutions are very effective control of peasant household loans defect rate and farmers information acquisition widely and accuracy.

　　为此，蕉岭县依托村委会的力量，通过村委会成员去采集农户信息。为了调动村委会的积极性，蕉岭县从财政中拨出一定款项，村委会每采集一户信息，则给予一元钱奖励。目前，在整个梅州市，均采用这种模式，这种奖励按每户1元~5元不等。其次，在贷款利率上，银行往往有一些优惠。农信社等机构对信用户、信用村与信用镇的贷款利率上浮幅度比非信用户、信用村与信用镇的要低。而在授信的额度上也比较大，发放的时间、程序均较短。

therefore,Manila hill county rely on the power of the village committee,Through the village committee members to gather information farmers.In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the village committee,Manila hill county from the financial dial out a certain amount,Every village a family gathering information,It gives a dollar money reward.At present,In the whole of meizhou,All use this mode,This kind of reward according to every $1 ~ 5 dollars.secondly,In the loan interest rate,Banks often have some discount.Institutions such as rural credit cooperatives to believe the user/Credit village and town of credit loan interest rate rise than not believe the user/Credit village and town of credit to low.And in the amount of credit is bigger,Issue of time/Procedures is shorter.

　　这种做法很有成效。目前，整个蕉岭县的信息采集率已超过80%。

This approach is very effective.At present,The Manila hill county information collection rate is more than 80%.

　　而实际带来的金融需求变化也很让人惊讶。本报记者探访的蕉岭县九岭村和上村，2011年的贷款余额均不超过50万元，而2012年的贷款余额分别达280多万元和398万元。其贷款主要用于种植水稻、名贵树木、蔬菜、淮山、养猪等用途。

And the actual bring financial demand change is also very surprising.Our reporter visit Manila hill county nine ridge village and village,2011 years of loan balance is not more than 500000 yuan,And in 2012, the outstanding balance of the loans were more than 280 yuan and 3.98 million yuan.The loan is mainly used to grow rice/Rare trees/vegetables/HuaiShan/Pigs purposes.

　　“在评定信用村和信用户之后，金融机构在支农贷款方面信心大幅提高，发放贷款的积极性提高了。2012年蕉岭县农信联社理事长非常高兴地告诉我，到2012年11月，就我们一个县，追回来不良贷款480多万元，他对我们的信用体系建设支持非常大。”蕉岭县金融局副局长汤国洪对本报记者说。

"In judging the credit village and letter after the user,Financial institutions in the agriculture loans increase confidence,The enthusiasm of the loans increased.2012 Manila hill county of its association is very pleased to tell me,By November 2012,We a county,To catch up bad loans more than 480 yuan,He told us credit system construction support is very large."Manila hill county financial bureau deputy director ShangGuoHong to our reporter said.

　　对金融机构来说，另外一个欣喜之处是，不良率下降得非常快。有些村在2010年和2011年的不良率高达百分之三四十，2012年则猛降至3%以下，甚至不到1%。“不良率下降有两个原因，一是不良贷款的绝对数下降了，二是贷款余额的分母变大了。不良贷款清收方面，村委会也做了很多工作。”汤国洪说，尤其是农行在蕉岭县发放的农户小额贷款，实现了多年零不良贷款。

For to financial institutions,Another joy is the place,Defect rate down very fast.Some village in 2010 and 2011 () of the defect rate as high as 40,2012 years is fierce drop to below 3%,Even less than 1%."Defect rate decline for two reasons,One is the bad loans of the absolute number down,The second is the outstanding balance of the loans were bigger and the denominator.Bad loans in recovery,The village committee also did a lot of work."ShangGuoHong said,Especially in Manila hill county agriculture bank by farmers microfinance,To realize the zero non-performing loans for many years.

　　蕉岭县尝到的甜头，引发了梅州市委和市政府的关注，并以梅州市金融局为牵头单位，由政府主导在全市推广信用村建设。

Manila hill county taste the sweet taste,The municipal party committee and the municipal government which caused concern,And in meizhou city bureau of finance for lead unit,Leading by the government in the city promotion credit village construction.

　　但由于梅州六县一区一市，各自人口和经济发展状况不一，在推进信用村和采集农户信息上的进展各有差异。比如，兴宁市就有100多万人，其信息采集的难度、财政背负的压力要远远大于蕉岭县。可以说，目前蕉岭县是见效最为明显的一个地区。

But as a result of meizhou six county area of a city,Their population and economic development is differ,In promoting credit village and acquisition farmers information progress each have differences.Such as,Xin city has more than 100 people,The difficulty of the information collection/All the financial pressure than Manila hill county.Can say,At present Manila hill county is the most obvious effect of a region.

　　“其中也遇到了一些难处，一开始并非一呼即应，因此我们就选点进行摸索，然后再逐渐推广，现在看来，这条路是正确的。”丘海明说。

"Which also met with some difficulties,The beginning is not a call immediately,So we can click on to grope,Then gradually promotion,Now it seems,This road is correct."QiuHaiMing said.

　　梅州市金融局的数据显示，截至2012年末，全市已采集农户信息40万户，至今年春节前可完成60万户的任务，占全市农户数的65%；累计发放贷款预计可从21亿元增至50亿元，增幅138%。

Meizhou city financial bureau data show,By the end of 2012,The city has 400000 households farmers information collection,Before the Spring Festival this year to 600000 households can complete the task,Accounts for 65% of the number of the farmers;Accumulative total loans can be expected to from 2.1 billion yuan to 5 billion yuan,138%.

　　在推广信用村建设过程中，蕉岭2011年开始评定信用镇，目前创建了2个信用镇。

In the promotion of credit village construction process,Manila ridge 2011 began to assess credit town,Now create two credit town.

　　金融下乡

Countryside financial

　　在建设信用村过程中，梅州市金融局又发现了其他的问题。

In the construction process of credit village,Meizhou city financial bureau and found other problems.

　　“采集农户信息，建设信用村，最开始的目的是解决农户贷款难问题。因为发现农户无可抵押资产，所以只能靠信用贷款，因此建设信用村。但后来发现，这并不能满足农户其他的金融需求，比如农户非常看重的存款和取款需求。”丘海明说，为此，梅州市借鉴国外金融机构较为普遍的“委托-代理”制，依托村委会，设立了“乡村金融服务站”。

"Acquisition farmers information,Credit village construction,The first purpose is to solve the farmers loans difficult problem.Because farmers find no mortgage assets,So can only rely on credit,So credit village construction.But I later found out that,It does not meet the financial needs of the other farmers,Such as farmers is very important to demand deposits and withdrawals."QiuHaiMing said,therefore,Meizhou city foreign financial institutions of the more common"The principal-agent"system,Relying on the village committee,Set up"Rural financial service station".

　　这种乡村金融服务站，一般都设在村委会办公地点，由村委会成员兼职，采集农户信息之外，还针对村民做一些贷款等金融知识培训。服务站还引入金融机构去“挂点”，这种“挂点”并非指金融机构需要派驻员工进驻到村，而是通过签订协议，建立合作关系，即服务站配合金融机构做贷款尽职调查、介绍客户、协助清收不良贷款、将农户的金融需求告知给金融机构等工作。

The rural financial service station,Generally located in the village committee office,The village committee members part-time,Acquisition farmers outside information,Also according to the villagers do some loans, and other financial knowledge training.Service station by financial institutions to"Hanging point",this"Hanging point"Not refers to financial institutions need to enter in the staff to the village,But through the agreement,To establish the cooperation relations,Which station with financial institutions do loans due diligence/Introduce the customer/Assist recovery bad loans/Farmers will be communicated to the financial needs of the financial institutions, etc.

　　2011年5月，梅州在丰顺县挂牌成立了第一家乡村金融服务站，至2012年7月末，全市2040个行政村全部设立了乡村金融服务站。

In May 2011,Meizhou in fengshun fuxing county was founded on August the first a rural financial service station,To 2012 by the end of July,The 2040 administrative villages all set up rural financial service station.

　　最开始，“挂点”的金融机构只有农行、邮储银行和农信社，保险与证券则很少。最近，中国人保借助该平台，希望开发政策性保险和农户小额人身保险。此外，第一创业证券最近选取蕉岭县的上村开始试点，延伸服务到农村。梅州市渴望未来更多的保险公司和证券公司到服务站“挂点”，为村民提供银、政、保等综合金融服务。

The beginning,"Hanging point"Financial institutions only agriculture bank/YouChu Banks and rural credit cooperatives,Insurance and securities are rarely.recently,Chinese people can keep the use of the platform,Hope the development policy of insurance and farmers small life insurance.In addition,The first venture securities recently selected Manila hill county in the village began to pilot,Outreach services to rural.Meizhou city for the future more insurance companies and securities companies to service station"Hanging point",Provide for the silver/administration/The comprehensive financial services.

　　但真正解决农户存款和取款需求的，并非设在村委会的乡村金融服务站。梅州市创新思维，在各村选取一些信誉高、有一定现金流的商户，将农行等银行的直联POS机安装在该商户，这些POS机只有查询、转账等功能，并不能直接存取款。当村民需要取款时，通过POS机将自己银行卡中现金转入到该商户的账户上，该商户将自有现金直接支付给该村民，如此“曲线”取款；当村民需要存款时，则将现金给商户，商户通过POS机转账到该村民账户。

But the real solution to the peasant household deposits and withdrawals demand,Not in the village committee of rural financial service station.Meizhou innovative thinking,In the villages made choose some high reputation/Have certain cash flow of the merchant,The agriculture bank and bank straight league POS machine installed in the merchant,These POS machine only inquires the/Transfer functions,Can't be directly different.When the need for the villagers when withdrawals,Through the POS machine to the bank to cash the merchant account,The merchants will own cash direct payment to the villagers,so"curve"withdrawals;When the need for the villagers when deposit,Will cash to the merchant,Merchant through the POS machine transfer to the villagers' account.

　　本报记者在上村采访时，该村的存取款点选取的就是一家开办修理摩托车和便利店的老板，其商铺里就摆放有农行、农信社和邮储银行三家银行的POS机。

Our reporter in an interview in the village,The village of different point selection is a open repair motorcycle and convenience store boss,The shops are put in agriculture bank/The cooperatives and YouChu bank three Banks of POS machine.

　　而为了调动商户的积极性，银行给与商户一定奖励。上村该家商户老板对本报记者说，农行对每笔发生的存取款交易，支付给该商户一元；邮储银行为0.3元。

And in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the merchants,The bank to give a reward to merchants.On the village home merchant boss to our reporter said,Agriculture bank to each happen different transaction,The merchant to pay one yuan;YouChu bank is 0.3 yuan.

　　这种“曲线”存取款颇受农户欢迎。“我们村有2000多人，我的店铺这个PSO机才安装了4个多月，交易越来越多，现在每天有三四笔交易。特别是老人家觉得很方便，不用花半个多小时做摩托车到县城存取款。”上述商户老板对本报记者说。

this"curve"Different popular with farmers welcome."Our village has more than 2000 people,I shop the PSO machine to install for more than four months,Trade more and more,Every day now have three or four deal.Especially the old man felt very convenient,Don't spend more than half an hour to do motorcycle to deposit and withdrawal county."The merchant boss to our reporter said.

　　丘海明介绍，POS机选点商户，一般都选取村民集中的商铺，原则上一村选取一到两个。“如果村拉得很长，就村头一个村尾一个。”

QiuHaiMing introduced,POS JiXuan point merchant,Generally choose the villagers concentration of shops,In one village in selecting one or two."If village and very long,Is the village head a village tail a."

　　梅州市金融局提供的数据显示，截至2012年11月末，全市已开通这种取款点2693个，累计办理小额取款业务15多万笔，交易额5019万元；取款1493笔，金额1034万元；办理余额查询业务6.4万笔。

Meizhou city financial bureau to provide the data display,By the end of 2012 and the end of the month,The city has opened the withdrawals point 2693,Accumulated for small to withdraw the business more than 15 pen,Turnover is 50.19 million yuan;To withdraw 1493 pen,Amount of 10.34 million yuan;To deal with balance inquires the business 64000 pen.

　　这种商户后来被梅州市发展成为“金融服务站综合服务点”，除了拥有存取款功能外，还可以受理贷款咨询，可以为银行和保险公司介绍业务。未来，有望将保险、证券和银行业务嵌入综合服务站。

The merchant was later meizhou city development become"Financial service station integrated service point",Besides having the functions of deposit and withdrawal,Can also accept the loan consultation,For Banks and insurance companies introduce business.The future,Insurance is expected to/Securities and banking embedded integrated service station.

　　2012年11月30日，梅州市金融局还与农行梅州分行合作，开通了“梅州农村金融服务网”，农户可以上网提交综合金融服务需求，了解金融政策和金融产品。家里能上网的农户，可以在自家操作，不然可到乡村金融服务站和开通网络的POS机商户去咨询和提交需求。

On November 30, 2012,Meizhou city bureau of finance and meizhou agriculture bank branch cooperation,opened"Meizhou rural financial service network",Farmers can the Internet to comprehensive financial service needs,Understanding of financial policy and financial products.Home of the farmers can connect to the Internet,Can in their operation,Otherwise the rural financial service station and open network POS machine merchants to consulting and submit demand.

　　本报记者调查的两个村里，在村委会和PSO机商户都可登陆“梅州农村金融服务网”，该网站详细罗列了全市银行、保险和证券等机构的产品，包括农信社等银行开发的“农居宝”、“龙荔宝”、“青榄宝”、“蜜柚宝”、“慈橙宝”等几十种涉农贷款产品，农户可根据贷款资金需求点击对应的产品，并提交贷款申请，产品对应的银行结合采集的农户信息进行初审，初审通过后，再下到村里进行贷款审查。

Our reporter survey two the village,In the village committee and PSO machine merchants can be landing"Meizhou rural financial service network",The web site detailed listing the city bank/Insurance and securities institutions such as products,Including the cooperatives and the development of the bank"Rural treasure"/"LongLi treasure"/"Green olive treasure"/"MiYou treasure"/"Kindness orange treasure"Kinds of agriculture loan products,Farmers can according to the loan fund demand click on the corresponding products,And submit loan application,Products with the corresponding bank collection of farmers information first trial,Trial by,Next to the village of loans to review.

　　“11月30日该网开通以来，半个多月已有两个农户来我这里上网提交贷款申请，都是用于养殖的。”上述商户老板说。

"On November 30 this since the opening of the network,For more than half a month have two farmers come to my here the Internet to loan application,Are used for breeding."The merchant boss said.